Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603649
Chia-Yen Lee, T. Chien
The objective of this study was to design and fabricate Hall-effect sensors utilizing microelectromechanical system technology. The proposed sensor structure comprises a P-type silicon substrate, a SiO2 isolation layer, a phosphorus ion implanted layer, and gold wires. Three types of Hall-effect sensors were designed and fabricated: square, cross, and square-cross-end types. During the fabrication of the Hall-effect sensors, an ion implanter was first utilized to implant phosphorus ions in the silicon substrate. Subsequently, the defected atoms were restored by annealing. Finally, gold wires were deposited as electrical leads through electron beam evaporation. When the fabricated sensor was brought into the vicinity of a magnet, its magnetic field changed due to the Hall effect caused by moving carriers. A Hall voltage could thus be measured. As the magnetic field increased, the Hall voltage increased. The cross-type Hall-effect sensor outperformed the other types.
{"title":"Design and Fabrication of Micro-Hall-Effect Sensors","authors":"Chia-Yen Lee, T. Chien","doi":"10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603649","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to design and fabricate Hall-effect sensors utilizing microelectromechanical system technology. The proposed sensor structure comprises a P-type silicon substrate, a SiO2 isolation layer, a phosphorus ion implanted layer, and gold wires. Three types of Hall-effect sensors were designed and fabricated: square, cross, and square-cross-end types. During the fabrication of the Hall-effect sensors, an ion implanter was first utilized to implant phosphorus ions in the silicon substrate. Subsequently, the defected atoms were restored by annealing. Finally, gold wires were deposited as electrical leads through electron beam evaporation. When the fabricated sensor was brought into the vicinity of a magnet, its magnetic field changed due to the Hall effect caused by moving carriers. A Hall voltage could thus be measured. As the magnetic field increased, the Hall voltage increased. The cross-type Hall-effect sensor outperformed the other types.","PeriodicalId":181015,"journal":{"name":"2018 12th International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST)","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115898107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603636
K. A. Ahmad, Mohamad Faizal Abd Rahman, R. Boudville, A. A. Manaf, N. Abdullah
Gait Rehabilitation or gait training is a process of learn how to walk, either child or recovering after injury or stroke. Physiotherapist will used traditional therapy or robot assisted to train the patient. One of the sensor in gait rehabilitation is pressure sensor. It is to monitor the gait behaviour of the system in output voltage. The current pressure sensor attached to gait rehabilitation system is expensive, furthermore the sensing is low sensitivity and high noise. Piezoelectric materials are widely used as sensing element in a pressure sensor. But the current pressure sensor based piezoelectric is low sensitivity. The current design is based on d31 mode polarization where the electric polarized in thickness direction. The new design is designed based d33 mode polarization, where the electric will polarized between two conductors or polarized laterally. The piezoelectric pressure sensor based d33 mode polarization method is successfully fabricated. The d33 mode design is presented on printed circuit board(PCB) design, where the two conductors were placed on single sided PCB. The sensing element, Polyvinylidene fluoride or polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) is used as piezoelectric material in pressure sensor. Two designs are presented in this paper, first, the positive conductor with diameter 15 mm and second, the positive conductor with diameter 20 mm. These two designs were tested for load testing and strength test. From load test result, the design with diameter 15 mm is suitable for pressure sensor and design for diameter 20 mm is suitable for gait rehabilitation system. This paper is successfully presented the design of piezoelectric pressure sensor based on d33 mode polarization, fabrication of pressure sensor, and the experimental setup. The new design piezoelectric pressure sensor based d33 mode polarization method for gait rehabilitation is successfully implemented in gait rehabilitation system.
