Lupus Science & Medicine最新文献

Objective: To assess the clinical relevance of concurrent measurement of anti-chromatin antibodies and anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies using a multiplex immunoassay in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), focusing on their association with organ-specific manifestations and disease activity.

Methods: Adult patients diagnosed with SLE based on the 2012 Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics or 2019 European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology/American College of Rheumatology criteria and followed in our university hospital between 2015 and 2019 were retrospectively included if they had at least one positive detection of anti-dsDNA and/or anti-chromatin result by a multiplex immunoassay, with clinical data available within the 30 days before or after testing. Clinical manifestations, treatments, laboratory parameters and disease activity (SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K)) were compared using mixed models and correlation coefficients.

Results: 98 patients (88% women; median age 42 (IQR: 35-50)) had 677 antibody evaluations. Levels of anti-dsDNA and anti-chromatin antibodies were correlated (r=0.39, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.55). Results were discordant in 59 patients (60%), representing 215 assessments (32%), with anti-chromatin antibodies being detected without anti-dsDNA in 111/677 samples (16%). Rise in anti-dsDNA antibody titre was associated with cutaneous (OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.43 to 3.68) and musculoskeletal involvement (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.64), while anti-chromatin antibody increase was linked to neuropsychiatric manifestations (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.29). The increase of either antibody titre was independently associated with proteinuria >0.5 g/24 hours (anti-dsDNA antibody: OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.74; anti-chromatin antibody: OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.87). Correlation with SLEDAI-2K was moderate for anti-dsDNA (r=0.55; 95% CI 0.39 to 0.67), and weaker for anti-chromatin (r=0.32; 95% CI 0.16 to 0.51]).

Conclusions: Concomitant measurement of anti-dsDNA and anti-chromatin antibodies using a multiplex immunoassay system brings complementary information for diagnosis and monitoring of SLE. Both antibodies are associated with disease activity and renal involvement, while anti-chromatin antibodies are associated with neuropsychiatric flares. Anti-chromatin antibodies provide additional diagnostic value, particularly in the absence of anti-dsDNA positivity that was observed in 16% of our cohort.

Objective: To systematically identify herbal supplements with immunostimulatory properties that may trigger or exacerbate autoimmune skin diseases.

Methods: We conducted a systematic scoping review in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. PubMed was searched for studies published before 3 August 2025 using predefined immune, herbal supplement, autoimmune, skin and interferon terms. Articles in English that described immunostimulatory effects of herbal supplements in vitro, in model organisms or in human/clinical studies were included. Data were extracted by four reviewers and synthesised qualitatively, with herbs categorised according to levels of supporting evidence for their immunostimulatory properties. A subgroup of herbs with the strongest evidence was identified based on predefined criteria.

Results: From 11 819 unique articles screened, 469 studies met inclusion criteria. Across these, 227 distinct immunostimulatory herbal supplements were identified: 79 supported by human studies, 145 by model organism studies and 148 by in vitro studies. 15 herbs demonstrated the most robust evidence across all three evidence types, supported by more than five single-ingredient studies or more than 25 references overall. These included alfalfa, ashwagandha, astragalus, chlorella, echinacea, garlic, ginseng, green tea extract, Indian mulberry, liquorice, mistletoe, reishi mushroom, skullcap, spirulina and tinospora. These herbs were widely marketed for 'immune support' and shared proinflammatory mechanisms, including toll-like receptor activation, NF-κB/MAPK signalling and increased production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-12 and IFN-γ.

Conclusions: We identified 227 herbal supplements with immunostimulatory properties, of which 15 were most strongly supported by the evidence. This article may serve as a reference to help clinicians counsel patients with autoimmune skin diseases on the risks associated with use of specific herbal supplements.

Objective: To characterise the age-related impact of organ damage patterns on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with SLE and to identify specific damage patterns affecting physical and mental health outcomes across different age groups.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1149 patients with SLE from the Asia Pacific Lupus Collaboration cohort were stratified by age. HRQoL was assessed using the Short Form-36 questionnaire. Clinical characteristics and organ damage (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) Damage Index) were evaluated. Multiple linear regression analyses identified factors associated with the Physical (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores.

