The following research presents an optimal control framework called Oxtimal that facilitates the efficient use and control of photovoltaic (PV) solar arrays. This framework consists of reduced order models (ROM) of photovoltaics and DC connection components connected to an electric power grid (EPG), a discretization of the resulting state equations using an orthogonal spline collocation method (OSCM), and an optimization driver to solve the resulting formulation. Once formulated, the framework is validated using realistic solar profiles and loads from actual residential applications.
{"title":"Supervisory optimal control for photovoltaics connected to an electric power grid","authors":"J. Young, W. Weaver, D. Wilson, R. Robinett III","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.2490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2490","url":null,"abstract":"The following research presents an optimal control framework called Oxtimal that facilitates the efficient use and control of photovoltaic (PV) solar arrays. This framework consists of reduced order models (ROM) of photovoltaics and DC connection components connected to an electric power grid (EPG), a discretization of the resulting state equations using an orthogonal spline collocation method (OSCM), and an optimization driver to solve the resulting formulation. Once formulated, the framework is validated using realistic solar profiles and loads from actual residential applications.","PeriodicalId":186086,"journal":{"name":"11th Solar & Storage Power System Integration Workshop (SIW 2021)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115234158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using data from Germany's 50Hertz electric power system, this paper begins by observing that the current intraday solar energy forecasts do not fully reflect the day-ahead weather forecasts' information. Solar energy generation also has the property of being highly autoregressive. Based on those properties, an Autoregressive Moving Average with Exogenous Inputs (ARMAX) model is formulated. The model was estimated using 15-minute data from Jan 1, 2014, through Dec 31, 2017. The model is evaluated using out-of-sample data from Jan 1, 2018, to Aug 30, 2020. The 15 minute-ahead out-of-sample predictions have a weighted-mean-absolute-percentage-error (WMAPE) of about 3.84%, substantially less than the WMAPE associated with the intraday solar energy forecasts reported by the system operator over the same period.
{"title":"A methodology to improve the predictability of solar energy generation with confirmatory evidence from Germany","authors":"K. Forbes","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.2500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2500","url":null,"abstract":"Using data from Germany's 50Hertz electric power system, this paper begins by observing that the current intraday solar energy forecasts do not fully reflect the day-ahead weather forecasts' information. Solar energy generation also has the property of being highly autoregressive. Based on those properties, an Autoregressive Moving Average with Exogenous Inputs (ARMAX) model is formulated. The model was estimated using 15-minute data from Jan 1, 2014, through Dec 31, 2017. The model is evaluated using out-of-sample data from Jan 1, 2018, to Aug 30, 2020. The 15 minute-ahead out-of-sample predictions have a weighted-mean-absolute-percentage-error (WMAPE) of about 3.84%, substantially less than the WMAPE associated with the intraday solar energy forecasts reported by the system operator over the same period.","PeriodicalId":186086,"journal":{"name":"11th Solar & Storage Power System Integration Workshop (SIW 2021)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127772024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andreas Knobloch, Christian Hardt, Andreas Falk, Thorsten Bülo, Simon Scheurich, Chokri Khalfet, Richard Hesse, Tobias Becker, Rahul Bhattia
In future power systems voltage and frequency will mainly be formed by synchronous inverter-based power plants with advantageous capabilities compared to today's synchronous machines. This paper introduces a synchronous energy storage system solution (SESS) with grid forming capabilities for voltage, angle and frequency strength improvement in distribution and transmission networks. Configurable control modes for inertia and damping provision are presented. Application examples and performance capabilities for inertia, instantaneous fault current, power oscillation response as well as power reserve provision are shown based on simulation results and practical laboratory experiments. The challenges for accelerated grid integration of SESS are outlined as well.
{"title":"Synchronous energy storage system with inertia capabilities for angle, voltage and frequency stabilization in power grids","authors":"Andreas Knobloch, Christian Hardt, Andreas Falk, Thorsten Bülo, Simon Scheurich, Chokri Khalfet, Richard Hesse, Tobias Becker, Rahul Bhattia","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.2486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2486","url":null,"abstract":"In future power systems voltage and frequency will mainly be formed by synchronous inverter-based power plants with advantageous capabilities compared to today's synchronous machines. This paper introduces a synchronous energy storage system solution (SESS) with grid forming capabilities for voltage, angle and frequency strength improvement in distribution and transmission networks. Configurable control modes for inertia and damping provision are presented. Application examples and performance capabilities for inertia, instantaneous fault current, power oscillation response as well as power reserve provision are shown based on simulation results and practical laboratory experiments. The challenges for accelerated grid integration of SESS are outlined as well.","PeriodicalId":186086,"journal":{"name":"11th Solar & Storage Power System Integration Workshop (SIW 2021)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117185924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Seifried, T. Lechner, D. Stenzel, S. Herrmann, G. Kerber, K. Schaarschmidt, M. Finkel, R. Witzmann
In the LINDA project a control approach for island grids was developed which enables the use of renewable energy sources during emergency power supply. A black start unit sets up an island grid. To find proper parameters for the controller of the black start unit, knowledge about the static and dynamic behaviour of the distribution grid, induced by fluctuations of voltage and frequency, is essential. During the research project LINDA 2.0, supported by the German Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, this concept of applying an emergency power supply should be transferred to other grid areas. To get an actual database about the aggregated grid behaviour, a mobile generator will be used during grid maintenance work to determine the parameters for a frequency and voltage dependent model of the supplied sub-networks. The measurement procedure and control concept for the mobile generator is introduced in this paper.
