Pub Date : 2017-09-30DOI: 10.14203/METALURGI.V32I2.340
Robby Dwiwandono, L. Firmansyah, Satrio Herbirowo, M. Hasbi, F. Citrawati
This study was conducted to observe the mechanical properties and microstructures of two rail tracks type R54 used in Indonesia, which produce in Germany (rail steel G) and China (rail steel C). During its application, it is necessary for rail track to have high toughness to bear the dynamic load from wheel movement. In this study, several examinations and observations have been made, which comprise OES chemical composition analysis, metallography by using OM, tensile test, and micro Vickers hardness test. The OES chemical composition result shows that both rail tracks belong to Fe-C-Mn rail steels, in which, rail steel G has higher Zr micro alloy content than rail steel C. These differences do not significantly affect their tensile strength, which are 1050 MPa and 1044 MPa for rail steel G and rail steel C, respectively. Moreover, both samples were observed to have elongation of 13%. The difference in micro alloys, specifically Zr, may influence the hardness of the samples through precipitate strenghtening. The average hardness in the body part of the tracks show that rail steel G has slightly higher hardness value compare to rail steel C. It is 341 HV for rail steel G and 324 HV for rail steel C. This hardness difference was also found between the head part and the body part of both rail tracks. In the head part, the area near the edge of the rail tracks e has an average hardness of 452 HV for rail steel G and 423 HV for rail steel C. These values are higher than the hardness value of the body part of both rail tracks. The difference in hardness of the body part and the head part might be due to the phases in their microstructure, which observed to be dominated by pearlite. Abstrak Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui sifat mekanik dan struktur mikro dari beberapa jenis batangan rel bertipe R-54 yang digunakan di Indonesia, yaitu yang berasal dari Jerman (kode sampel G) dan Cina (kode sampel C). Dalam aplikasinya, ketangguhan tinggi diperlukan agar material batangan rel mampu meredam atau menahan beban roda kereta api saat berjalan. Dalam penelitian ini, beberapa pengujian telah dilakukan, antara lain pengujian komposisi kimia dengan optical emission spectrometer (OES), pengamatan metalografi dengan optical microscop e (OM), pengujian keuatan tarik serta uji keras Micro Vickers . Dari hasil pengujian komposisi kimia didapatkan bahwa sampel G memiliki unsur pemadu mikro Zr lebih besar dari sampel C. Perbedaan komposisi kimia ini tidak mempengaruhi besarnya kekuatan tarik pada kedua sampel secara signifikan, dimana dari hasil pengujian tarik didapatkan nilai kekuatan tarik untuk sampel G sebesar 1050 MPa dan sampel C sebesar 1044 MPa dengan nilai elongasi yang sama yaitu sebesar 13%. Pengaruh dari perbedaan kandungan unsur-unsur pemadu, dalam hal ini Zr, dimungkinkan dapat mempengaruhi nilai kekerasan rata-rata dari kedua sampel melalui pembentukan presipitat, dimana dari hasil pengujian kekerasan pada bagian badan rel, secara
{"title":"Analisa Strukturmikro dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Sifat Mekanis Batangan Rel Tipe R54 [Microstructure Analysis and Its Effect to Mechanical Properties of Rail Track Type R54]","authors":"Robby Dwiwandono, L. Firmansyah, Satrio Herbirowo, M. Hasbi, F. Citrawati","doi":"10.14203/METALURGI.V32I2.340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14203/METALURGI.V32I2.340","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to observe the mechanical properties and microstructures of two rail tracks type R54 used in Indonesia, which produce in Germany (rail steel G) and China (rail steel C). During its application, it is necessary for rail track to have high toughness to bear the dynamic load from wheel movement. In this study, several examinations and observations have been made, which comprise OES chemical composition analysis, metallography by using OM, tensile test, and micro Vickers hardness test. The OES chemical composition result shows that both rail tracks belong to Fe-C-Mn rail steels, in which, rail steel G has higher Zr micro alloy content than rail steel C. These differences do not significantly affect their tensile strength, which are 1050 MPa and 1044 MPa for rail steel G and rail steel C, respectively. Moreover, both samples were observed to have elongation of 13%. The difference in micro alloys, specifically Zr, may influence the hardness of the samples through precipitate strenghtening. The average hardness in the body part of the tracks show that rail steel G has slightly higher hardness value compare to rail steel C. It is 341 HV for rail steel G and 324 HV for rail steel C. This hardness difference was also found between the head part and the body part of both rail tracks. In the head part, the area near the edge of the rail tracks e has an average hardness of 452 HV for rail steel G and 423 HV for rail steel C. These values are higher than the hardness value of the body part of both rail tracks. The difference in hardness of the body part and