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A Noninvasive Method of Monitoring Blood Glucose Levels by Using Triple-Band Monopole Antenna
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-12-31 DOI: 10.1002/mop.70065
Faten Sharaf, Dalia N. Elsheakh, Angie R. Eldamak

This paper aims to present a novel methodology for noninvasive blood glucose monitoring. This method is based on monitoring the reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna-based sensor at three different bands simultaneously. This includes recording changes in the resonant frequency, magnitude, and phase. The above-mentioned parameters vary according to changes in blood conductivity and permittivity and consequently to blood glucose levels. A commercial FR4 substrate with compact dimensions of 30 × 40 × 1.6 mm3 is used to construct the proposed antenna, and all the simulations are conducted using 3D electromagnetic software. The proposed monopole is circular-shaped with an etched split ring resonator (SRR) to create multiband resonant frequencies. The proposed antenna measured the concentration of glucose level by using multiband resonant frequencies at 2.9, 4.3, and 6.5 GHz. The impedance bandwidth ≤ −10 dB is 1.038, 1.4, 2.02 GHz, respectively at each resonant frequency. To validate the operation of the proposed sensor, a container filled with samples representing different glucose concentrations is placed above the proposed sensor. To measure the blood glucose levels, a human finger phantom model is used with dimensions 15 × 12 × 10 mm3 in simulations. Moreover, glucose levels for four volunteers are compared in this paper before and after fasting using proposed sensors and a commercial glucometer. The proposed reflection-based microwave glucose sensing method exhibits an impressive sensitivity of 19.43 MHz/mg/dL.

{"title":"A Noninvasive Method of Monitoring Blood Glucose Levels by Using Triple-Band Monopole Antenna","authors":"Faten Sharaf,&nbsp;Dalia N. Elsheakh,&nbsp;Angie R. Eldamak","doi":"10.1002/mop.70065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70065","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper aims to present a novel methodology for noninvasive blood glucose monitoring. This method is based on monitoring the reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna-based sensor at three different bands simultaneously. This includes recording changes in the resonant frequency, magnitude, and phase. The above-mentioned parameters vary according to changes in blood conductivity and permittivity and consequently to blood glucose levels. A commercial FR4 substrate with compact dimensions of 30 × 40 × 1.6 mm<sup>3</sup> is used to construct the proposed antenna, and all the simulations are conducted using 3D electromagnetic software. The proposed monopole is circular-shaped with an etched split ring resonator (SRR) to create multiband resonant frequencies. The proposed antenna measured the concentration of glucose level by using multiband resonant frequencies at 2.9, 4.3, and 6.5 GHz. The impedance bandwidth ≤ −10 dB is 1.038, 1.4, 2.02 GHz, respectively at each resonant frequency. To validate the operation of the proposed sensor, a container filled with samples representing different glucose concentrations is placed above the proposed sensor. To measure the blood glucose levels, a human finger phantom model is used with dimensions 15 × 12 × 10 mm<sup>3</sup> in simulations. Moreover, glucose levels for four volunteers are compared in this paper before and after fasting using proposed sensors and a commercial glucometer. The proposed reflection-based microwave glucose sensing method exhibits an impressive sensitivity of 19.43 MHz/mg/dL.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143121179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Design of Compact Differentially-Fed End-Fire Filtenna With High Selectivity 设计具有高选择性的紧凑型差分馈电端射滤波器
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-12-29 DOI: 10.1002/mop.70077
Jie Deng, Rui-Qiong Wang, Peng Zou, Jing-Peng Li, Ling Yu, Min Xiang, Kun-Zhi Hu

In this letter, a compact differentially-fed end-fire filtenna is developed. The developed filtenna consists of three drivers, a director, a reflector, and a pair of U-shaped strips. Different from conventional Yagi antenna with a single driver, multiple drivers are employed to concurrently broaden the impedance bandwidth and facilitate the filtering response. To further improve the lower frequency selectivity, a pair of split rings is inserted between the driver and the director. And a radiation null at lower frequency is generated due to the out-of-phase surface currents on director and split rings. For verification, a prototype with a center frequency of 3.9 GHz is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measurement results have a good agreement with the simulation ones. The developed filtenna has a fractional impedance bandwidth of 14.4% (3.62–4.18 GHz), a peak realized gain of 5.8 dBi, a front-to-back ratio over 15 dB within the entire operational band. In addition, the filtenna also owns good filtering response with suppression levels higher than 16 and 25 dB for low- and high-stopband, respectively.

