This paper describes essential functions of prosumer's electric equipment (sources, resources) that can be interconnected to form microgrids for smart grid applications that are integrated with utility networks. Focus is on the protection and control functions of low voltage part of a substation. Functions of an experimental microgrid application were simulated with MATLAB. The aim of the modelling and simulation is to define and optimize parameters and functions that are important for automated energy exchange through a substation between energy storage, generators, loads, and utility networks. Sample control topologies and program modules of a substation controller are developed.
{"title":"Analysis of protection and control functions of low voltage part of substation for smart grid applications","authors":"M. Magi, K. Peterson, E. Pettai","doi":"10.1109/PQ.2012.6256243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PQ.2012.6256243","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes essential functions of prosumer's electric equipment (sources, resources) that can be interconnected to form microgrids for smart grid applications that are integrated with utility networks. Focus is on the protection and control functions of low voltage part of a substation. Functions of an experimental microgrid application were simulated with MATLAB. The aim of the modelling and simulation is to define and optimize parameters and functions that are important for automated energy exchange through a substation between energy storage, generators, loads, and utility networks. Sample control topologies and program modules of a substation controller are developed.","PeriodicalId":185013,"journal":{"name":"2012 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131813518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Pikkarainen, S. Vehmasvaara, B. A. Siddiqui, P. Pakonen, P. Verho
The interference of touch dimmer lamps due to PLC signals has found to be a common interference problem in Finland after the installation of smart meters that use PLC. One reason for this is the lack of equipment immunity standards for voltage frequencies below 150 kHz. This paper will study controlled discontinuous high frequency signal burst effect to two touch dimmer lamps in the laboratory environment. Both lamps were disturbed due to these signals. Based on the results it is possible that interference problems can occur even if the distance between lamp and the PLC device is close to 100 m. Paper will also show the measurement results on how one plug-in type filter improve interference situation. Results show that the amplitude of the signal burst will decrease at lamp side but filter also affects signal levels at mains side.
{"title":"Interference of touch dimmer lamps due to PLC and other high frequency signals","authors":"M. Pikkarainen, S. Vehmasvaara, B. A. Siddiqui, P. Pakonen, P. Verho","doi":"10.1109/PQ.2012.6256241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PQ.2012.6256241","url":null,"abstract":"The interference of touch dimmer lamps due to PLC signals has found to be a common interference problem in Finland after the installation of smart meters that use PLC. One reason for this is the lack of equipment immunity standards for voltage frequencies below 150 kHz. This paper will study controlled discontinuous high frequency signal burst effect to two touch dimmer lamps in the laboratory environment. Both lamps were disturbed due to these signals. Based on the results it is possible that interference problems can occur even if the distance between lamp and the PLC device is close to 100 m. Paper will also show the measurement results on how one plug-in type filter improve interference situation. Results show that the amplitude of the signal burst will decrease at lamp side but filter also affects signal levels at mains side.","PeriodicalId":185013,"journal":{"name":"2012 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130483431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Dirba, L. Lavrinovicha, Gints Jēkabsons, S. Vītoliņa
The paper presents the description of the meta-model synthesis method based on numerical calculations of magnetic field of an electric machine. The method of finite elements is applied for numerical calculations of magnetic field, and metamodelling method Adaptive Basis Function Construction is used for generating corresponding polynomial. Proposed metamodel allows analyzing how geometric dimensions and physical properties of permanent magnets, and air gap size impact on the value of the first harmonic of the main magnetic flux in the air gap of the permanent magnet synchronous motor with outer rotor.