the head part might be due to the phases in their microstructure, which observed to be dominated by pearlite. Abstrak Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui sifat mekanik dan struktur mikro dari beberapa jenis batangan rel bertipe R-54 yang digunakan di Indonesia, yaitu yang berasal dari Jerman (kode sampel G) dan Cina (kode sampel C). Dalam aplikasinya, ketangguhan tinggi diperlukan agar material batangan rel mampu meredam atau menahan beban roda kereta api saat berjalan. Dalam penelitian ini, beberapa pengujian telah dilakukan, antara lain pengujian komposisi kimia dengan optical emission spectrometer (OES), pengamatan metalografi dengan optical microscop e (OM), pengujian keuatan tarik serta uji keras Micro Vickers . Dari hasil pengujian komposisi kimia didapatkan bahwa sampel G memiliki unsur pemadu mikro Zr lebih besar dari sampel C. Perbedaan komposisi kimia ini tidak mempengaruhi besarnya kekuatan tarik pada kedua sampel secara signifikan, dimana dari hasil pengujian tarik didapatkan nilai kekuatan tarik untuk sampel G sebesar 1050 MPa dan sampel C sebesar 1044 MPa dengan nilai elongasi yang sama yaitu sebesar 13%. Pengaruh dari perbedaan kandungan unsur-unsur pemadu, dalam hal ini Zr, dimungkinkan dapat mempengaruhi nilai kekerasan rata-rata dari kedua sampel melalui pembentukan presipitat, dimana dari hasil pengujian kekerasan pada bagian badan rel, secara","PeriodicalId":18462,"journal":{"name":"Metalurgija","volume":"32 1","pages":"67-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47001767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-28DOI: 10.14203/METALURGI.V32I1.163
Muhammad Wildanil Fathoni, M. Mubarok
Numerous investigations have been done forvaluable metals recovery from liquid waste. One of the methods that has been used is solvent extraction – electrowinning. In this paper, copper recovery from spent electrolyte of silver electrorefining by solvent extraction, stripping and electrowining is discussed. A series of copper solvent extraction experiments using Mextral 5640H were conducted on two types of spent electrolyte samples. The first sample is spent electrolyte of silver electrorefining without treatment and has nitrate matrix, while the second one is the spent electrolyte that has undergone silver deposition process by chloride salt addition, thus has a chloride matrix. The solvent extraction experiments by using the first spent electrolyte sample did not result in adequate copper extraction and was not selective to silver. By using 15% (v/v) Mextral 5640H, co-extraction of silver reached 10%, while extracted copper was only 31%. Solvent extraction tests with the second spent electrolyte sample resulted in the highest copper extraction of 97% at 25% (v/v) Mextral 5640H, equilibrium pH 2, O/A ratio 2/1 and temperature 25 °C. The analysis revealed that copper extraction in chloride solution by Mextral 5640H is an exothermic process with ΔH value of - 2.97 kJ/mole. The highest recovery of stripping process was 87.1% obtained at 200 g/L sulfuric acid, O/A ratio 2/1 and temperature 46 °C with copper concentration in aquesous solution of 50 g/L. Current efficiency of electrowining process was 98.7%, with cell voltage of 2.4 volt and electrical energy consumption of 2077 kWh/ton of copper Abstrak Penelitian mengenai rekoveri logam berharga dari limbah telah banyak dilakukan. Salah satu caranya adalah melalui proses ekstraksi pelarut – elektrowining. Dalam paper ini didiskusikan proses rekoveri tembaga dari limbah elektrolit pemurnian perak mulai dari proses ekstraksi pelarut, stripping sampai elektrowining. Serangkaian percobaan ekstraksi pelarut dilakukan terhadap dua jenis sampel limbah elektrolit, sampel pertama merupakan limbah elektrolit tanpa pengolahan terlebih dahulu sedangkan sampel kedua merupakan limbah elektrolit yang sudah mengalami proses pengendapan perak. Hasil percobaan dengan menggunakan sampel pertama kurang begitu baik, ekstraktan Mextral 5640H tidak selektif terhadap perak. Dengan menggunakan konsentrasi ekstraktan 15% koekstraksi Ag mencapai 10% sedangkan ekstraksi Cu hanya 32%. Percobaan ekstraksi pelarut dengan menggunakan sampel kedua mencapai ekstraksi tertinggi sebesar 97% yang diperoleh pada konsentrasi ekstraktan 25%, pH kesetimbangan 2, nisbah O/A 2 dan temperatur 25 °C. Saat proses ekstraksi berlangsung, satu mol ion Cu 2+ akan bereaksi dengan 5 mol ekstraktan untuk membentuk senyawa kompleks, reaksi tersebut melepaskan ion H + sebanyak setengah mol. Nilai ΔH proses ekstraksi sebesar -2,97 kJ yang bersifat eksotermis. Rekoveri proses stripping tertinggi diperoleh sebesar 87,07% yang diperoleh pada k
