M. Yasir, S. Kazemi, M. Lehtonen, M. Fotuhi‐Firuzabad
The business activities of the majority of industrial and commercial customers are dependent on some critical equipments that are susceptible to voltage sag events. This paper aims to propose a novel approach to estimate the financial impacts of voltage sag events on customer operations. The proposed technique is based on the event tree method. Using this approach, it is possible to consider the impacts of operational failure of various sensitive equipments, involved in the customer operations, on the financial losses expected from voltage sag events. A quantitative case study is conducted in the paper to illustrate the applicability of the proposed approach.
{"title":"A novel approach for assessing the impacts of voltage sag events on customer operations","authors":"M. Yasir, S. Kazemi, M. Lehtonen, M. Fotuhi‐Firuzabad","doi":"10.1109/PQ.2012.6256215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PQ.2012.6256215","url":null,"abstract":"The business activities of the majority of industrial and commercial customers are dependent on some critical equipments that are susceptible to voltage sag events. This paper aims to propose a novel approach to estimate the financial impacts of voltage sag events on customer operations. The proposed technique is based on the event tree method. Using this approach, it is possible to consider the impacts of operational failure of various sensitive equipments, involved in the customer operations, on the financial losses expected from voltage sag events. A quantitative case study is conducted in the paper to illustrate the applicability of the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":185013,"journal":{"name":"2012 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134403034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Siirto, M. Loukkalahti, M. Hyvarinen, P. Heine, M. Lehtonen
Earth fault management in medium voltage networks involves assessing of customer interruptions, challenges in fault clearing processes and safety issues. The major advantage by allowing sustained earth faults is the avoidance of customer interruptions. However, the network operation with sustained earth faults does not only include welfare. The paper will generally discuss the advantages and disadvantages of operating the network with sustained earth faults. In addition, in the paper, the Helsinki medium voltage network and the developments in neutral point treatment and network operation during earth faults will be outlined. The paper presents the earth fault analysis in the Helsinki 10 kV network and compares the results to a reference analysis. Based on the analysis, the paper presents the possibilities and limitations of a sustained operation with earth faults. The paper also presents the strategy steps of managing sustained earth faults as well in the 10 kV and 20 kV areas and the required long term development steps.
{"title":"Neutral point treatment and earth fault suppression","authors":"O. Siirto, M. Loukkalahti, M. Hyvarinen, P. Heine, M. Lehtonen","doi":"10.1109/PQ.2012.6256226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PQ.2012.6256226","url":null,"abstract":"Earth fault management in medium voltage networks involves assessing of customer interruptions, challenges in fault clearing processes and safety issues. The major advantage by allowing sustained earth faults is the avoidance of customer interruptions. However, the network operation with sustained earth faults does not only include welfare. The paper will generally discuss the advantages and disadvantages of operating the network with sustained earth faults. In addition, in the paper, the Helsinki medium voltage network and the developments in neutral point treatment and network operation during earth faults will be outlined. The paper presents the earth fault analysis in the Helsinki 10 kV network and compares the results to a reference analysis. Based on the analysis, the paper presents the possibilities and limitations of a sustained operation with earth faults. The paper also presents the strategy steps of managing sustained earth faults as well in the 10 kV and 20 kV areas and the required long term development steps.","PeriodicalId":185013,"journal":{"name":"2012 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132883120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Yasir, S. Kazemi, M. Lehtonen, M. Fotuhi‐Firuzabad
Modern commercial operations consist of critical equipments that are more susceptible to voltage sag events. The consistent and smooth running of these operations is often disrupted by voltage sags. Diverse range of solutions exist which can enhance the ride through capability of sensitive devices. This paper presents various voltage dip mitigation solutions and a methodology for analyzing the effectiveness and practical viability of these solutions. The proposed approach is based on event tree method which gives an indication about the extent of process interruption in the event of voltage sags. A case study is conducted in the paper with different combinations of practical mitigation solutions against voltage sags, in order to illustrate the applicability of the proposed approach.