{"title":"Metamodel for permanent magnet synchronous motor with outer rotor","authors":"J. Dirba, L. Lavrinovicha, Gints Jēkabsons, S. Vītoliņa","doi":"10.1109/PQ.2012.6256191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PQ.2012.6256191","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the description of the meta-model synthesis method based on numerical calculations of magnetic field of an electric machine. The method of finite elements is applied for numerical calculations of magnetic field, and metamodelling method Adaptive Basis Function Construction is used for generating corresponding polynomial. Proposed metamodel allows analyzing how geometric dimensions and physical properties of permanent magnets, and air gap size impact on the value of the first harmonic of the main magnetic flux in the air gap of the permanent magnet synchronous motor with outer rotor.","PeriodicalId":185013,"journal":{"name":"2012 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115821726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Lvov, I. Priedite-Razgale, J. Rozenkrons, V. Krēsliņš
The paper presents developed approach for assessment of middle voltage network life-time costs (from utility point of view) related with usage of different type power lines. Proposed approach takes into account construction, maintenance and fault elimination costs depending on each power line type (overhead line, isolated wire overhead line, high overhead line or underground cable line) features. Paper also includes description of developed approach for estimation of customer costs of reliability that takes into account time-variable loads and outage costs. The developed approaches were implemented in case studies using information about structure of real distribution network used in Latvia. Results obtained from the calculations give well-grounded base for distribution network exploiting engineers when trying to find network's optimal reliability level by replacing overhead lines by other types of power lines as one of network reliability centered maintenance and reconstruction activities.
{"title":"Assessment of different power line types' life-time costs in distribution network from reliability point of view","authors":"A. Lvov, I. Priedite-Razgale, J. Rozenkrons, V. Krēsliņš","doi":"10.1109/PQ.2012.6256220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PQ.2012.6256220","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents developed approach for assessment of middle voltage network life-time costs (from utility point of view) related with usage of different type power lines. Proposed approach takes into account construction, maintenance and fault elimination costs depending on each power line type (overhead line, isolated wire overhead line, high overhead line or underground cable line) features. Paper also includes description of developed approach for estimation of customer costs of reliability that takes into account time-variable loads and outage costs. The developed approaches were implemented in case studies using information about structure of real distribution network used in Latvia. Results obtained from the calculations give well-grounded base for distribution network exploiting engineers when trying to find network's optimal reliability level by replacing overhead lines by other types of power lines as one of network reliability centered maintenance and reconstruction activities.","PeriodicalId":185013,"journal":{"name":"2012 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126662660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many of modern distributed generation plants are based on photovoltaic cells using power electronic units for energy transmission into the electrical network. This increases the emission of high-frequency currents into the network and affects the operation of power line communication devices and energy meters. A real LV network in Germany was investigated by the authors with the purpose to estimate the actual situation in the network with respect to high-frequency distortion and to characterize the possible impact of the presented distributed generation facilities on the network operation.
{"title":"Impact of distributed generation facilities on an urban network","authors":"A. Novitskiy, H. Schau","doi":"10.1109/PQ.2012.6256221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PQ.2012.6256221","url":null,"abstract":"Many of modern distributed generation plants are based on photovoltaic cells using power electronic units for energy transmission into the electrical network. This increases the emission of high-frequency currents into the network and affects the operation of power line communication devices and energy meters. A real LV network in Germany was investigated by the authors with the purpose to estimate the actual situation in the network with respect to high-frequency distortion and to characterize the possible impact of the presented distributed generation facilities on the network operation.","PeriodicalId":185013,"journal":{"name":"2012 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129964505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
REN - Rede Eléctrica Nacional S.A., as the concessionaire of the Portuguese National Electricity Transmission Grid (RNT), has an important role in electrical energy quality to the final customer. Continuity of supply general/individual indicators and parameters are defined in accordance to the regulatory legislation stated in the Regulamento da Qualidade de Serviço de Portugal (RQS). Voltage quality assessment is done by REN and is based on a monitoring plan that includes voltage characteristics measurement at selected delivery and internal points. A study was conducted in order to characterize all the bus bars that were monitored between 2008 and 2010. It was used a simple methodology based on labeling the power quality. On this paper, it will be shown this methodology and the results obtained in characterizing the delivery points of the Portuguese Electricity Transmission Grid for the period 2008-2010, as well as other RENs quality of supply results in the last years.