{"title":"Studi Recovery Tembaga dari Limbah Elektrolit Pemurnian Perak Menggunakan Proses Ekstraksi Pelarut Electrowinning dengan Mextral 5640H Sebagai Ekstraktan [Study of Copper Recovery from Spent Electrolyte Silver by Solvent Extraction – Electrowinning Using Mextral 5640 H]","authors":"Muhammad Wildanil Fathoni, M. Mubarok","doi":"10.14203/METALURGI.V32I1.163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14203/METALURGI.V32I1.163","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous investigations have been done forvaluable metals recovery from liquid waste. One of the methods that has been used is solvent extraction – electrowinning. In this paper, copper recovery from spent electrolyte of silver electrorefining by solvent extraction, stripping and electrowining is discussed. A series of copper solvent extraction experiments using Mextral 5640H were conducted on two types of spent electrolyte samples. The first sample is spent electrolyte of silver electrorefining without treatment and has nitrate matrix, while the second one is the spent electrolyte that has undergone silver deposition process by chloride salt addition, thus has a chloride matrix. The solvent extraction experiments by using the first spent electrolyte sample did not result in adequate copper extraction and was not selective to silver. By using 15% (v/v) Mextral 5640H, co-extraction of silver reached 10%, while extracted copper was only 31%. Solvent extraction tests with the second spent electrolyte sample resulted in the highest copper extraction of 97% at 25% (v/v) Mextral 5640H, equilibrium pH 2, O/A ratio 2/1 and temperature 25 °C. The analysis revealed that copper extraction in chloride solution by Mextral 5640H is an exothermic process with ΔH value of - 2.97 kJ/mole. The highest recovery of stripping process was 87.1% obtained at 200 g/L sulfuric acid, O/A ratio 2/1 and temperature 46 °C with copper concentration in aquesous solution of 50 g/L. Current efficiency of electrowining process was 98.7%, with cell voltage of 2.4 volt and electrical energy consumption of 2077 kWh/ton of copper Abstrak Penelitian mengenai rekoveri logam berharga dari limbah telah banyak dilakukan. Salah satu caranya adalah melalui proses ekstraksi pelarut – elektrowining. Dalam paper ini didiskusikan proses rekoveri tembaga dari limbah elektrolit pemurnian perak mulai dari proses ekstraksi pelarut, stripping sampai elektrowining. Serangkaian percobaan ekstraksi pelarut dilakukan terhadap dua jenis sampel limbah elektrolit, sampel pertama merupakan limbah elektrolit tanpa pengolahan terlebih dahulu sedangkan sampel kedua merupakan limbah elektrolit yang sudah mengalami proses pengendapan perak. Hasil percobaan dengan menggunakan sampel pertama kurang begitu baik, ekstraktan Mextral 5640H tidak selektif terhadap perak. Dengan menggunakan konsentrasi ekstraktan 15% koekstraksi Ag mencapai 10% sedangkan ekstraksi Cu hanya 32%. Percobaan ekstraksi pelarut dengan menggunakan sampel kedua mencapai ekstraksi tertinggi sebesar 97% yang diperoleh pada konsentrasi ekstraktan 25%, pH kesetimbangan 2, nisbah O/A 2 dan temperatur 25 °C. Saat proses ekstraksi berlangsung, satu mol ion Cu 2+ akan bereaksi dengan 5 mol ekstraktan untuk membentuk senyawa kompleks, reaksi tersebut melepaskan ion H + sebanyak setengah mol. Nilai ΔH proses ekstraksi sebesar -2,97 kJ yang bersifat eksotermis. Rekoveri proses stripping tertinggi diperoleh sebesar 87,07% yang diperoleh pada k","PeriodicalId":18462,"journal":{"name":"Metalurgija","volume":"32 1","pages":"9-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47298707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-28DOI: 10.14203/METALURGI.V32I1.222
Hadi Perdana, M. S. Anwar, Andinnie Juniarsih, Efendi Mabruri
The 13Cr3Mo3Ni martensitic stainless steel is the modified 410 type steel for steam turbine blade application. This paper reports the effect of tempering temperature and time on hardness, microstructure and corrosion rate of the modified steel. Microstructure observation was performed using optical microscopy and SEM-EDS, hardness testing using Rockwell C hardness tester and the corrosion test in 3.5% NaCl solution using Gamry G750 instrument. In general, the hardness of the steel decreased with increasing of tempering temperature. However, the hardness increased at the tempering temperature 500-650 °C showing secondary hardening, and the metal carbides with sub-micron in sizes were observed in the microstructure. Longer tempering time of 6 h resulted in decreased hardness without secondary hardening It can be reported also that the tempering temperature changed the potential, current and rate of corrosion of the 13Cr3Mo3Ni steel. Abstrak Baja tahan karat 13Cr3Mo3Ni merupakan modifikasi dari baja tahan karat martensitik 410 untuk digunakan sebagai material sudu pada turbin uap. Tulisan ini memaparkan pengaruh suhu dan waktu tempering terhadap kekerasan, struktur mikro dan laju korosi baja tahan karat martensitik 13Cr3Mo3Ni. Pengujian yang dilakukan adalah pengamatan struktur mikro menggunakan mikroskop optik dan SEM-EDS, uji kekerasan dengan Rockwell C dan uji korosi di dalam larutan 3,5% NaCl dengan alat Gamry G750. Secara umum kekerasan baja menurun dengan naiknya suhu tempering, kecuali pada suhu 500-650 °C terjadi peningkatan kekerasan akibat adanya secondary hardening dan karbida logam berukuran sub-mikron teramati sebagai penyebabnya. Peningkatan waktu tempering menjadi 6 jam mengakibatkan penurunan kekerasan dan penghilangan efek secondary hardening . Perbedaan suhu tempering juga menghasilkan perbedaan potensial, arus serta laju korosi baja 13Cr3Mo3Ni.