{"title":"Design of Piezoelectric based Pressure Sensors for Gait Rehabilitations using D33 Mode Polarization","authors":"K. A. Ahmad, Mohamad Faizal Abd Rahman, R. Boudville, A. A. Manaf, N. Abdullah","doi":"10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603636","url":null,"abstract":"Gait Rehabilitation or gait training is a process of learn how to walk, either child or recovering after injury or stroke. Physiotherapist will used traditional therapy or robot assisted to train the patient. One of the sensor in gait rehabilitation is pressure sensor. It is to monitor the gait behaviour of the system in output voltage. The current pressure sensor attached to gait rehabilitation system is expensive, furthermore the sensing is low sensitivity and high noise. Piezoelectric materials are widely used as sensing element in a pressure sensor. But the current pressure sensor based piezoelectric is low sensitivity. The current design is based on d31 mode polarization where the electric polarized in thickness direction. The new design is designed based d33 mode polarization, where the electric will polarized between two conductors or polarized laterally. The piezoelectric pressure sensor based d33 mode polarization method is successfully fabricated. The d33 mode design is presented on printed circuit board(PCB) design, where the two conductors were placed on single sided PCB. The sensing element, Polyvinylidene fluoride or polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) is used as piezoelectric material in pressure sensor. Two designs are presented in this paper, first, the positive conductor with diameter 15 mm and second, the positive conductor with diameter 20 mm. These two designs were tested for load testing and strength test. From load test result, the design with diameter 15 mm is suitable for pressure sensor and design for diameter 20 mm is suitable for gait rehabilitation system. This paper is successfully presented the design of piezoelectric pressure sensor based on d33 mode polarization, fabrication of pressure sensor, and the experimental setup. The new design piezoelectric pressure sensor based d33 mode polarization method for gait rehabilitation is successfully implemented in gait rehabilitation system.","PeriodicalId":181015,"journal":{"name":"2018 12th International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125278744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603613
Inês Seco, P. Gaspar, M. Magrinho, M. Castelo-Branco
Alcohol is one of the main constituents of alcoholic beverages and, surely, is the oldest and most abused drug among those currently known. This substance is one of the most common causes of traffic accidents and these in turn have become, over the years, a public health issue. The target audience of this study are users that want to consciously drink alcoholic beverages and particularly professional drivers. This is the target audience since despite having greater experience and responsibility, their profession is the most affected by the consumption of alcohol, especially due to the fact they spend more hours driving than average drivers, increasing the likelihood of traffic accidents. This paper describes a portable non-invasive device for continuous monitoring of the concentration of alcohol in the blood. This device consists essentially of two primary components: an amperometric biosensor, which promotes, collects and analyzes a sample of sweat, and the data acquisition and processing system, which makes the acquisition and analog/digital conversion of the bio-data and subsequent digital processing of the results. Sweat is promoted by applying the technique of iontophoresis. Measurements are performed every 5 minutes, allowing the user to know in real time and in any place, which is his alcohol level.
{"title":"Preliminary study of a non-invasive portable device for continuous monitoring of blood alcohol concentration","authors":"Inês Seco, P. Gaspar, M. Magrinho, M. Castelo-Branco","doi":"10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603613","url":null,"abstract":"Alcohol is one of the main constituents of alcoholic beverages and, surely, is the oldest and most abused drug among those currently known. This substance is one of the most common causes of traffic accidents and these in turn have become, over the years, a public health issue. The target audience of this study are users that want to consciously drink alcoholic beverages and particularly professional drivers. This is the target audience since despite having greater experience and responsibility, their profession is the most affected by the consumption of alcohol, especially due to the fact they spend more hours driving than average drivers, increasing the likelihood of traffic accidents. This paper describes a portable non-invasive device for continuous monitoring of the concentration of alcohol in the blood. This device consists essentially of two primary components: an amperometric biosensor, which promotes, collects and analyzes a sample of sweat, and the data acquisition and processing system, which makes the acquisition and analog/digital conversion of the bio-data and subsequent digital processing of the results. Sweat is promoted by applying the technique of iontophoresis. Measurements are performed every 5 minutes, allowing the user to know in real time and in any place, which is his alcohol level.","PeriodicalId":181015,"journal":{"name":"2018 12th International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125749023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603564
Yu-Lun Chiang, Chao-Liang Hsieh, Hsiang-Yu Huang, Jen-Cheng Wang, Cheng-Ying Chou, Chih-Hong Sun, T. Wen, J. Juang, Joe-Air Jiang
Recently, particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) has drawn more and more attention due to the pursuit of life quality. In Taiwan, PM2.5 concentration data mostly come from the limited static stations, and their locations are far from streets where people walk or drive by. This might cause the underestimation of PM2.5 concentration. In this paper, an on-board monitoring system is established to record the PM2.5 concentration in the surrounding areas where people live. The recorded PM2.5 concentration data are more accurate than the data from the static stations. In order to get the future PM2.5 concentration trend, the prediction model is established in this study. A long short-term memory (LSTM) and a gated recurrent unit (GRU) are used as the core of the prediction model due to their ability to analyze time series data such as the PM2.5 concentration data. And the research results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) of the prediction model using LSTM and GRU is 3.57 and 3.67 in the testing set. The prediction results can provide important air pollutant information to the public and can be used to make better air pollution control policies.