Results: Significant age-related differences were observed in physical HRQoL, with the age group ≥50 years showing lower PCS scores (median 52.6) than the age groups <20 years (56.9) and 20-50 years (57.5) (p<0.001). In multivariable models, higher SLICC Damage Index (β=-1.39), lower educational attainment (β=-7.02) and prednisolone use (β=-1.85) were independently associated with lower PCS scores. MCS scores were positively associated with male gender (β=4.40) and secondary education (β=2.46), but negatively impacted by higher damage index (β=-0.90) and cyclophosphamide use (β=-5.44). Specific damage patterns, such as avascular necrosis, particularly impaired bodily pain and physical functioning domains.

Conclusion: Age-related differences in SLE predominantly affect physical rather than mental aspects of HRQoL. Cumulative organ damage remains a central modifiable factor associated with poorer outcomes across all ages. These findings emphasise the importance of age-specific management strategies and early damage prevention to optimise long-term HRQoL in patients with SLE.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and osteoporosis among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in Punjab, Pakistan.

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of a prospective registry was conducted using data from the Punjab Lupus Registry between January 2020 and December 2024. Adults (≥18 years) fulfilling the 2019 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology SLE classification criteria were included. Of 536 registered patients, 482 with complete data were analysed. Comorbidities were physician-confirmed, and disease activity was assessed using Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K). Associations between disease duration and comorbidities were examined using χ² tests for trend, while predictors of comorbidity burden were identified using multivariable Poisson regression with robust error variance.

Results: Among 482 patients (mean age 39.6±12.4 years; 67.2% female), 43.6% had at least one comorbidity and 15.1% had multimorbidity. The prevalence of CVD, CKD and osteoporosis increased with disease duration: 12.3%, 10.6% and 8.2% in <5 years versus 39.6%, 28.9% and 25.4% in >10 years (p<0.001). Older age (adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) 1.31 per 10 years), longer disease duration (aPR 1.22 per 5 years), corticosteroid use (aPR 1.33), smoking (aPR 1.26) and low socioeconomic status (aPR 1.38) were independent predictors, while hydroxychloroquine use was protective (aPR 0.78). Patients with comorbidities had higher disease activity (SLEDAI-2K 6.9 vs 5.6, p=0.009) and greater organ damage (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index 2.4 vs 1.3, p<0.001).

Conclusion: Comorbidities are common in SLE and increase with age and disease duration, underscoring the need for early, integrated management to improve outcomes.

Objectives: This retrospective study aims to characterise the epidemiological features of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) concomitant with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), examines the correlation between CSU occurrence and lupus disease activity, and identifies comorbidity patterns and risk factors associated with SLE-CSU.

Methods: A total of 40 SLE patients with concomitant CSU and 160 age-matched and sex-matched SLE controls without CSU were included. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to assess disease activity at SLE onset in both groups. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was conducted to compare the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) scores before and after CSU onset in patients with SLE. χ² tests were applied to evaluate differences in SLE activity grading, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and treatments between patients with SLE with and without CSU. In addition, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for CSU development in patients with SLE.

Results: Wilcoxon signed-rank tests revealed that in the SLE-CSU group, the occurrence of CSU did not result in an increase of SLEDAI scores. Univariate analysis revealed significant differences between the SLE-CSU and SLE-only groups in the presence of cylindruria, elevated IgM, IgA, IgG, serositis, mucosal ulcers and anti-Pm-Scl antibodies (p<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified cylindruria (OR: 6.152, CI 2.352 to 16.093, p＜0.001), elevated IgA (OR: 7.598, CI 1.194 to 48.368, p=0.032), elevated IgG (OR: 3.252, CI 1.331 to 7.946, p=0.010) and mucosal ulcers (OR: 3.838, CI 1.166 to 12.637, p=0.027) as independent risk factors for CSU occurrence in patients with SLE.

Conclusion: The presence of CSU in patients with SLE does not necessarily indicate increased lupus activity. Rather, cylindruria, mucosal ulcers and elevated IgA and IgG levels were identified as independent risk factors for CSU in patients with SLE.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of mepacrine (MC) as an add-on therapy in patients with SLE unresponsive to hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)-containing regimens at 6 months after MC introduction.