13Cr3Mo3Ni马氏体不锈钢是汽轮机叶片用410型改进型钢。研究了回火温度和回火时间对改性钢的硬度、显微组织和腐蚀速率的影响。采用金相显微镜和扫描电子能谱仪对其进行显微组织观察，采用洛氏C硬度计对其进行硬度测试，采用Gamry G750仪对其进行3.5% NaCl溶液腐蚀测试。一般来说，钢的硬度随回火温度的升高而降低。而在500 ~ 650℃回火时，合金硬度升高，表现为二次硬化，显微组织中出现亚微米级的金属碳化物。回火时间延长6 h，硬度下降，但未发生二次硬化。回火温度改变了13Cr3Mo3Ni钢的腐蚀电位、腐蚀电流和腐蚀速率。[摘要]巴哈塔罕克拉13Cr3Mo3Ni merupakan改性巴哈塔罕克拉马氏体410 untuk digunakan sebagai材料sudu pada turbup。tuisan ini memaparkan pengaruh suhu dan waktu回火terhahadap kekerasan，构造mikro dan laju korosi baja tahan karat马氏体13Cr3Mo3Ni。企鹅yang dilakukan adalah pengamatan struktur mikroskop optik dan SEM-EDS, uji kekerasan dengan Rockwell C danuji korosi di dalam larutan 3,5% NaCl dengan alat Gamry G750。Secara umum kekerasan baja menurun dengan naiknya suhu回火，kecuali padsuhu 500-650°C terjadi peningkatan kekerasan akibat adanya二次硬化dan karbida logam berukuran次mikron teramati sebagai penyebabnya。Peningkatan waktu回火menjadi 6 jam mengakibatkan penurunan kekerasan dan penghilangan efek二次硬化。Perbedaan suhu回火juga menghasilkan Perbedaan potential, arus serta laju korosi baja 13Cr3Mo3Ni。
{"title":"Pengaruh Suhu dan Waktu Tempering Terhadap Kekerasan, Struktur Mikro, dan Laju Korosi Baja Tahan Karat Martensitik 13Cr3Mo3Ni [The Influence of Time and Temperature Tempering on Hardness, Microstructure and Corrosion Rate of 13Cr3Mo3Ni Stainless Steel]","authors":"Hadi Perdana, M. S. Anwar, Andinnie Juniarsih, Efendi Mabruri","doi":"10.14203/METALURGI.V32I1.222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14203/METALURGI.V32I1.222","url":null,"abstract":"The 13Cr3Mo3Ni martensitic stainless steel is the modified 410 type steel for steam turbine blade application. This paper reports the effect of tempering temperature and time on hardness, microstructure and corrosion rate of the modified steel. Microstructure observation was performed using optical microscopy and SEM-EDS, hardness testing using Rockwell C hardness tester and the corrosion test in 3.5% NaCl solution using Gamry G750 instrument. In general, the hardness of the steel decreased with increasing of tempering temperature. However, the hardness increased at the tempering temperature 500-650 °C showing secondary hardening, and the metal carbides with sub-micron in sizes were observed in the microstructure. Longer tempering time of 6 h resulted in decreased hardness without secondary hardening It can be reported also that the tempering temperature changed the potential, current and rate of corrosion of the 13Cr3Mo3Ni steel. Abstrak Baja tahan karat 13Cr3Mo3Ni merupakan modifikasi dari baja tahan karat martensitik 410 untuk digunakan sebagai material sudu pada turbin uap. Tulisan ini memaparkan pengaruh suhu dan waktu tempering terhadap kekerasan, struktur mikro dan laju korosi baja tahan karat martensitik 13Cr3Mo3Ni. Pengujian yang dilakukan adalah pengamatan struktur mikro menggunakan mikroskop optik dan SEM-EDS, uji kekerasan dengan Rockwell C dan uji korosi di dalam larutan 3,5% NaCl dengan alat Gamry G750. Secara umum kekerasan baja menurun dengan naiknya suhu tempering, kecuali pada suhu 500-650 °C terjadi peningkatan kekerasan akibat adanya secondary hardening dan karbida logam berukuran sub-mikron teramati sebagai penyebabnya. Peningkatan waktu tempering menjadi 6 jam mengakibatkan penurunan kekerasan dan penghilangan efek secondary hardening . Perbedaan suhu tempering juga menghasilkan perbedaan potensial, arus serta laju korosi baja 13Cr3Mo3Ni.","PeriodicalId":18462,"journal":{"name":"Metalurgija","volume":"32 1","pages":"37-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47540276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-28DOI: 10.14203/METALURGI.V32I1.188
E. Febriyanti, Ayu Rizeki Ridhowati, R. Riastuti
Cu-Zn alloy (70/30) alloy is widely used as water tubing in industrial application. From some references reveal that chloride ion exist along pipeline. Interaction between chloride ion and Cu-Zn alloy promote corrosion process then reduce the tube performance. The aim of this research is to improve the corrosion resistance of Cu-Zn alloy by developing TMCP ( thermo mechanical controlled process ) . The specimens are warm rolled at 300°C with reverse rolling system at deformation 25%, 30%, and 35%. Corrosion resistance of specimen is then measured by polarisation method using 0 . 1 M HCl. Experimental results indicate that by increasing reduction from 31 . 61% to 48 . 39%, the corrosion rate decrease from 0 . 564 mm/year to 0 . 426 mm/year. Abstrak Paduan Cu-Zn (70/30) kerap digunakan sebagai saluran pipa untuk menyalurkan air. Pada saluran pipa tersebut umumnya ditemukan ion klorida. Produk korosi yang terbentuk pada paduan Cu-Zn akibat interaksi dengan ion Cl- dapat menurunkan efisiensi kerja alat. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini digunakan metode pengembangan lebih lanjut untuk meningkatkan ketahanan korosi paduan Cu-Zn dengan Thermomechanical Control Process (TMCP). Pengerjaan warm rolling dilakukan dengan metode bolak-balik sebanyak 2x25%, 2x30%, dan 2x35% pada suhu 300 o C ditambah dengan pemanasan selama 120 menit untuk mengurangi efek pengerasan ketika TMCP sebelum pass kedua dilakukan. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa dengan peningkatan reduksi dari sebesar 31,61% hingga 48,39%, ukuran diameter butir rata-rata menurun dari 50.53μm menjadi 24.41μm menyebabkan penurunan laju korosi dari 0.564 mm/ year menjadi 0.426 mm/ year.