{"title":"Design of Compact Differentially-Fed End-Fire Filtenna With High Selectivity","authors":"Jie Deng,&nbsp;Rui-Qiong Wang,&nbsp;Peng Zou,&nbsp;Jing-Peng Li,&nbsp;Ling Yu,&nbsp;Min Xiang,&nbsp;Kun-Zhi Hu","doi":"10.1002/mop.70077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70077","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this letter, a compact differentially-fed end-fire filtenna is developed. The developed filtenna consists of three drivers, a director, a reflector, and a pair of U-shaped strips. Different from conventional Yagi antenna with a single driver, multiple drivers are employed to concurrently broaden the impedance bandwidth and facilitate the filtering response. To further improve the lower frequency selectivity, a pair of split rings is inserted between the driver and the director. And a radiation null at lower frequency is generated due to the out-of-phase surface currents on director and split rings. For verification, a prototype with a center frequency of 3.9 GHz is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measurement results have a good agreement with the simulation ones. The developed filtenna has a fractional impedance bandwidth of 14.4% (3.62–4.18 GHz), a peak realized gain of 5.8 dBi, a front-to-back ratio over 15 dB within the entire operational band. In addition, the filtenna also owns good filtering response with suppression levels higher than 16 and 25 dB for low- and high-stopband, respectively.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Simple Single-Layer Wideband Filtenna With Multiple Controllable Radiation Nulls
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-12-27 DOI: 10.1002/mop.70075
Min Xiang, Zi-Hao Bian, De-Yi Xiong, Fan Yang, Xin Kang, Xiao Liu, Kun-Zhi Hu

In this letter, a single-layer wideband filtenna with multiple controllable radiation nulls is presented. The developed filtenna has a very simple structure and is composed with a square substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity, a square patch, and a pair of U-shaped slots. Notably, the filtenna possesses three radiation nulls that can be tuned by adjusting specific geometrical parameters. To achieve a wide bandwidth and better frequency selectivity, the TM10 mode of the square patch is utilized to couple with the TE210 mode of the square SIW cavity. And a radiation null at upper and lower edge of the passband can be simultaneously obtained because of the effective multipath coupling and the impact of TE110 mode in SIW cavity. An extra in-band resonance and out-of-band radiation null are concurrently introduced by etching a pair of U-shaped slots at the metal ground plane so as to further expand the bandwidth and enhance the frequency selectivity. To validate the design method, a prototype of the filtenna operating at center frequency of 4.76 GHz was fabricated and measured. The measurement results show an impedance fractional bandwidth of 15.8% (4.38-5.13 GHz) and a peak realized gain of 6.1dBi.

{"title":"A Simple Single-Layer Wideband Filtenna With Multiple Controllable Radiation Nulls","authors":"Min Xiang,&nbsp;Zi-Hao Bian,&nbsp;De-Yi Xiong,&nbsp;Fan Yang,&nbsp;Xin Kang,&nbsp;Xiao Liu,&nbsp;Kun-Zhi Hu","doi":"10.1002/mop.70075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70075","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this letter, a single-layer wideband filtenna with multiple controllable radiation nulls is presented. The developed filtenna has a very simple structure and is composed with a square substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity, a square patch, and a pair of U-shaped slots. Notably, the filtenna possesses three radiation nulls that can be tuned by adjusting specific geometrical parameters. To achieve a wide bandwidth and better frequency selectivity, the TM<sub>10</sub> mode of the square patch is utilized to couple with the TE<sub>210</sub> mode of the square SIW cavity. And a radiation null at upper and lower edge of the passband can be simultaneously obtained because of the effective multipath coupling and the impact of TE<sub>110</sub> mode in SIW cavity. An extra in-band resonance and out-of-band radiation null are concurrently introduced by etching a pair of U-shaped slots at the metal ground plane so as to further expand the bandwidth and enhance the frequency selectivity. To validate the design method, a prototype of the filtenna operating at center frequency of 4.76 GHz was fabricated and measured. The measurement results show an impedance fractional bandwidth of 15.8% (4.38-5.13 GHz) and a peak realized gain of 6.1dBi.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Single-Layer Wideband Differentially-Fed Dual-Polarized Filtenna With Low Cross-Polarization
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-12-27 DOI: 10.1002/mop.70074
Dajiang Li, Xinzhou Huang, Fan Yang, De-Yi Xiong, Xin Kang, Kun-Zhi Hu, Zhiyuan Chen, Dong Yan