{"title":"Optimal selection of voltage sag mitigation solution based on event tree method","authors":"M. Yasir, S. Kazemi, M. Lehtonen, M. Fotuhi‐Firuzabad","doi":"10.1109/PQ.2012.6256214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PQ.2012.6256214","url":null,"abstract":"Modern commercial operations consist of critical equipments that are more susceptible to voltage sag events. The consistent and smooth running of these operations is often disrupted by voltage sags. Diverse range of solutions exist which can enhance the ride through capability of sensitive devices. This paper presents various voltage dip mitigation solutions and a methodology for analyzing the effectiveness and practical viability of these solutions. The proposed approach is based on event tree method which gives an indication about the extent of process interruption in the event of voltage sags. A case study is conducted in the paper with different combinations of practical mitigation solutions against voltage sags, in order to illustrate the applicability of the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":185013,"journal":{"name":"2012 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability","volume":"392 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122880907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The actual valid self-extinguishing current limit of 20-kV-compensated power grids, written in the VDE 0228 is 60 A. This limit is based on trials from the years 1963 done by M. Erich und H. Heinze. In the year 1981 K. H. Koch presented results of new earth-fault trials. He concluded that the self-extinguishing current increases for larger power grids. An afresh scientific interpretation of both experiments leads to a novel proposal for a self-extinguishing current limit for compensated 20-kV-power-grids. This novel self-extinguishing current limit would allow the extension of current compensated power grids. Further the medium arc-burning time for compensated power grids is discussed.
{"title":"The self-extinguishing current limit and the arc-burning time of compensated 20-kV-power-grids","authors":"E. Fuchs, L. Fickert","doi":"10.1109/PQ.2012.6256232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PQ.2012.6256232","url":null,"abstract":"The actual valid self-extinguishing current limit of 20-kV-compensated power grids, written in the VDE 0228 is 60 A. This limit is based on trials from the years 1963 done by M. Erich und H. Heinze. In the year 1981 K. H. Koch presented results of new earth-fault trials. He concluded that the self-extinguishing current increases for larger power grids. An afresh scientific interpretation of both experiments leads to a novel proposal for a self-extinguishing current limit for compensated 20-kV-power-grids. This novel self-extinguishing current limit would allow the extension of current compensated power grids. Further the medium arc-burning time for compensated power grids is discussed.","PeriodicalId":185013,"journal":{"name":"2012 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127486695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents an algorithm for assessment of touch voltage in medium voltage networks with compensated neutral earthing. Proposed algorithm takes into account power line type (overhead line, underground cable line), earth fault value, number of substations, etc. Based on this algorithm, is developed a new software “MVES-TV 2012” (Medium Voltage Electrical System Touch Voltage) by the authors of this paper. Calculation with this software ensures the safety of human life in any switchgear place to which persons have legitimate accesses. This software can be useful for distribution network project and exploiting engineers when trying to assess touch voltage in medium voltage networks with compensated neutral earthing.
{"title":"Development of the algorithm and software “MVES-TV 2012” for assessment of touch voltage in MV networks with compensated neutral earthing","authors":"I. Priedite-Razgale, J. Rozenkrons","doi":"10.1109/PQ.2012.6256228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PQ.2012.6256228","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents an algorithm for assessment of touch voltage in medium voltage networks with compensated neutral earthing. Proposed algorithm takes into account power line type (overhead line, underground cable line), earth fault value, number of substations, etc. Based on this algorithm, is developed a new software “MVES-TV 2012” (Medium Voltage Electrical System Touch Voltage) by the authors of this paper. Calculation with this software ensures the safety of human life in any switchgear place to which persons have legitimate accesses. This software can be useful for distribution network project and exploiting engineers when trying to assess touch voltage in medium voltage networks with compensated neutral earthing.","PeriodicalId":185013,"journal":{"name":"2012 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117296116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In unearthed neutral medium voltage network the maximum earth fault current, at zero fault resistance, is limited by the total earth capacitance however for compensated neutral network the maximum earth fault current is limited by the total leakage conductance and the compensation branch. The effect of the fault resistance on the earth fault characteristics, in both unearthed and compensated neutral networks, is investigated in this paper. The investigations include the effect of the fault resistance on the fault current, fault voltage, the transient recovery voltage (TRV) and the rate of rise of the transient recovery voltage (RRTRV). A realistic 20 kV medium voltage network model is used for the required investigations. The network model has been implemented using EMTP-ATP program. Based on the simulation results, it is found that the fault resistance has a significant effect on the earth fault characteristics which is found different in compensated from unearthed neutral networks.