铜锌合金(70/30)在工业应用中广泛用作水管。从文献资料可以看出，氯离子沿管道存在。氯离子与Cu-Zn合金的相互作用促进了腐蚀过程，降低了管材的性能。本研究旨在通过开发热机械控制工艺(TMCP)来提高Cu-Zn合金的耐蚀性。试样在300℃下进行热轧，反向轧制，变形量分别为25%、30%和35%。然后用极化法测量试样的耐蚀性。1 M盐酸。实验结果表明，从31。61%对48%。39%，腐蚀速率从0。564毫米/年至0。426毫米/年。[摘要]Paduan Cu-Zn (70/30) kerap digunakan sebagai saluran pipa untuk menyalurkan air。Pada saluran pipa tersebut umumnya ditemukan ion klorida。杨Produk korosi terbentuk篇paduan Cu-Zn akibat interaksi dengan离子Cl - dapat menurunkan efisiensi kerja alat。Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini digunakan方法pengembangan lebih lanjut untuk meningkatkan kettahanan korosi padan Cu-Zn dengan热机械控制过程(TMCP)。Pengerjaan温轧dilakukan dengan方法bolak-balik sebanyak 2 × 25%， 2 × 30%，丹2 × 35%帕达苏胡300 o C ditambah dengan pemanasan selama 120 menit untuk mengurangi efek pengerasan ketika TMCP sebelum pass kedua dilakukan。Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa dengan peningkatan reduksi Dari sebesar 31,61% hingga 48,39%， ukuran diameter butir -rata menurun Dari 50.53μm menjadi 24.41μm menyebabkan penurunan laju korosi Dari 0.564 mm/ year menjadi 0.426 mm/ year。
{"title":"Ketahanan Korosi Paduan Cu-Zn 70/30 Setelah Proses Thermomechanical Controlled Process (TMCP) [Corrosion Resistance of Cu/Zn 70/30 Alloy from Thermomechanical Controlled Process (TMCP)]","authors":"E. Febriyanti, Ayu Rizeki Ridhowati, R. Riastuti","doi":"10.14203/METALURGI.V32I1.188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14203/METALURGI.V32I1.188","url":null,"abstract":"Cu-Zn alloy (70/30) alloy is widely used as water tubing in industrial application. From some references reveal that chloride ion exist along pipeline. Interaction between chloride ion and Cu-Zn alloy promote corrosion process then reduce the tube performance. The aim of this research is to improve the corrosion resistance of Cu-Zn alloy by developing TMCP ( thermo mechanical controlled process ) . The specimens are warm rolled at 300°C with reverse rolling system at deformation 25%, 30%, and 35%. Corrosion resistance of specimen is then measured by polarisation method using 0 . 1 M HCl. Experimental results indicate that by increasing reduction from 31 . 61% to 48 . 39%, the corrosion rate decrease from 0 . 564 mm/year to 0 . 426 mm/year. Abstrak Paduan Cu-Zn (70/30) kerap digunakan sebagai saluran pipa untuk menyalurkan air. Pada saluran pipa tersebut umumnya ditemukan ion klorida. Produk korosi yang terbentuk pada paduan Cu-Zn akibat interaksi dengan ion Cl- dapat menurunkan efisiensi kerja alat. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini digunakan metode pengembangan lebih lanjut untuk meningkatkan ketahanan korosi paduan Cu-Zn dengan Thermomechanical Control Process (TMCP). Pengerjaan warm rolling dilakukan dengan metode bolak-balik sebanyak 2x25%, 2x30%, dan 2x35% pada suhu 300 o C ditambah dengan pemanasan selama 120 menit untuk mengurangi efek pengerasan ketika TMCP sebelum pass kedua dilakukan. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa dengan peningkatan reduksi dari sebesar 31,61% hingga 48,39%, ukuran diameter butir rata-rata menurun dari 50.53μm menjadi 24.41μm menyebabkan penurunan laju korosi dari 0.564 mm/ year menjadi 0.426 mm/ year.","PeriodicalId":18462,"journal":{"name":"Metalurgija","volume":"32 1","pages":"21-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44890483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-28DOI: 10.14203/METALURGI.V32I1.160
T. Arini, L. H. Lalasari, A. H. Yuwono, F. Firdiyono, L. Andriyah, A. Subhan
Manufacturing FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide) is expected to replace ITO (indium tin oxide) because the process is simple and relatively low cost. Tin chloride precursor with fluorine doping is prepared via sol-gel method with a coating process with spray pyrolisis technique can be considered as a new breakthrough in DSSC device structures. This experiment uses the raw material tin (II) chloride hydrate (SnCl2.2H2O) as precursors and ammonium fluoride (NH4F) as a doping ratio of 6% wt with variation in temperatures of 250, 300, 350, 400 °C and time resistivities of 5, 20, 30 and 40 minutes. The results showed that the longer deposition time decreasing value of conductive glass resistivity. This condition would reduce the value of transmittance. High transmittance and low resistivity obtained on the variation of deposition time 5 minutes with a substrate temperature of 300 °C with a resistivity value of 3.16 x 10-4 Ω.cm and transmittance value of 86.74% Abstrak Pembuatan FTO (flourine-doped tin oxide) ini diharapkan dapat menggantikan fungsi ITO (indium tin oxide) karena proses pembuatan yang sederhana dan biaya yang relatif rendah. Prekursor timah klorida dengan doping flourine yang dipreparasi melalui metode sol-gel dengan proses pelapisan dengan teknik spray pyrolisis dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai suatu terobosan baru di dalam struktur device sel surya tersensitasi zat pewarna. Percobaan ini menggunakan bahan baku timah (II) klorida hidrat (SnCl2.2H2O) sebagai prekursor dan amonium florida (NH4F) sebagai doping dengan rasio 6 %berat dengan variasi temperatur 250, 300, 350, 400 °C dan dengan variasi waktu 5, 20, 30, dan 40 menit. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa semakin lama waktu deposisi maka akan semakin kecil nilai resistivitas kaca konduktif. Namun semakin lama waktu deposisi akan mengurangi nilai transmitansi. Pada percobaan ini menghasilkan transmitansi tinggi dan resistivitas rendah diperoleh pada variasi waktu deposisi 5 menit dengan temperatur substrat 300 °C dengan nilai resitivitas 3,16 x 10-4 Ω.cm dan nilai transmitansi 86,74%.