In this paper, a single-layer differentially-Fed dual-polarized filtenna (DFDPF) with low cross-polarization is developed. The developed DFDPF consists of four shorted driven patches and four triangular parasitic patches. First, each single-feed driven patch resonates at its TM10 mode (corresponding to the antiphase TM20 mode of the two differentially-fed patches). Incorporating shorting pins on the driven patches leads to a lower radiation null. Then, the parasitic patches are embedded into the gap between the driven patches to introduce an extra in-band resonance operating in its TM1/2,1/2 mode, along with an upper radiation null, while the footprint remains unenlarged. This improves operating bandwidth and roll-off rate on the upper passband edge. Finally, a pair of symbiotic open-ended l-shaped stubs are integrated into each driven patch to further enhance the suppression level of the upper stopband. The developed DFDPF was prototyped and measured for experimental verification. Experimental measurements validate the feasibility of the simulation results, demonstrating a wide –10 dB fractional impedance bandwidth of 19.5% and a peak realized gain of 6.6 dBi. In addition, the cross-polarization level is lower than –40 dB.

{"title":"A Single-Layer Wideband Differentially-Fed Dual-Polarized Filtenna With Low Cross-Polarization","authors":"Dajiang Li,&nbsp;Xinzhou Huang,&nbsp;Fan Yang,&nbsp;De-Yi Xiong,&nbsp;Xin Kang,&nbsp;Kun-Zhi Hu,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Chen,&nbsp;Dong Yan","doi":"10.1002/mop.70074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70074","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this paper, a single-layer differentially-Fed dual-polarized filtenna (DFDPF) with low cross-polarization is developed. The developed DFDPF consists of four shorted driven patches and four triangular parasitic patches. First, each single-feed driven patch resonates at its TM<sub>10</sub> mode (corresponding to the antiphase TM<sub>20</sub> mode of the two differentially-fed patches). Incorporating shorting pins on the driven patches leads to a lower radiation null. Then, the parasitic patches are embedded into the gap between the driven patches to introduce an extra in-band resonance operating in its TM<sub>1/2,1/2</sub> mode, along with an upper radiation null, while the footprint remains unenlarged. This improves operating bandwidth and roll-off rate on the upper passband edge. Finally, a pair of symbiotic open-ended <span>l</span>-shaped stubs are integrated into each driven patch to further enhance the suppression level of the upper stopband. The developed DFDPF was prototyped and measured for experimental verification. Experimental measurements validate the feasibility of the simulation results, demonstrating a wide –10 dB fractional impedance bandwidth of 19.5% and a peak realized gain of 6.6 dBi. In addition, the cross-polarization level is lower than –40 dB.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Closely Placed Single-Layer Patch Antenna Array With Self-Decoupling Using Hybrid Modes
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-12-25 DOI: 10.1002/mop.70071
Lei Li, ZiLiang Wu, ShaoRui Xie, YuXuan Xiao

In this paper, a novel single-layer patch antenna is presented, designed to excite dual resonant modes for bandwidth expansion. By arranging these elements into an array, the mutual coupling between them is effectively suppressed by exploiting their inherent modes. This design strategy effectively suppresses mutual coupling in the antenna array without the need for additional decoupling structures. Instead, modifications in the physical placement of closely spaced antenna elements achieve high isolation. Within −10 dB of impedance bandwidth, an isolation greater than 25 dB is achieved by the array, with an antenna profile of 0.017 λ0. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate a strong correlation, affirming the design's effectiveness. The antenna array is capable of operating within the n78 band from 3.34 to 3.48 GHz, characterized by advantages such as high radiation efficiency, high isolation, and a low profile.