Methods: Observational study using routine clinical care data of patients from the Lupus-Cruces cohort. All of them received therapy with HCQ and prednisone at baseline. Two groups of initial therapy were compared: single therapy (ST; HCQ + prednisone) and multiple therapy (MT; additional immunosuppressives or biologics). Achieving the definition of remission in SLE (DORIS) at 6 months was the main outcome. Prednisone tapering and MC side effects and discontinuation were also analysed. A logistic regression was performed in search of clinical predictors of response.

Results: 106 different episodes were included (ST=56, MT=50). The mean SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) at baseline was 6.7, with a mean prednisone dose of 6 mg/day. DORIS remission at 6 months was 71% for the complete cohort (ST 79% vs MT 62%, p=0.06). SLEDAI reduction at 6 months was similar in both groups (mean 4.6 points in the ST group vs 5 in the MT group, p=0.5). The reduction at 6 months was also similar (mean 1.75 mg/day in the ST group vs 1.69 mg/day in the MT group, p=0.9). The most frequent reason for MC discontinuation was improvement (45%). Adverse effects were reported in 17% patients.

Conclusions: MC is a useful therapy in mild-moderate active SLE. Using MC as the first drug after the failure of glucocorticoids and HCQ is the best option; however, the addition of MC to a multidrug regimen can also be of help.

Introduction: Accurate assessment of disease activity in SLE is crucial but challenging due to its varied clinical manifestations and severity. Current tools like the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) have limitations, including unvalidated cut-off points, low sensitivity to certain severe features and an overemphasis on serological markers. There is a need for improved definitions of disease activity.

Methods: We analysed data from 1463 patients with SLE in the prospective, multicentre RELESSER-PROS cohort (39 Spanish hospitals) over five annual visits. A panel of lupus experts used the Delphi method to develop new definitions for moderate disease activity state (MODAS) and severe disease activity state (SEDAS). These incorporated clinical SLEDAI (cSLEDAI), selected severe non-SLEDAI manifestations (eg, neuropsychiatric involvement, proteinuria, severe haematological features) and the Physician Global Assessment. We compared the predictive performance of MODAS/SEDAS with SLEDAI for mortality, organ damage, severe flares, hospitalisations and health-related quality of life, using receiver operating characteristics curves.

Results: At baseline, 20% of patients met MODAS criteria and 24.6% SEDAS criteria, versus 10.5% and 3.0%, respectively, by SLEDAI. MODAS/SEDAS reclassified 19.9% of patients considered mild by SLEDAI, and 53.3% of moderate cases. MODAS/SEDAS showed modest but consistent improvement in predictive accuracy for damage (area under the curve 0.570 vs 0.550), flares (0.609 vs 0.564) and hospitalisations (0.609 vs 0.565). These definitions were associated with worse outcomes and demonstrated a dose-response relationship, although the overall predictive ability remained moderate.

Conclusion: MODAS and SEDAS offer an alternative framework for defining moderate and severe SLE activity, with modest but consistent improvements in predictive performance compared with SLEDAI. By integrating cSLEDAI, key severe features and physician judgement, they improve prognostic performance and support a severity-based approach to clinical management and research. Their clinical utility remains preliminary, and further external validation is required before routine implementation.

Background: Follicular helper T (TFH) cells play a crucial role in the dysregulated antibody responses in SLE. Circulating TFH17 (cTFH17) subsets are elevated in active lupus, and their frequency is associated with increased disease activity and autoantibody levels, indicating their potential role in disease development by promoting B-cell and autoantibody production. However, how activated cTFH17 cells drive B cell dysregulation for autoantibody production in SLE remains incompletely understood.

Objective: To investigate the phenotypic function of interleukin (IL)-17A-producing cTFH cells in subjects with SLE, explore their association with clinical parameters and inflammatory markers and demonstrate potential contributions to B cell-mediated autoantibody production METHODS: Forty subjects with SLE were enrolled to characterise and phenotype cTFH or circulating peripheral helper T cell subsets, based on molecule surface expression and intracellular cytokine production by flow cytometry. The correlations of cTFH17 or cTFH17.1 cells with disease activity, anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) autoantibodies and inflammatory cytokines were analysed. The interactions of cTFH17 cells with autoreactive B cell responses were studied in co-culture assays. The proliferation and inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS) upregulation were detected in cTFH17 cells, while autoantibody-secreting cell differentiation and autoantibody production were detected in B cells.