{"title":"Determination of the voltage and frequency dependent behaviour of low voltage grids – test procedure for a modified mobile generator","authors":"S. Seifried, T. Lechner, D. Stenzel, S. Herrmann, G. Kerber, K. Schaarschmidt, M. Finkel, R. Witzmann","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.2492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2492","url":null,"abstract":"In the LINDA project a control approach for island grids was developed which enables the use of renewable energy sources during emergency power supply. A black start unit sets up an island grid. To find proper parameters for the controller of the black start unit, knowledge about the static and dynamic behaviour of the distribution grid, induced by fluctuations of voltage and frequency, is essential. During the research project LINDA 2.0, supported by the German Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, this concept of applying an emergency power supply should be transferred to other grid areas. To get an actual database about the aggregated grid behaviour, a mobile generator will be used during grid maintenance work to determine the parameters for a frequency and voltage dependent model of the supplied sub-networks. The measurement procedure and control concept for the mobile generator is introduced in this paper.","PeriodicalId":186086,"journal":{"name":"11th Solar & Storage Power System Integration Workshop (SIW 2021)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122664143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ensinger, D. Kern, A. Nagl, K. Bozem, Hans-Peter Weber, A. Hoh, D. Harrison, B. M. Wood
Purpose: Within the context of the innovative research project “Citizen Energy Transition”, subsidized by the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts Baden-Wuerttemberg (funding code Kap. 1403 title group 75), digital business models for the economic, platform-based marketing of PV power will be developed and implemented by 2022. The fundamental problem addressed in this research project is to ensure the continued operation of renewable energy systems, which are no longer eligible for funding under the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG). The withdrawal of renewable energy intallations from the EEG funding since 1 January 2021 and the resulting possible shutdown are likely to lead to a breakdown of renewable energy generation capacities. This would be problematic from the perspective of the climate protection, but also with reference to the consistent implementation of the energy transition. Therefore, it is all the more important to develop sustainable business models for community energy cooperatives, operators of renewable energy systems, electricity consumers, network operators, direct marketers, billing service providers and small and medium-sized municipal utilities. Design/Methodology/Approach: In order to implement user-experienced business models, a hypothesis-based survey of all citizens' energy cooperatives (full survey) in Baden-Wuerttemberg was carried out in this research project in spring 2021. The aim of this empirical survey was to explore the current situation and options for action of the citizens' energy cooperatives with regard to the discontinued EEG remuneration for PV systems. Within the context, empirical findings from the customer survey are presented and conclusions are derived. Findings: By evaluating this survey, key conclusions could be drawn for the development of new, innovative platform-based marketing approaches for the energy generated from renewable energy systems. Amongst other things, it was found that the current business model of the citizens' energy cooperatives is mainly based on the pure generation of renewable electricity, which is marketed within the framework of the EEG. Originality/Value: The research team developed a hypothesis-based questionnaire to empirically identify the needs of citizens' energy cooperatives and thus be able to create platform-based and service-oriented business models. With this in mind, the innovative business models have the aim of enabling the citizens' energy cooperatives and the energy companies to continue to exist in a mutually meaningful cooperation.