{"title":"Urban Area PM2.5 Prediction with Machine Methods: An On-Board Monitoring System","authors":"Yu-Lun Chiang, Chao-Liang Hsieh, Hsiang-Yu Huang, Jen-Cheng Wang, Cheng-Ying Chou, Chih-Hong Sun, T. Wen, J. Juang, Joe-Air Jiang","doi":"10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603564","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) has drawn more and more attention due to the pursuit of life quality. In Taiwan, PM2.5 concentration data mostly come from the limited static stations, and their locations are far from streets where people walk or drive by. This might cause the underestimation of PM2.5 concentration. In this paper, an on-board monitoring system is established to record the PM2.5 concentration in the surrounding areas where people live. The recorded PM2.5 concentration data are more accurate than the data from the static stations. In order to get the future PM2.5 concentration trend, the prediction model is established in this study. A long short-term memory (LSTM) and a gated recurrent unit (GRU) are used as the core of the prediction model due to their ability to analyze time series data such as the PM2.5 concentration data. And the research results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) of the prediction model using LSTM and GRU is 3.57 and 3.67 in the testing set. The prediction results can provide important air pollutant information to the public and can be used to make better air pollution control policies.","PeriodicalId":181015,"journal":{"name":"2018 12th International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST)","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121339372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603643
Kenta Nezu, Rikuma Ashizawa, M. Shinagawa, Daisuke Saito, Ken Seo, Kyoji Oohashi
This paper describes the analysis of a transient signal due to the movement of a person for a gate system using intra-body communication. The relationship between the movement of the person and the transient signal was estimated using a transient-signal measurement system. Electromagnetic-field and circuit simulation models were proposed according to the movement of the person and the experimental setup. The simulation results agreed with the experimental results. The proposed models can be applied for the transient-signal analysis of intra-body communication.
{"title":"Analysis of Transient Signal Due to Person Movement in Gate System Using Intra-Body Communication","authors":"Kenta Nezu, Rikuma Ashizawa, M. Shinagawa, Daisuke Saito, Ken Seo, Kyoji Oohashi","doi":"10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603643","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the analysis of a transient signal due to the movement of a person for a gate system using intra-body communication. The relationship between the movement of the person and the transient signal was estimated using a transient-signal measurement system. Electromagnetic-field and circuit simulation models were proposed according to the movement of the person and the experimental setup. The simulation results agreed with the experimental results. The proposed models can be applied for the transient-signal analysis of intra-body communication.","PeriodicalId":181015,"journal":{"name":"2018 12th International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST)","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122298198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603558
G. Chakraborty, E. Ikeda, Hideyuki Takahashi, Tetsuo Kinoshita, Cédric Bornand
When heart pumps oxygenated blood through artery, the arterial pulse spreads the whole body through arterial tree. The rate of this pulse is the pulse rate, which is around 70 per minute. The speed at which this pulse spreads over the arterial tree is an important index to measure the stiffness of the arterial wall, which becomes stiffer as the body ages. Faster the pulse wave moves, stiffer is the artery wall. Thus, Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) is a measure of the artery wall stiffness. In this work, we propose a cheap device to measure PWV, using Photoplethysmography sensors. Pulse wave signals, from two locations of the body, were collected, transferred to a tablet using blue-tooth communication, and analyzed. Accurate delay measurement of the pulse wave, collected at two different points, is necessary for the accuracy of PWV measurement. Through experiments, on different subjects, we have shown that the proposed system could measure PWV accurately.
{"title":"Proposal of a Cheap Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) Meter Using Photoplethysmography","authors":"G. Chakraborty, E. Ikeda, Hideyuki Takahashi, Tetsuo Kinoshita, Cédric Bornand","doi":"10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603558","url":null,"abstract":"When heart pumps oxygenated blood through artery, the arterial pulse spreads the whole body through arterial tree. The rate of this pulse is the pulse rate, which is around 70 per minute. The speed at which this pulse spreads over the arterial tree is an important index to measure the stiffness of the arterial wall, which becomes stiffer as the body ages. Faster the pulse wave moves, stiffer is the artery wall. Thus, Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) is a measure of the artery wall stiffness. In this work, we propose a cheap device to measure PWV, using Photoplethysmography sensors. Pulse wave signals, from two locations of the body, were collected, transferred to a tablet using blue-tooth communication, and analyzed. Accurate delay measurement of the pulse wave, collected at two different points, is necessary for the accuracy of PWV measurement. Through experiments, on different subjects, we have shown that the proposed system could measure PWV accurately.","PeriodicalId":181015,"journal":{"name":"2018 12th International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST)","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125706173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the real world, illumination is an inevitable factor in face recognition. It has been proved that illumination variations are more significant than inherent variations between persons. This paper proposes an adaptive image processing method, which can not only suppress the effect of light in face recognition, but also remove shadow caused by illumination. In this paper, first, adaptive illumination preprocessing is performed to make the image have appropriate brightness. Then, the shadows boundaries of the image is extracted and binarized to obtain the shadow boundaries mask. Finally, the high-quality face image without shadows is reconstructed based on the mask of shadows boundaries and the face image after the illumination preprocessing. Experiments on the CMU-PIE dataset have shown that our method can achieve both good visual effects and a significant improvement in face recognition accuracy.