{"title":"The effect of fault resistance on the earth fault characteristics in unearthed and compensated neutral medium voltage networks","authors":"M. F. Abdel-Fattah, M. Lehtonen","doi":"10.1109/PQ.2012.6256229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PQ.2012.6256229","url":null,"abstract":"In unearthed neutral medium voltage network the maximum earth fault current, at zero fault resistance, is limited by the total earth capacitance however for compensated neutral network the maximum earth fault current is limited by the total leakage conductance and the compensation branch. The effect of the fault resistance on the earth fault characteristics, in both unearthed and compensated neutral networks, is investigated in this paper. The investigations include the effect of the fault resistance on the fault current, fault voltage, the transient recovery voltage (TRV) and the rate of rise of the transient recovery voltage (RRTRV). A realistic 20 kV medium voltage network model is used for the required investigations. The network model has been implemented using EMTP-ATP program. Based on the simulation results, it is found that the fault resistance has a significant effect on the earth fault characteristics which is found different in compensated from unearthed neutral networks.","PeriodicalId":185013,"journal":{"name":"2012 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129431838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Symmetrical Space Phasor Components are a second transformation following the well-known transformation of the phase quantities into space phasor and zero sequence. With them it is possible to immediately indicate an occurring voltage or current unbalance in an electrical power network. Furthermore the unbalance can be assigned to a specific harmonic group.
{"title":"Harmonic analysis with Symmetrical Space Phasor Components","authors":"S. Konig, G. Herold","doi":"10.1109/PQ.2012.6256209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PQ.2012.6256209","url":null,"abstract":"The Symmetrical Space Phasor Components are a second transformation following the well-known transformation of the phase quantities into space phasor and zero sequence. With them it is possible to immediately indicate an occurring voltage or current unbalance in an electrical power network. Furthermore the unbalance can be assigned to a specific harmonic group.","PeriodicalId":185013,"journal":{"name":"2012 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126275373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the paper, the authors consider the possibility to raise the specific power of the synchronous generator applied for supplying the railway passenger cars with electric energy. On the railways of Baltic countries and the states of the former USSR, in service are mostly passenger car generators of the inductor type with axial electromagnetic excitation (type 2ΓB.13). These electrical machines are too massive, costly in making as well as in operation and maintenance. It is proposed to basically modify the design of such a passenger car generator by devising, in addition to the electromagnetic excitation channel, an additional channel with excitation from reliable strontium-ferrite magnets which would be reliable in operation under elevated temperatures as well as resistant to vibrations and shocks. This design allows relieving the magnetic circuit of such a machine in its axial sections, reducing the mass of the regulating excitation winding and the total mass of the passenger car generator, at the same time raising its coefficient of performance (COP).