制造FTO（氟掺杂的氧化锡）有望取代ITO（铟锡氧化物），因为该工艺简单且成本相对较低。采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了氟掺杂的氯化锡前驱体，并采用喷雾热解法制备了涂层工艺。这是DSSC器件结构的一个新突破。该实验使用原料氯化锡（II）水合物（SnCl2.2H2O）作为前体，氟化铵（NH4F）的掺杂率为6wt%，温度变化为250、300、350、400°C，时间电阻率为5、20、30和40分钟。结果表明，沉积时间越长，导电玻璃电阻率值越低。这种情况会降低透射率的值。在300°C的衬底温度下，沉积时间变化5分钟，获得高透射率和低电阻率，电阻率值为3.16 x 10-4Ω.cm，透射率值为86.74%Abstrak。由于制造工艺简单，成本相对较低，这种掺氟氧化锡有望取代ITO功能。通过溶胶-凝胶法和热解喷雾过滤工艺制备的掺杂氟的氯化铜前体可以被认为是太阳能电池-太阳能系统对色素敏感结构的一个新突破。该实验使用氯化氢铜（II）-铜（SnCl2.2H2O）作为前体，佛罗里达铵（NH4F）作为6重量%的掺杂率，温度变化为250、300、350、400°C，时间变化为5、20、30和40分钟。实验结果表明，沉积时间越长，导电玻璃的电阻值越小。但是沉积时间越长，透射值就会降低。在本实验中，在300°C的衬底温度下，在5分钟的存储时间变化下获得了高传输和低电阻，弹性值为3.16 x 10-4Ω.cm，传输值为86.74%。
{"title":"Pengaruh Waktu Deposisi dan Temperatur Substrat Terhadap Pembuatan Kaca Konduktif FTO (Fluorine doped Tin Oxide) [The Influence of Deposition Time and Substrate Temperature in Manufacturing Process of FTO (Fluorine doped Tin Oxide) Conductive Glass]","authors":"T. Arini, L. H. Lalasari, A. H. Yuwono, F. Firdiyono, L. Andriyah, A. Subhan","doi":"10.14203/METALURGI.V32I1.160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14203/METALURGI.V32I1.160","url":null,"abstract":"Manufacturing FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide) is expected to replace ITO (indium tin oxide) because the process is simple and relatively low cost. Tin chloride precursor with fluorine doping is prepared via sol-gel method with a coating process with spray pyrolisis technique can be considered as a new breakthrough in DSSC device structures. This experiment uses the raw material tin (II) chloride hydrate (SnCl2.2H2O) as precursors and ammonium fluoride (NH4F) as a doping ratio of 6% wt with variation in temperatures of 250, 300, 350, 400 °C and time resistivities of 5, 20, 30 and 40 minutes. The results showed that the longer deposition time decreasing value of conductive glass resistivity. This condition would reduce the value of transmittance. High transmittance and low resistivity obtained on the variation of deposition time 5 minutes with a substrate temperature of 300 °C with a resistivity value of 3.16 x 10-4 Ω.cm and transmittance value of 86.74% Abstrak Pembuatan FTO (flourine-doped tin oxide) ini diharapkan dapat menggantikan fungsi ITO (indium tin oxide) karena proses pembuatan yang sederhana dan biaya yang relatif rendah. Prekursor timah klorida dengan doping flourine yang dipreparasi melalui metode sol-gel dengan proses pelapisan dengan teknik spray pyrolisis dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai suatu terobosan baru di dalam struktur device sel surya tersensitasi zat pewarna. Percobaan ini menggunakan bahan baku timah (II) klorida hidrat (SnCl2.2H2O) sebagai prekursor dan amonium florida (NH4F) sebagai doping dengan rasio 6 %berat dengan variasi temperatur 250, 300, 350, 400 °C dan dengan variasi waktu 5, 20, 30, dan 40 menit. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa semakin lama waktu deposisi maka akan semakin kecil nilai resistivitas kaca konduktif. Namun semakin lama waktu deposisi akan mengurangi nilai transmitansi. Pada percobaan ini menghasilkan transmitansi tinggi dan resistivitas rendah diperoleh pada variasi waktu deposisi 5 menit dengan temperatur substrat 300 °C dengan nilai resitivitas 3,16 x 10-4 Ω.cm dan nilai transmitansi 86,74%.","PeriodicalId":18462,"journal":{"name":"Metalurgija","volume":"32 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48551059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-28DOI: 10.14203/METALURGI.V32I1.219
B. Bandanadjaja, D. Idamayanti
This research is conducted in order to find the improvement of steel casting mechanical property, that has been treated on double tempering processes. High toughness is required in order that on the application the steel must has capability of holding the impact load or shock without fracture. Properties of steel in the as-cast condition is quite brittle, the elongation is quite low. In order to improve the toughness, the cast steel can be given additional tempering treatment after normalizing processes. The tempering process will reduce hardness and improve the elongation so that the toughness of the steel material can be increased. The second tempering is required to eliminate the brittle phase that occurs and the elongation of the steel material can be increased. The process of heat treatment which has been applied is normalizing followed with a double tempering temperature variation. The variation of tempering temperature is given to find the best combination of the mechanical properties of strength and elongation. The result showed that the heat treatment processes on Ni, Cr and Mo alloy steel material can increase its elongation without decreasing in tensile strength significantly. In the as-cast condition the steel is very brittle i.e. 4% elongation and impact value of 15 J/Cm 2 . The heat treatment process which produces high toughness with the best combination of tensile strength and elongation is the process of normalizing followed by first and the second tempering at 650 °C. Mechanical properties result with tensile strength of 68.3 MPa, yield strength of 52.5 MPa and elongation of 20 %. Material toughness is increased after double tempering around 142 J/Cm 2 . Abstrak Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui perbaikan sifat mekanik material baja cor paduan Cr-Ni-Mo yang telah mengalami proses tempering ganda. Ketangguhan tinggi diperlukan agar dalam aplikasinya baja mampu meredam atau menahan beban impak atau kejut dengan baik. Sifat mekanik baja cor pada kondisi as-cast cukup getas dengan elongasi cukup rendah. Untuk dapat meningkatkan ketangguhannya maka baja cor dapat diberikan perlakuan tambahan yaitu proses tempering setelah normalising. Namun proses tempering yang diberikan dapat pula memunculkan presipitat karbida yang bersifat getas. Oleh karenanya, tempering kedua diperlukan dengan demikian fasa getas yang terjadi dapat dihilangkan serta elongasi baja dapat semakin meningkat. Proses perlakuan panas yang diterapkan adalah proses normalising yang dilanjutkan tempering ganda dengan variasi temperatur tempering, untuk mengetahui kombinasi kekuatan dengan elongasi baja yang terbaik. Hasil yang diperoleh bahwa baja paduan Ni, Cr dan Mo dapat menghasilkan elongasi yang meningkat tanpa diikuti dengan penurunan kekuatan tarik secara signifikan. Pada kondisi as-cast material baja memiliki sifat yang sangat getas yaitu elongasi 4% dan harga impak 15 J/cm 2 . Proses perlakuan panas yang menghasilkan ketangguhan terbaik den
本研究是为了寻找对经二次回火处理的铸钢件力学性能的改善。高韧性要求在实际应用中，钢必须具有承受冲击载荷或冲击而不断裂的能力。钢在铸态状态下的性能比较脆，伸长率很低。为了提高韧性，铸钢可在正火处理后再进行回火处理。回火工艺会降低硬度，提高伸长率，从而提高钢材料的韧性。需要进行第二次回火，以消除脆性相的出现，并提高钢材料的伸长率。所采用的热处理工艺是正火后再进行二次回火温度变化。给出了回火温度的变化规律，以求得强度和伸长率力学性能的最佳组合。结果表明，对Ni、Cr、Mo合金钢材料进行热处理，可以在不显著降低抗拉强度的情况下提高其伸长率。在铸态状态下，钢非常脆，伸长率为4%，冲击值为15 J/ cm2。在650℃下进行一次正火和二次回火的热处理工艺，可获得高韧性和抗拉强度和伸长率的最佳组合。抗拉强度68.3 MPa，屈服强度52.5 MPa，伸长率20%。经二次回火后，材料韧性提高约142 J/ cm2。摘要Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui perbaikan sifat mekanik材料baja cor paduan Cr-Ni-Mo yang telah mengalami加工回火原料。Ketangguhan tinggi diperlukan agar dalam apilkasinya baja mampu meredam atau menahan beban impak atau kejut dengan baik。Sifat mekanik baja or pada kondisi是cast cucuup getas dengan elongasi cucuup rendah。Untuk dapat meningkatkan ketangguhannya maka baja or dapat diberikan perlakuan tambahan yitu表示缓和setelah正常化。纳门提出了一项名为“炼阳”的计划。Oleh karenanya，回火kedua diperlukan dengan demikian fasa getas yang terjadi dapat dihilangkan serta elongasi baja dapat semakin meningkat。procses perlakuan panas yang diiterapkan adalah proces正火yang dilanjutkan回火gananda dengan变温回火，untuk mengetahui kombinasi kekuatan dengan elongasi baja yang terbaik。Hasil yang diperoleh bahwa baja padan Ni, Cr dan Mo dapat menghasilkan elongasi yang meningkat tanpa diikuti dengan penurunan kekuatan tarik secara signifikan。Pada kondisi -cast材料baja memiliki sifat yang sangat getas yitu elongasi 4% dan harga impak 15 J/ cm2。处理perlakuan panas yang menghasilkan ketangguhan terbaik dengan kombinasi kekuatan tarik dan elongasi yang tertinggi adalah处理正火diikuti oleh回火I dilanjutkan dengan回火II温度650℃。Sifat mekanik yang dapat dicapai yitu kekuatan tarik sebesar 68,3 MPa, kekuatan luluh sebesar 52,5 MPa和elongasi sebesar 20%。Ketangguhan baja cor meningkat setelah回火ganda menjadi 142 J/ cm2。
{"title":"Pengaruh Proses Tempering Ganda Terhadap Sifat Mekanik Material Baja Cor Paduan Ni-Cr-Mo [The Influence of Double Tempering on Mechanical Properties of Ni-Cr-Mo Cast Steel Alloy]","authors":"B. Bandanadjaja, D. Idamayanti","doi":"10.14203/METALURGI.V32I1.219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14203/METALURGI.V32I1.219","url":null,"abstract":"This research is conducted in order to find the improvement of steel casting mechanical property, that has been treated on double tempering processes. High toughness is required in order that on the application the steel must has capability of holding the impact load or shock without fracture. Properties of steel in the as-cast condition is quite brittle, the elongation is quite low. In order to improve the toughness, the cast steel can be given additional tempering treatment after normalizing processes. The tempering process will reduce hardness and improve the elongation so that the toughness of the steel material can be increased. The second tempering is required to eliminate the brittle phase that occurs and the elongation of the steel material can be increased. The process of heat treatment which has been applied is normalizing followed with a double tempering temperature variation. The variation of tempering temperature is given to find the best combination of the mechanical properties of strength and elongation. The result showed that the heat treatment processes on Ni, Cr and Mo alloy steel material can increase its elongation without decreasing in tensile strength significantly. In the as-cast condition the steel is very brittle i.e. 4% elongation and impact value of 15 J/Cm 2 . The heat treatment process which produces high toughness with the best combination of tensile strength and elongation is the process of normalizing followed by first and the second tempering at 650 °C. Mechanical properties result with tensile strength of 68.3 MPa, yield strength of 52.5 MPa and elongation of 20 %. Material toughness is increased after double tempering around 142 J/Cm 2 . Abstrak Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui perbaikan sifat mekanik material