{"title":"Adaptive shadow removal algorithm for face images","authors":"Zhen Zeng, Rumin Zhang, Jianwen Chen, Liaoyuan Zeng, Wenyi Wang, S. McGrath","doi":"10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603634","url":null,"abstract":"In the real world, illumination is an inevitable factor in face recognition. It has been proved that illumination variations are more significant than inherent variations between persons. This paper proposes an adaptive image processing method, which can not only suppress the effect of light in face recognition, but also remove shadow caused by illumination. In this paper, first, adaptive illumination preprocessing is performed to make the image have appropriate brightness. Then, the shadows boundaries of the image is extracted and binarized to obtain the shadow boundaries mask. Finally, the high-quality face image without shadows is reconstructed based on the mask of shadows boundaries and the face image after the illumination preprocessing. Experiments on the CMU-PIE dataset have shown that our method can achieve both good visual effects and a significant improvement in face recognition accuracy.","PeriodicalId":181015,"journal":{"name":"2018 12th International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST)","volume":"309 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126110255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603668
A. L. A. D. Araujo, J. Claudel, M. Nadi, D. Kourtiche
The minimum detectable given number of cells in a biological sample is an important parameter. When it is optimized, it allows a more sensitive detection and a more accurate characterization of a biological cell. This parameter can be improved with the reduction of electrode size. In this work, we present the development of a biosensor composed of 20 μm, 10 μm and 5 μm square electrodes. The normalized impedance variation for a biological cell and the frequency band are investigated. The addition of an SiO2 insulation layer on the electrode connection is done to reduce the undesired connection effects. By simulation, it was observed that the electrode dimensions should be just over the order of the cell diameter to improve the limit of detection. It was also observed that the sensor without an SiO2 insulation layer on the electrode connections and without optimized structure has less normalized impedance variation and smaller frequency range than enhanced structures. The high cutoff frequency (Fhigh) is great enough to allow measurement of cells with a radius between 2 μm (e.g. bacteria) and 10 μm (e.g. blood cells). The high cutoff frequencies obtained by simulation are 9 MHZ and 3 MHZ respectively for the enhanced and non enhanced structures. The first experimental results were made using the E4990A Keysight Impedance Analyzer using a frequency band from 100 Hz to 12 MHz. The experimental high cutoff frequency for the sensor with enhanced structures is Fhigh = 8 MHz which is close to the value obtained by simulation (9 MHz).
{"title":"Detection and characterization of biological cells by impedance spectroscopy","authors":"A. L. A. D. Araujo, J. Claudel, M. Nadi, D. Kourtiche","doi":"10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603668","url":null,"abstract":"The minimum detectable given number of cells in a biological sample is an important parameter. When it is optimized, it allows a more sensitive detection and a more accurate characterization of a biological cell. This parameter can be improved with the reduction of electrode size. In this work, we present the development of a biosensor composed of 20 μm, 10 μm and 5 μm square electrodes. The normalized impedance variation for a biological cell and the frequency band are investigated. The addition of an SiO2 insulation layer on the electrode connection is done to reduce the undesired connection effects. By simulation, it was observed that the electrode dimensions should be just over the order of the cell diameter to improve the limit of detection. It was also observed that the sensor without an SiO2 insulation layer on the electrode connections and without optimized structure has less normalized impedance variation and smaller frequency range than enhanced structures. The high cutoff frequency (Fhigh) is great enough to allow measurement of cells with a radius between 2 μm (e.g. bacteria) and 10 μm (e.g. blood cells). The high cutoff frequencies obtained by simulation are 9 MHZ and 3 MHZ respectively for the enhanced and non enhanced structures. The first experimental results were made using the E4990A Keysight Impedance Analyzer using a frequency band from 100 Hz to 12 MHz. The experimental high cutoff frequency for the sensor with enhanced structures is Fhigh = 8 MHz which is close to the value obtained by simulation (9 MHz).","PeriodicalId":181015,"journal":{"name":"2018 12th International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST)","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132400275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603629
Karthik Selvam, Suma Rajashankar, M. Haji-Sheikh
Schottky diodes created on a well-defined porous silicon active area are characterized to determine light sensitivity. The conventional Schottky diodes used the normal bulk n-type (or p-type) substrate to build the diode and to use a metal to form a junction called the Schottky junction. We can change the active area to porous silicon (pSi), in place of bulk silicon, we can take advantage of the shift in band. To create a well-defined device, silicon nitride is coated both on the front and back sides of the wafers, and using dry etching, the silicon nitride is selectively removed prior to pore formation. The devices are then metallized using chromium/gold, titanium/gold and tungsten/gold. Barrier heights were measured and then chromium/pSi samples were exposed to light at controlled temperatures.
