Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids最新文献

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a neuromodulator system with a crucial role in CNS and the reaction to endogenous and exogenous compounds and inflammation. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a basic part of the ECS which is the overwhelming causative and/or protective factor of major depressive disease (MDD). CBD interacts with brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) that responds to inflammation, dysregulations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and many more imbalances in MDD patients for which the ECS is a vital part to analyze, diagnose, and reflect the treatment. The ECS and MDD appear to have strong connections and interactions, so interest in ECS and CBD use in MDD patients is developing as a rescue resort.

Introduction: Several studies have found that cannabinoids, particularly delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol (CBD), have the ability to reduce cancer cell viability. An ongoing debate regarding the use of medical Cannabis revolves around the effectiveness of pure compounds versus intact plant material for treatment. Proponents for the use of intact plant material or botanical extracts argue that there is a synergistic effect between the different cannabinoids, terpenoids, and flavonoids; this is commonly referred to as the "entourage effect." Our study was designed to test the validity of the proposed entourage effect in a narrow application using a cancer cell viability model.

Materials and methods: Six cancer cell lines, from 3 different types of human cancer were treated with 10 μM pure CBD or 10 μM CBD from hemp (Cannabis sativa) oil (obtained from 3 different commercial sources) for 48 h, and cell viability was measured with the MTS assay. Dose-response curves were then performed to compare the potencies of pure CBD to CBD oils. CBD concentrations were independently confirmed in the commercial oils, and cannabinoid and terpene composition were also compared.

Results: CBD (10 μM) was able to reduce cell viability in 3 of the 6 cell lines tested, and this was found to be cell line specific and not specific to select cancers. None of the CBD oils tested were able to reduce viability to a greater extent than that of pure CBD. Additionally, dose-response curves found lower IC₅₀ values for pure CBD compared to the most potent CBD oil tested. Interestingly, some oils actually appeared to protect cancer cells from the effects of CBD.

Conclusions: We found that pure CBD was as potent or more potent at reducing cancer cell viability as the most potent oil tested, suggesting that there is no "entourage" effect under these specific in vitro conditions.

In recent years, more attention has been paid to cannabis from both medical and political points of view. This study investigates the influence of 5 different light spectra on the active substance content in THC-poor hemp of the Alessia chemotype II variety. The focus is on comparing conventional growing under metal halide lamps with growing under high-pressure sodium (HPS) vapor lamps with regard to different spectra of LED lighting modules. Growing was carried out in 10 growing boxes under controlled and mostly identical conditions for all boxes. The photoperiod during the vegetative phase was 18 h light and photosynthetic photon flux density ∼520 μmol⋅m^-2 s^-1. The flowering phase was 12 h light and ∼540 μmol⋅m^-2 s^-1. During the experiment, CO₂, temperature, and humidity were measured and logged. Additionally, weekly measurements of chlorophyll, electric conductivity of the fertilizer, activity measurement (salt content) of the soil, and pH value of the soil were checked. The content of cannabinoids was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Plant height and growth were monitored during the whole experiment by cameras taking pictures every 30 min and loading them onto a cloud storage platform. Cannabinoid content was measured using HPLC. Plant wet weight was determined at the end of the experiment and showed that plants under the high pressure lamp treatment had less flower weight than those under the LED treatment. In conclusion, it could be shown that certain LED spectra can considerably increase the amount of cannabinoids with respect to conventional illumination (HPS).

Since the endocannabinoid system is involved in immune function, the effect of cannabinoid intake on infectious conditions is questioned for several years and is of particular interest in the COVID 19 pandemia. Some data suggest that the immunomodulatory effect of cannabinoids may affect the course and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Given the large number of cannabinoids consumers in the community, this commentary presents the current knowledge on the potential impact of cannabinoids and endocannabinoids on bacterial and viral infection courses namely SARS-CoV-2 disease. Practical recommendations, which can be drawn from the literature, are given.

Hemp products are readily available and are aggressively marketed for their health and medicinal benefits. Most consumers of these products are interested because of cannabidiol (CBD), which has taken the natural products industry by storm. The CBD and Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC) concentrations in these products are often absent, and even where labeled, the accuracy of the label amounts is often questionable. In order to gain a better understanding of the CBD content, fifty hemp products were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for CBD, Δ⁹-THC, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ⁹-THCAA), and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). Δ⁹-THCAA and CBDA are the natural precursors of Δ⁹-THC and CBD in the plant material. Decarboxylation to Δ⁹-THC and CBD is essential to get the total benefit of the neutral cannabinoids. Therefore, analysis for the neutral and acid cannabinoids is important to get a complete picture of the chemical profile of the products. The GC-MS method used for the analysis of these products was developed and validated. A 10-m × 0.18-mm DB-1 (0.4 μ film) column was used for the analysis. The majority of the hemp products were oils, one of the products was hemp butter, one was a concentrated hemp powder capsule, and another was a hemp extract capsule. Most of the products contained less than 0.1% CBD and less than 0.01% Δ⁹-THC. Three products contained 0.1-1% CBD, and 2 products contained 0.1-0.9% Δ⁹-THC. All of the samples appeared to be decarboxylated since the CBDA and Δ⁹-THCAA results were less than 0.001%. The developed method is simple, sensitive, and reproducible for the detection of Δ⁹-THC, Δ⁹-THCAA, CBD, and CBDA in CBD oil/hemp products.

Cannabis sativa plant has not only cannabinoids as crucial compounds but also the other compounds that play important role as synergistic and/or entourage compound. Cannabis/hemp plant materials and essential oils were analyzed with the help of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry detector for the content of terpenes and terpenoids. The main terpenes/terpenoids and their abundance in the samples were evaluated. Results of this study will be helpful in the next evaluation of these compound in mixture with cannabinoids and their importance in medical treatment.

Although prescribing information (PI) is often the initial source of information when identifying potential drug-drug interactions, it may only provide a limited number of exemplars or only reference a class of medications without providing any specific medication examples. In the case of medical cannabis and medicinal cannabinoids, this is further complicated by the fact that the increased therapeutic use of marijuana extracts and cannabidiol oil will not have regulatory agency approved PI. The objective of this study was to provide a detailed and comprehensive drug-drug interaction list that is aligned with cannabinoid manufacturer PI. The cannabinoid drug-drug interaction information is listed in this article and online supplementary material as a PRECIPITANT (cannabinoid) medication that either INHIBITS/INDUCES the metabolism or competes for the same SUBSTRATE target (metabolic enzyme) of an OBJECT (OTHER) medication. In addition to a comprehensive list of drug-drug interactions, we also provide a list of 57 prescription medications displaying a narrow therapeutic index that are potentially impacted by concomitant cannabinoid use (whether through prescription use of cannabinoid medications or therapeutic/recreational use of cannabis and its extracts).