baja cor paduan Cr-Ni-Mo yang telah mengalami proses tempering ganda. Ketangguhan tinggi diperlukan agar dalam aplikasinya baja mampu meredam atau menahan beban impak atau kejut dengan baik. Sifat mekanik baja cor pada kondisi as-cast cukup getas dengan elongasi cukup rendah. Untuk dapat meningkatkan ketangguhannya maka baja cor dapat diberikan perlakuan tambahan yaitu proses tempering setelah normalising. Namun proses tempering yang diberikan dapat pula memunculkan presipitat karbida yang bersifat getas. Oleh karenanya, tempering kedua diperlukan dengan demikian fasa getas yang terjadi dapat dihilangkan serta elongasi baja dapat semakin meningkat. Proses perlakuan panas yang diterapkan adalah proses normalising yang dilanjutkan tempering ganda dengan variasi temperatur tempering, untuk mengetahui kombinasi kekuatan dengan elongasi baja yang terbaik. Hasil yang diperoleh bahwa baja paduan Ni, Cr dan Mo dapat menghasilkan elongasi yang meningkat tanpa diikuti dengan penurunan kekuatan tarik secara signifikan. Pada kondisi as-cast material baja memiliki sifat yang sangat getas yaitu elongasi 4% dan harga impak 15 J/cm 2 . Proses perlakuan panas yang menghasilkan ketangguhan terbaik den","PeriodicalId":18462,"journal":{"name":"Metalurgija","volume":"32 1","pages":"29-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48184511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-13DOI: 10.14203/metalurgi.v28i2.253
Edi Herianto, Ra Binudi
HOT BLAST CUPOLA TO PRODUCE NICKEL PIG IRON (NPI) OF NICKEL LATERITE ORE.. Production NPI (nickel pig iron) can be done with hot blast cupola. This method can replace the blast furnace production of NPI which is complicated and requires a large invesment. Production of NPI in hot blast cupola give more emphasis on melting process than with a combined melting and reduction process that occurs in the blast furnace. Basically, the use of hot blast cupola in NPI production will give at least three advantages. First, this method allows the levels of nickel content in NPI become higher than blast furnace products. This is because some of the iron can be incorparated into the slag, so that the ratio of nickel to iron in the NPI increases. Second, the savings due to coke combustion that produces carbon monoxide gas in blast furnace. And third, smelting with hot blast allow the use of lower quality coke compared to the blast furnace smelting. The above advantageswill reduce costs to a level that NPI production become more economical. Combined with the simplicity and low investment costs, production of NPI with hot air cupola can be the ideal solution for the processing of nickel laterite ore, particularly of the limonitic type
{"title":"KUPOLA UDARA PANAS UNTUK MEMPRODUKSI NPI (NICKEL PIG IRON) DARI BIJIH NIKEL LATERIT[Hot Blast Cupola to Produce Nickel Pig Iron (NPI) of Nickel Laterite Ore]","authors":"Edi Herianto, Ra Binudi","doi":"10.14203/metalurgi.v28i2.253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14203/metalurgi.v28i2.253","url":null,"abstract":"HOT BLAST CUPOLA TO PRODUCE NICKEL PIG IRON (NPI) OF NICKEL LATERITE ORE.. Production NPI (nickel pig iron) can be done with hot blast cupola. This method can replace the blast furnace production of NPI which is complicated and requires a large invesment. Production of NPI in hot blast cupola give more emphasis on melting process than with a combined melting and reduction process that occurs in the blast furnace. Basically, the use of hot blast cupola in NPI production will give at least three advantages. First, this method allows the levels of nickel content in NPI become higher than blast furnace products. This is because some of the iron can be incorparated into the slag, so that the ratio of nickel to iron in the NPI increases. Second, the savings due to coke combustion that produces carbon monoxide gas in blast furnace. And third, smelting with hot blast allow the use of lower quality coke compared to the blast furnace smelting. The above advantageswill reduce costs to a level that NPI production become more economical. Combined with the simplicity and low investment costs, production of NPI with hot air cupola can be the ideal solution for the processing of nickel laterite ore, particularly of the limonitic type","PeriodicalId":18462,"journal":{"name":"Metalurgija","volume":"28 1","pages":"121-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49235256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-13DOI: 10.14203/metalurgi.v28i2.252
Z. Zulhan
{"title":"ASPEK TEKNOLOGI DAN EKONOMI PEMBANGUNAN PABRIK PENGOLAHAN BIJIH BESI MENJADI PRODUK BAJA DI INDONESIA[Technological and Economical Aspects of The Intallation of Iron Ore Processing Plant to Produce Steel In Indonesia.]","authors":"Z. Zulhan","doi":"10.14203/metalurgi.v28i2.252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14203/metalurgi.v28i2.252","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18462,"journal":{"name":"Metalurgija","volume":"28 1","pages":"105-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43368115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-13DOI: 10.14203/METALURGI.V28I2.249
S. Solihin, T. Arini, E. Febriana
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