{"title":"Measurement of Light Sensitivity of Chromium/Porous Silicon Schottky Diodes Made by Silicon Nitride Masking","authors":"Karthik Selvam, Suma Rajashankar, M. Haji-Sheikh","doi":"10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603629","url":null,"abstract":"Schottky diodes created on a well-defined porous silicon active area are characterized to determine light sensitivity. The conventional Schottky diodes used the normal bulk n-type (or p-type) substrate to build the diode and to use a metal to form a junction called the Schottky junction. We can change the active area to porous silicon (pSi), in place of bulk silicon, we can take advantage of the shift in band. To create a well-defined device, silicon nitride is coated both on the front and back sides of the wafers, and using dry etching, the silicon nitride is selectively removed prior to pore formation. The devices are then metallized using chromium/gold, titanium/gold and tungsten/gold. Barrier heights were measured and then chromium/pSi samples were exposed to light at controlled temperatures.","PeriodicalId":181015,"journal":{"name":"2018 12th International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132852420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Under foggy conditions, visibility decreases and causes many problems. Less visibility due to foggy conditions while driving increases the risk of road accidents. It is important to detect and recognize the nearby objects under such conditions and predict the distance of collision. There is a need to devise an object detection mechanism during foggy conditions. The paper proposes a solution to this problem by proposing a VESY(Visibility Enhancement Saliency YOLO) sensor which uses an algorithm that fuses the saliency map of the foggy image frame with the output generated from object detection algorithm YOLO (You Only Look Once). The image is sensed using image sensors in a stereo camera which are activated using a fog sensor and a depth map is generated to calculate the distance of collision. Dehaze algorithm is applied to improve the quality of the image frame whose Saliency image is generated on the basis of region covariance matrix. YOLO algorithm is also implemented on the improved quality image. The proposed fusion algorithm gives the bounding boxes of the union of the objects detected by Saliency Map and YOLO Algorithm thus proving to be a viable solution for real-time applications.
在有雾的情况下，能见度降低，造成许多问题。由于大雾天气，驾驶时能见度降低，增加了发生交通事故的风险。在这种情况下，检测和识别附近的目标并预测碰撞距离至关重要。有必要设计一种在有雾条件下的目标检测机制。本文提出了一种VESY(Visibility Enhancement Saliency YOLO)传感器，该传感器采用一种算法，将雾天图像帧的显著性图与目标检测算法YOLO (You Only Look Once)生成的输出融合在一起。使用立体相机中的图像传感器感知图像，该图像传感器使用雾传感器激活，并生成深度图以计算碰撞距离。在区域协方差矩阵的基础上生成显著性图像，采用去霾算法提高图像帧的质量。在改进后的图像上实现了YOLO算法。该融合算法给出了显著性图和YOLO算法检测到的目标并集的边界框，为实时应用提供了可行的解决方案。
{"title":"Object Detection in Foggy Conditions by Fusion of Saliency Map and YOLO","authors":"Sarthak Katyal, Sanjay Kumar, Ronak Sakhuja, Samarth Gupta","doi":"10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENST.2018.8603632","url":null,"abstract":"Under foggy conditions, visibility decreases and causes many problems. Less visibility due to foggy conditions while driving increases the risk of road accidents. It is important to detect and recognize the nearby objects under such conditions and predict the distance of collision. There is a need to devise an object detection mechanism during foggy conditions. The paper proposes a solution to this problem by proposing a VESY(Visibility Enhancement Saliency YOLO) sensor which uses an algorithm that fuses the saliency map of the foggy image frame with the output generated from object detection algorithm YOLO (You Only Look Once). The image is sensed using image sensors in a stereo camera which are activated using a fog sensor and a depth map is generated to calculate the distance of collision. Dehaze algorithm is applied to improve the quality of the image frame whose Saliency image is generated on the basis of region covariance matrix. YOLO algorithm is also implemented on the improved quality image. The proposed fusion algorithm gives the bounding boxes of the union of the objects detected by Saliency Map and YOLO Algorithm thus proving to be a viable solution for real-time applications.","PeriodicalId":181015,"journal":{"name":"2018 12th International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST)","volume":"166 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128821226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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