{"title":"Synchronous generator with two-channel excitation for power supply of railway passenger cars","authors":"N. Levin, E. Kamoliņš, V. Pugachev, A. Gusakov","doi":"10.1109/PQ.2012.6256192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PQ.2012.6256192","url":null,"abstract":"In the paper, the authors consider the possibility to raise the specific power of the synchronous generator applied for supplying the railway passenger cars with electric energy. On the railways of Baltic countries and the states of the former USSR, in service are mostly passenger car generators of the inductor type with axial electromagnetic excitation (type 2ΓB.13). These electrical machines are too massive, costly in making as well as in operation and maintenance. It is proposed to basically modify the design of such a passenger car generator by devising, in addition to the electromagnetic excitation channel, an additional channel with excitation from reliable strontium-ferrite magnets which would be reliable in operation under elevated temperatures as well as resistant to vibrations and shocks. This design allows relieving the magnetic circuit of such a machine in its axial sections, reducing the mass of the regulating excitation winding and the total mass of the passenger car generator, at the same time raising its coefficient of performance (COP).","PeriodicalId":185013,"journal":{"name":"2012 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132460747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Drovtar, J. Niitsoo, A. Rosin, J. Kilter, I. Palu
The results of the analysis of the electricity consumption and power quality indicators in two office buildings are presented. It comprises electricity consumption and power quality during work days and weekends. The consumption data analysed is from a one year period and the power quality analysis is based on a one week measuring period. The aim of this analysis is to determine the current situation in these buildings in order to study the possibilities and limitations to implement different energy efficiency measures. In addition to the energy efficiency point of view, the problem is also addressed together with the power quality aspects.
{"title":"Electricity consumption analysis and power quality monitoring in commercial buildings","authors":"I. Drovtar, J. Niitsoo, A. Rosin, J. Kilter, I. Palu","doi":"10.1109/PQ.2012.6256212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PQ.2012.6256212","url":null,"abstract":"The results of the analysis of the electricity consumption and power quality indicators in two office buildings are presented. It comprises electricity consumption and power quality during work days and weekends. The consumption data analysed is from a one year period and the power quality analysis is based on a one week measuring period. The aim of this analysis is to determine the current situation in these buildings in order to study the possibilities and limitations to implement different energy efficiency measures. In addition to the energy efficiency point of view, the problem is also addressed together with the power quality aspects.","PeriodicalId":185013,"journal":{"name":"2012 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115602815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Pakonen, S. Vehmasvaara, M. Pikkarainen, B. A. Siddiqui, P. Verho
According to Finnish legislation, at least 80 % of the energy meters have to be remotely readable and provide hourly based energy data by the end of 2013. In April 2011 Tampere University of Technology (TUT) in co-operation with Finnish Energy Industry conducted a questionnaire to Finnish distribution network operators (DNOs) to map the installation status of the remotely readable meters, the communication technologies used in the meters and the interference problems experienced so far, related to, especially, PLC (power line communication) systems. The questionnaire dealt with both the interference caused by customer apparatus to PLC and vice versa. On-site measurements to study common customer apparatus disturbing the PLC were also conducted in 2012 in the networks of a few DNOs. Most common disturbance sources were frequency converters and switch mode power supplies. The measurements indicate that in addition to the lack of emission standards below 150 kHz the aging of customer equipment may be a relevant cause of interference problems.
{"title":"Experiences on narrowband powerline communication of automated meter reading systems in Finland","authors":"P. Pakonen, S. Vehmasvaara, M. Pikkarainen, B. A. Siddiqui, P. Verho","doi":"10.1109/PQ.2012.6256242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PQ.2012.6256242","url":null,"abstract":"According to Finnish legislation, at least 80 % of the energy meters have to be remotely readable and provide hourly based energy data by the end of 2013. In April 2011 Tampere University of Technology (TUT) in co-operation with Finnish Energy Industry conducted a questionnaire to Finnish distribution network operators (DNOs) to map the installation status of the remotely readable meters, the communication technologies used in the meters and the interference problems experienced so far, related to, especially, PLC (power line communication) systems. The questionnaire dealt with both the interference caused by customer apparatus to PLC and vice versa. On-site measurements to study common customer apparatus disturbing the PLC were also conducted in 2012 in the networks of a few DNOs. Most common disturbance sources were frequency converters and switch mode power supplies. The measurements indicate that in addition to the lack of emission standards below 150 kHz the aging of customer equipment may be a relevant cause of interference problems.","PeriodicalId":185013,"journal":{"name":"2012 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127888163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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