{"title":"Closely Placed Single-Layer Patch Antenna Array With Self-Decoupling Using Hybrid Modes","authors":"Lei Li,&nbsp;ZiLiang Wu,&nbsp;ShaoRui Xie,&nbsp;YuXuan Xiao","doi":"10.1002/mop.70071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70071","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this paper, a novel single-layer patch antenna is presented, designed to excite dual resonant modes for bandwidth expansion. By arranging these elements into an array, the mutual coupling between them is effectively suppressed by exploiting their inherent modes. This design strategy effectively suppresses mutual coupling in the antenna array without the need for additional decoupling structures. Instead, modifications in the physical placement of closely spaced antenna elements achieve high isolation. Within −10 dB of impedance bandwidth, an isolation greater than 25 dB is achieved by the array, with an antenna profile of 0.017 <i>λ</i><sub>0</sub>. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate a strong correlation, affirming the design's effectiveness. The antenna array is capable of operating within the n78 band from 3.34 to 3.48 GHz, characterized by advantages such as high radiation efficiency, high isolation, and a low profile.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143119407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Design of TMLAA for the Utilization of Radiated Harmonic Beam Over Digital Modulation Schemes 利用数字调制方案辐射谐波波束的 TMLAA 设计
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-12-25 DOI: 10.1002/mop.70068
D. Suneel Varma, Gopi Ram, G. Arun Kumar

This work presents the effective steering of multi-harmonic beams of a time-modulated linear antenna array (TMLAA) for multi-channel communication. A classroom learning-inspired Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) is utilized for active duration optimization of the 16-element TMLAA for harmonic steering. The simulation study employing the optimization technique effectively steered the first two harmonic beams with enhanced radiated power and considerable Sidelobe level (SLL) below � � � � 20� � dB $-20,mathrm{dB}$. Further, for practical validation, the measurement of the fabricated prototype is presented for one scenario. Finally, the use of harmonic beams for the communication links is validated by measuring the bit error rate (BER) of the considered digitally modulated scheme.

{"title":"Design of TMLAA for the Utilization of Radiated Harmonic Beam Over Digital Modulation Schemes","authors":"D. Suneel Varma,&nbsp;Gopi Ram,&nbsp;G. Arun Kumar","doi":"10.1002/mop.70068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70068","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This work presents the effective steering of multi-harmonic beams of a time-modulated linear antenna array (TMLAA) for multi-channel communication. A classroom learning-inspired Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) is utilized for active duration optimization of the 16-element TMLAA for harmonic steering. The simulation study employing the optimization technique effectively steered the first two harmonic beams with enhanced radiated power and considerable Sidelobe level (SLL) below <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 \u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 \u0000 <mn>20</mn>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 \u0000 <mi>dB</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $-20,mathrm{dB}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>. Further, for practical validation, the measurement of the fabricated prototype is presented for one scenario. Finally, the use of harmonic beams for the communication links is validated by measuring the bit error rate (BER) of the considered digitally modulated scheme.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143119408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Compact Single-Conductor Endfire Antenna With High Gain and Easy Assembly
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-12-23 DOI: 10.1002/mop.70067
Shixuan Wang, Xihui Teng, Peiqi Jin, Yuefeng Hou

This letter proposes a compact air-substrate single conductor endfire antenna, characterized by stable endfire radiation, high gain, high gain-to-length ratio and easy assembly. The proposed antenna is fed by air-substrate double-sided parallel strip lines (DSPSLs) in the TEM mode, ensuring stable endfire radiation pattern. Evolved from the periodic leaky-wave antenna design, it also achieves high gain. Moreever, the radiating elements can couple energy through two paths, achieving an almost uniform electric field distribution, which contributes to a high gain-to-length ratio. Notably, a single-conductor structure is achieved by terminating the short-circuited DSPSLs, which simplifies the assembly process and minimizes manufacturing complexity. Finally, the proposed compact single-conductor antenna is simulated, fabricated, and measured. The proposed endfire antenna features a compact size of 1.90λ0 × 0.42λ0 × 0.05λ0 operating at the center frequency of 5.00 GHz, where λ0 denotes the free-space wavelength. According to the measurement results, the antenna also achieves a high gain of 11.37 dBi and a high gain-to-length ratio of 7.21, exhibiting a wide 1-dB gain bandwidth of 4.00–5.30 GHz. These features make the antenna well-suited for diverse long-distance communication applications.