作为葡萄牙国家输电网(RNT)的特许经营者，REN - Rede elica Nacional s.a.在向最终客户提供电能质量方面发挥着重要作用。供应连续性一般/个别指标和参数是根据葡萄牙服务质量管理条例(RQS)中规定的监管法规定义的。电压质量评估由REN完成，并基于监测计划，其中包括在选定的输送点和内部点进行电压特性测量。进行了一项研究，以确定2008年至2010年期间监测的所有母线的特征。它使用了一种基于标记电能质量的简单方法。在本文中，将展示这种方法和在2008-2010年期间葡萄牙输电网交付点特征中获得的结果，以及过去几年其他RENs的供应质量结果。
{"title":"Power quality of supply characterization in the Portuguese Electricity Transmission Grid","authors":"A. Tavares, L. C. Pinto","doi":"10.1109/PQ.2012.6256207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PQ.2012.6256207","url":null,"abstract":"REN - Rede Eléctrica Nacional S.A., as the concessionaire of the Portuguese National Electricity Transmission Grid (RNT), has an important role in electrical energy quality to the final customer. Continuity of supply general/individual indicators and parameters are defined in accordance to the regulatory legislation stated in the Regulamento da Qualidade de Serviço de Portugal (RQS). Voltage quality assessment is done by REN and is based on a monitoring plan that includes voltage characteristics measurement at selected delivery and internal points. A study was conducted in order to characterize all the bus bars that were monitored between 2008 and 2010. It was used a simple methodology based on labeling the power quality. On this paper, it will be shown this methodology and the results obtained in characterizing the delivery points of the Portuguese Electricity Transmission Grid for the period 2008-2010, as well as other RENs quality of supply results in the last years.","PeriodicalId":185013,"journal":{"name":"2012 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128417131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jan Meyer, J. Kilter, B. Howe, F. Zavoda, L. Tenti, J. Gordon, J. Milanović
During the last decade the performance of power quality monitoring equipment has increased, while prices of monitors have continuously decreased. Due this trend network operators have more and more intensified their power quality measurement activities. The number of measured parameters and sites is growing continuously. At the same time these new opportunities cause power quality data management and analysis to become an increasing complex challenge. These new challenges will be addressed by the CIGRE working group C4.112 “Guidelines for Power quality monitoring — measurement locations, processing and presentation of data”, which was established in January 2011. The main intention of its work is the development of a coherent set of guidelines for power quality monitoring in existing and future power networks. Based on a clear identification of different objectives all design aspects for an efficient and cost effective power quality monitoring will be covered by the working group in a holistic way. The paper presents first results of the working group and is especially focused on the cost/benefit aspects of the design process of power quality monitoring systems. After a brief introduction the paper gives an overview of the objectives for power quality monitoring and the different aspects that has to be considered while designing a power quality monitoring system. Next the design aspects of larger monitoring systems are discussed in more detail. Some practical recommendations as well as first ideas of new approaches for future monitoring systems are given.
{"title":"Contemporary and future aspects of cost effective power quality monitoring — Position paper of CIGRE WG C4.112","authors":"Jan Meyer, J. Kilter, B. Howe, F. Zavoda, L. Tenti, J. Gordon, J. Milanović","doi":"10.1109/PQ.2012.6256208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PQ.2012.6256208","url":null,"abstract":"During the last decade the performance of power quality monitoring equipment has increased, while prices of monitors have continuously decreased. Due this trend network operators have more and more intensified their power quality measurement activities. The number of measured parameters and sites is growing continuously. At the same time these new opportunities cause power quality data management and analysis to become an increasing complex challenge. These new challenges will be addressed by the CIGRE working group C4.112 “Guidelines for Power quality monitoring — measurement locations, processing and presentation of data”, which was established in January 2011. The main intention of its work is the development of a coherent set of guidelines for power quality monitoring in existing and future power networks. Based on a clear identification of different objectives all design aspects for an efficient and cost effective power quality monitoring will be covered by the working group in a holistic way. The paper presents first results of the working group and is especially focused on the cost/benefit aspects of the design process of power quality monitoring systems. After a brief introduction the paper gives an overview of the objectives for power quality monitoring and the different aspects that has to be considered while designing a power quality monitoring system. Next the design aspects of larger monitoring systems are discussed in more detail. Some practical recommendations as well as first ideas of new approaches for future monitoring systems are given.","PeriodicalId":185013,"journal":{"name":"2012 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130545803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents the results of experimental investigations and calculations of arcing at ground faults in distribution networks up to 35 kV. It is shown that an additional active component in single phase-to-ground current caused by a high-voltage resistor connected to a neutral leads to the change of the following arcing ground fault parameters: voltage recovery rate on the faulty phase after arc quenching, conditions of arcing and arc quenching depending on the insulation material (mass-impregnated paper insulation, polymeric insulation), probability of restrikes. Special features of main stages of arcing ground fault are presented. Integral models of arcing based on conductivity, current and voltage functions for ablation controlled arcs in power cable insulation are proposed.