Results: The frequencies of cTFH17 and cTFH17.1 cells were significantly elevated in subjects with SLE compared with healthy controls, particularly in those with active disease. These cells exhibited increased activation, as indicated by the expression of ICOS and CD40L. The frequency of activated cTFH17 or cTFH17.1 cells correlated positively with SLE disease activity index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) scores but not with anti-dsDNA antibody levels. Profiling of inflammatory cytokines revealed the elevated levels of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-17A in individuals with SLE. However, the increased levels of these cytokines did not correlate with the frequency of cTFH17 cells nor SLEDAI-2K scores. In cTFH17-B cell co-cultures, proliferation and activation of cTFH17 cells were detected. There, B cells differentiated into antibody-secreting cells, which secreted anti-DNA autoantibodies.

Conclusion: cTFH17 cells were significantly expanded and activated in subjects with active SLE, showing a positive correlation with clinical activity. Functionally, cTFH17-B cell interactions enhanced plasma cell generation and autoantibody production. These findings suggest that cTFH17 cells play a key role in SLE pathogenesis.

Objective: To estimate the incidence of herpes zoster (HZ) and the incremental healthcare resource utilisation (HRU) and costs associated with HZ among adults with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods: This retrospective cohort study included insured patients from 2015 to 2022. HZ incidence rates were estimated among patients with SLE, SLE without other immunocompromising conditions (ICC) (SLE only) and no ICC. Adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing the SLE and SLE only cohorts versus the no ICC cohort were estimated using Poisson regression. All-cause HRU and costs were compared between patients with SLE and HZ (SLE+/HZ+) and propensity score matched patients with SLE without HZ (SLE+/HZ-).

Results: The incidence rates of HZ in the SLE (n=60 430), SLE only (n=21 206) and no ICC (n=1 000 000) cohorts were 19.72, 14.03 and 5.64 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (aIRR 1.89, 95% CI 1.79 to 2.00, and aIRR 1.54, 95% CI 1.40 to 1.69). Mean all-cause per-patient costs were significantly higher in the SLE+/HZ+ versus SLE+/HZ- cohorts during the first 1 month (n=2126 and n=8504, respectively; cost difference $1349, 95% CI $722 to 1977) and 3 months (n=1968 and n=7872; $1558, 95% CI $108 to 3007).

Conclusions: Patients with SLE had a significantly higher incidence of HZ compared with adults without ICC. Patients with SLE who developed HZ incurred significantly higher all-cause costs than those who did not. These data support considering HZ vaccination for patients with SLE.

Objective: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinicoradiological diagnosis that can be associated with SLE. The clinical presentation, risk factors and outcomes of PRES in patients with SLE remain insufficiently described.

Methods: We conducted a multicentre cohort study at the Mayo Clinic and performed a systematic literature review (SLR) of patients with incident PRES and SLE. We described the clinical features, treatments and outcomes. Across both the cohort study and SLR, we assessed neurological sequelae, recurrence and survival. Within the cohort study, we examined PRES risk factors and discontinuation of antiseizure medications (ASMs). We used logistic regression to evaluate factors associated with neurological sequelae and Cox regression to assess predictors of recurrence. Kaplan-Meier methods estimated the rates of recurrence, survival and ASMs discontinuation.

Results: 550 cases (53 from the cohort study) were included, of whom 92% were female. Across both cohort and SLR, the most common symptom was seizure, occurring in 80%. PRES was the first manifestation of SLE in 13% of cases. In the adjusted analysis, older age was associated with neurological sequelae (OR 1.63 per 10-year increase; 95% CI 1.12 to 2.39). After 5 years of follow-up, 11.5% (95% CI 2.3 to 19.9%) of patients had a recurrent PRES episode. 30-day and 180-day survival following PRES was observed in 96.3% (95% CI 93.5 to 99.1%) and 93.7% (95% CI 89.8 to 97.7%) patients, respectively. In the Mayo Clinic cohort, 81% of PRES cases were attributed to hypertension in the context of lupus nephritis (LN), and by the fifth year of follow-up, 78.1% (95% CI 58.7 to 88.4%) of patients had discontinued ASMs.

Conclusions: In this cohort, most of the incident PRES episodes were preceded by hypertension and occurred in patients with LN. Although short-term and long-term prognoses are favourable, older patients more frequently experienced neurological sequelae.