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引用次数: 0
Real-Time Update Algorithm of Optical Fiber Distribution Network Equipment Based on Optical Imaging Technology
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-12-23 DOI: 10.1002/mop.70059
Jian Shen, Guofeng Tong, Yang Yang, Yong Li, Peng Lou

With the increasing digitalization of distribution network equipment (DNE), real-time update algorithms for digital twin (DT) models have become a research focus on the digitalization of DNE. However, traditional real-time update algorithms for DT models still have problems such as poor real-time, accuracy, robustness, and scalability. To better promote the development of digitalization of DNE, this article aimed to study the real-time update algorithm of DT models using the Internet of Things (IoT) and optical imaging technology, to achieve real-time updates of DT models of DNE. The article first described the problems existing in the traditional DT model of DNE. Then, IoT sensors and optical devices were used to collect data related to DNE; the Savitzky–Golay filtering algorithm was used to denoise the data. This article combined the IoT and optical imaging technology to construct a DT model; using the recursive least squares method again, key parameters and state parameters were extracted from the constructed DT mechanism model, achieving real-time updates of the DNE DT model. Finally, to verify the application effect of the IoT and optical imaging technology in real-time update algorithms for DT models of DNE, this article compared them with traditional parameter sensitivity analysis and state estimation. The research results showed that in the real-time and accuracy testing of test case 13, the algorithm used in this article had a time of 0.014 s and an accuracy of 93.2%. The parameter sensitivity analysis method had a time of 0.045 s and an accuracy of 80.4%. The state estimation method took 0.056 s and had an accuracy of 82.7%. In addition, the robustness and scalability of the real-time update algorithm for the DNE DT model using the method proposed in this article were significantly better than the other two traditional methods. The results showed that the real-time update algorithm of the DT model of DNE based on the IoT and optical imaging technology had better real-time performance, higher accuracy, and better robustness and scalability. This study highlights the significant impact of the IoT and optical imaging technology on the accuracy, robustness, and real-time performance of real-time update algorithms for DT models. This provides more solutions for real-time monitoring, prediction, and control of DNE.

{"title":"Real-Time Update Algorithm of Optical Fiber Distribution Network Equipment Based on Optical Imaging Technology","authors":"Jian Shen,&nbsp;Guofeng Tong,&nbsp;Yang Yang,&nbsp;Yong Li,&nbsp;Peng Lou","doi":"10.1002/mop.70059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.70059","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>With the increasing digitalization of distribution network equipment (DNE), real-time update algorithms for digital twin (DT) models have become a research focus on the digitalization of DNE. However, traditional real-time update algorithms for DT models still have problems such as poor real-time, accuracy, robustness, and scalability. To better promote the development of digitalization of DNE, this article aimed to study the real-time update algorithm of DT models using the Internet of Things (IoT) and optical imaging technology, to achieve real-time updates of DT models of DNE. The article first described the problems existing in the traditional DT model of DNE. Then, IoT sensors and optical devices were used to collect data related to DNE; the Savitzky–Golay filtering algorithm was used to denoise the data. This article combined the IoT and optical imaging technology to construct a DT model; using the recursive least squares method again, key parameters and state parameters were extracted from the constructed DT mechanism model, achieving real-time updates of the DNE DT model. Finally, to verify the application effect of the IoT and optical imaging technology in real-time update algorithms for DT models of DNE, this article compared them with traditional parameter sensitivity analysis and state estimation. The research results showed that in the real-time and accuracy testing of test case 13, the algorithm used in this article had a time of 0.014 s and an accuracy of 93.2%. The parameter sensitivity analysis method had a time of 0.045 s and an accuracy of 80.4%. The state estimation method took 0.056 s and had an accuracy of 82.7%. In addition, the robustness and scalability of the real-time update algorithm for the DNE DT model using the method proposed in this article were significantly better than the other two traditional methods. The results showed that the real-time update algorithm of the DT model of DNE based on the IoT and optical imaging technology had better real-time performance, higher accuracy, and better robustness and scalability. This study highlights the significant impact of the IoT and optical imaging technology on the accuracy, robustness, and real-time performance of real-time update algorithms for DT models. This provides more solutions for real-time monitoring, prediction, and control of DNE.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18562,"journal":{"name":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","volume":"66 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Enhanced Phase Coherence in Series-Fed Patch Array Antenna: A Design Method for Uniform Element Spacing With Low Sidelobe Levels
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-12-22 DOI: 10.1002/mop.70066
Jaewoong Jung, Yunsik Park, Jongin Ryu