{"title":"Integral arc models at single phase-to-ground faults and special characteristics of arcing in power cable insulation","authors":"A. Shirkovets","doi":"10.1109/PQ.2012.6256233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PQ.2012.6256233","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the results of experimental investigations and calculations of arcing at ground faults in distribution networks up to 35 kV. It is shown that an additional active component in single phase-to-ground current caused by a high-voltage resistor connected to a neutral leads to the change of the following arcing ground fault parameters: voltage recovery rate on the faulty phase after arc quenching, conditions of arcing and arc quenching depending on the insulation material (mass-impregnated paper insulation, polymeric insulation), probability of restrikes. Special features of main stages of arcing ground fault are presented. Integral models of arcing based on conductivity, current and voltage functions for ablation controlled arcs in power cable insulation are proposed.","PeriodicalId":185013,"journal":{"name":"2012 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125563618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multilevel converters synthesize a staircase voltage waveform, resulting in a high voltage quality. Using a practical time domain approach, lower and upper bounds for voltage quality of three-phase multilevel converters are derived. The voltage quality bounds are introduced as closed-form analytical expressions for an arbitrary number of voltage levels and different modulation indices. They allow an analytical description of the behavior of multilevel converters. In comparison with PWM voltage quality, the lower and upper bounds may be useful for a fair classification of different switching methods and a first layout of multilevel converters.
{"title":"Three-phase multilevel converter voltage quality bounds","authors":"G. Mehlmann, A. Ruderman, G. Herold","doi":"10.1109/PQ.2012.6256205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PQ.2012.6256205","url":null,"abstract":"Multilevel converters synthesize a staircase voltage waveform, resulting in a high voltage quality. Using a practical time domain approach, lower and upper bounds for voltage quality of three-phase multilevel converters are derived. The voltage quality bounds are introduced as closed-form analytical expressions for an arbitrary number of voltage levels and different modulation indices. They allow an analytical description of the behavior of multilevel converters. In comparison with PWM voltage quality, the lower and upper bounds may be useful for a fair classification of different switching methods and a first layout of multilevel converters.","PeriodicalId":185013,"journal":{"name":"2012 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability","volume":"184 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123523100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study examines what type of bird excrement contamination will lead to insulator's flashovers on the Estonian 110 kV overhead power lines. Wet tests made in laboratory with naturally contaminated glass and composite insulators show that traditional (insulator's surface) contamination will not lead to flashovers and therefore most likely the flashovers are caused by highly conductive bird excrement streamers. The tests also show that using corona rings at composite insulator's line end fittings, affects the occurring probability of partial discharge extent on wetted insulator.
{"title":"Wet tests on naturally polluted glass and composite insulators","authors":"P. Taklaja, J. Niitsoo, I. Palu","doi":"10.1109/PQ.2012.6256236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PQ.2012.6256236","url":null,"abstract":"The study examines what type of bird excrement contamination will lead to insulator's flashovers on the Estonian 110 kV overhead power lines. Wet tests made in laboratory with naturally contaminated glass and composite insulators show that traditional (insulator's surface) contamination will not lead to flashovers and therefore most likely the flashovers are caused by highly conductive bird excrement streamers. The tests also show that using corona rings at composite insulator's line end fittings, affects the occurring probability of partial discharge extent on wetted insulator.","PeriodicalId":185013,"journal":{"name":"2012 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability","volume":"467 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127541956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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