Microstrip series-fed patch array antenna (SFPA) is increasingly prominent in millimeter-wave radar systems. Especially, SFPA with tapered amplitude using Dolph–Chebyshev, Taylor, and Binomial distribution has been developed to reduce a sidelobe level (SLL), which is critical to radar resolution. Even though reported designs of SFPA have achieved notable reductions in SLLs, the patch element and inter-element spacing optimized by simulation over the entire array design can't guarantee perfect in-phase radiation. Consequently, for nonuniform SFPA designs, achieving precise in-phase radiation necessitates a theoretical approach and a thorough phase analysis of each element. In this article, we present a noniterative design method to ensure in-phase feeding to each patch element by accurately compensating for the phase difference encountered in nonuniform SFPA. This approach begins with designing the electrical length of each patch element to be equal to 35 GHz. Subsequently, delay lines are then designed to provide in-phase feeding across the array while maintaining uniform spacing between elements. Consequently, we fabricated three 8-element SFPAs operating at 35 GHz and compared their performance, and the proposed design shows an SLL of –20.7 dB with a radiation angle of � � 1� � .� � 5� � $1.{5}^{circ }$.

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引用次数: 0
Low-Profile Beam-Steering Metasurface Lens Antenna Utilizing Defocused Array Feed Without Amplitude–Phase Network 无幅相网络离焦阵馈源的低轮廓波束导向超表面透镜天线
IF 1 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1002/mop.70064
Zi-Hao Fu, Xue-Song Yang

The present study introduces a low-profile beam-steering metasurface lens antenna (MLA) that is excited by a defocused array antenna (DAA), eliminating the need for amplitude and phase excitation modulation. First, we modify an ultrathin Huygens' unit cell to provide greater angular stability, which is intended for use in beam-steering lens antennas. Subsequently, we analyze the effect of the focal–diameter ratio (F/D) on the beam-steering performance of the lens. Further, a one-dimensional (1D) MLA equipped with a DAA is modeled. Based on this model, we investigate the influence of DAA distance from the lens, DAA diameter, and F/D on radiation directivity and scanning capability. By adjusting the distance between the DAA and the lens, sub-arrays located in different regions of the DAA can be excited with uniform amplitude and phase, enabling dual-polarized single-beam scanning radiation. This excitation technique eliminates the need for amplitude and phase modulation networks, thereby reducing beam-steering costs and the complexity of the feed network. Finally, a 10� � λ� � 0� � × ${lambda }_{0}times $10� � λ� � 0 ${lambda }_{0}$ MLA prototype excited by a 52-unit dual-polarized DAA is simulated and fabricated. The simulation and measurement results demonstrate that the proposed MLA achieves a scanning range of ± 15°/± 16° in the E/H-plane at 10.3 GHz, with a gain fluctuation of less than 2.35/2.25 dB.

本研究介绍了一种由离焦阵列天线(DAA)激发的低轮廓波束导向超表面透镜天线(MLA),消除了对振幅和相位激励调制的需要。首先,我们修改了超薄惠更斯单元电池,以提供更大的角度稳定性,这将用于波束转向透镜天线。随后,我们分析了焦径比(F/D)对透镜光束导向性能的影响。在此基础上,建立了带有DAA的一维MLA模型。在此基础上,研究了DAA距透镜距离、DAA直径和F/D对辐射指向性和扫描能力的影响。通过调节DAA与透镜之间的距离,位于DAA不同区域的子阵列可以被均匀的振幅和相位激发,从而实现双偏振单束扫描辐射。这种激励技术消除了对幅度和相位调制网络的需要,从而降低了波束控制成本和馈电网络的复杂性。最后,A 10 λ 0 × ${ λ}_{0}乘以$ 10 λ 0模拟并制作了52单元双极化DAA激励的MLA原型机。仿真和测量结果表明,该MLA在10.3 GHz的E/ h平面扫描范围为±15°/±16°,增益波动小于2.35/2.25 dB。
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引用次数: 0
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Microwave and Optical Technology Letters
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