{"title":"Citizens' energy cooperatives: key drivers of the energy transition in Baden-Wuerttemberg","authors":"A. Ensinger, D. Kern, A. Nagl, K. Bozem, Hans-Peter Weber, A. Hoh, D. Harrison, B. M. Wood","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.2482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2482","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Within the context of the innovative research project “Citizen Energy Transition”, subsidized by the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts Baden-Wuerttemberg (funding code Kap. 1403 title group 75), digital business models for the economic, platform-based marketing of PV power will be developed and implemented by 2022. The fundamental problem addressed in this research project is to ensure the continued operation of renewable energy systems, which are no longer eligible for funding under the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG). The withdrawal of renewable energy intallations from the EEG funding since 1 January 2021 and the resulting possible shutdown are likely to lead to a breakdown of renewable energy generation capacities. This would be problematic from the perspective of the climate protection, but also with reference to the consistent implementation of the energy transition. Therefore, it is all the more important to develop sustainable business models for community energy cooperatives, operators of renewable energy systems, electricity consumers, network operators, direct marketers, billing service providers and small and medium-sized municipal utilities. Design/Methodology/Approach: In order to implement user-experienced business models, a hypothesis-based survey of all citizens' energy cooperatives (full survey) in Baden-Wuerttemberg was carried out in this research project in spring 2021. The aim of this empirical survey was to explore the current situation and options for action of the citizens' energy cooperatives with regard to the discontinued EEG remuneration for PV systems. Within the context, empirical findings from the customer survey are presented and conclusions are derived. Findings: By evaluating this survey, key conclusions could be drawn for the development of new, innovative platform-based marketing approaches for the energy generated from renewable energy systems. Amongst other things, it was found that the current business model of the citizens' energy cooperatives is mainly based on the pure generation of renewable electricity, which is marketed within the framework of the EEG. Originality/Value: The research team developed a hypothesis-based questionnaire to empirically identify the needs of citizens' energy cooperatives and thus be able to create platform-based and service-oriented business models. With this in mind, the innovative business models have the aim of enabling the citizens' energy cooperatives and the energy companies to continue to exist in a mutually meaningful cooperation.","PeriodicalId":186086,"journal":{"name":"11th Solar & Storage Power System Integration Workshop (SIW 2021)","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133306490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The large-scale integration of variable renewable energy (RE) into the electricity mix imposes to deal with the uncertainty and variability associated with such generation. As a result, the power system reserve management, which aims to ensure real-time balancing between production and load, has to evolve in order to guarantee the reliable operation of the electrical grid. This paper focuses on the evaluation of advanced reserve sizing methods identified in the literature, based on real operation data, from RE plants under operation. More precisely, the paper details a field-data oriented analysis, where fine time-resolution (few minutes time step) data is analyzed (1) to characterize RE variability and uncertainty, and (2) to evaluate the benefits from taking into account such variability and uncertainty for advanced reserve sizing.
{"title":"Evaluation of advanced reserve sizing methods based on RE variability and uncertainty","authors":"S. Miladinova, F. Bourry","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.2497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2497","url":null,"abstract":"The large-scale integration of variable renewable energy (RE) into the electricity mix imposes to deal with the uncertainty and variability associated with such generation. As a result, the power system reserve management, which aims to ensure real-time balancing between production and load, has to evolve in order to guarantee the reliable operation of the electrical grid. This paper focuses on the evaluation of advanced reserve sizing methods identified in the literature, based on real operation data, from RE plants under operation. More precisely, the paper details a field-data oriented analysis, where fine time-resolution (few minutes time step) data is analyzed (1) to characterize RE variability and uncertainty, and (2) to evaluate the benefits from taking into account such variability and uncertainty for advanced reserve sizing.","PeriodicalId":186086,"journal":{"name":"11th Solar & Storage Power System Integration Workshop (SIW 2021)","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124737116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In early 2021, Eurelectric releases a landmark study on distribution grid investment needs at the EU level by 2030, conducted by Monitor Deloitte in partnership with E.DSO, entitled ‘Connecting the dots’, see also here: https://www.eurelectric.org/connecting-the-dots/
{"title":"Connecting the dots: distribution grid investments to power the energy transition","authors":"P. Wilczek","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.2473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2473","url":null,"abstract":"In early 2021, Eurelectric releases a landmark study on distribution grid investment needs at the EU level by 2030, conducted by Monitor Deloitte in partnership with E.DSO, entitled ‘Connecting the dots’, see also here: https://www.eurelectric.org/connecting-the-dots/","PeriodicalId":186086,"journal":{"name":"11th Solar & Storage Power System Integration Workshop (SIW 2021)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129648466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Wiese, D. Duckwitz, M. Nuschke, Y. Zhang, M. Braun
The increasing integration of renewable energies and battery storages into the electrical grid make new control methods for converters necessary. So called grid-forming converters open the possibility for fully converter based grids. Grid-forming converters have to cope with all kinds of disturbances like short-circuits. These pose the challenge of limiting fault currents in order to protect converters. In this paper we present a control scheme based on the virtual synchronous machine with two different methods of overcurrent protection. We show that fault currents can be limited in order to avoid additional hardware costs. Both methods show superior angular stability during and after the fault and are suitable for parallel operation with synchronous generators and synchronous condensers.
{"title":"Fault operation of grid-forming converters with focus on system stability","authors":"N. Wiese, D. Duckwitz, M. Nuschke, Y. Zhang, M. Braun","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.2485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2485","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing integration of renewable energies and battery storages into the electrical grid make new control methods for converters necessary. So called grid-forming converters open the possibility for fully converter based grids. Grid-forming converters have to cope with all kinds of disturbances like short-circuits. These pose the challenge of limiting fault currents in order to protect converters. In this paper we present a control scheme based on the virtual synchronous machine with two different methods of overcurrent protection. We show that fault currents can be limited in order to avoid additional hardware costs. Both methods show superior angular stability during and after the fault and are suitable for parallel operation with synchronous generators and synchronous condensers.","PeriodicalId":186086,"journal":{"name":"11th Solar & Storage Power System Integration Workshop (SIW 2021)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127909267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sugimori, T. Narita, T. Nakajima, Y. Mitsugi, H. Hashiguchi
The number of distributed energy resources (DERs) and battery energy storage systems (BESS) is increasing recently. Most of the DERs are renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic power (PV) and wind power plants. Since the DER and BESS generate dc power or ac power with a frequency different from the grid frequency, those are connected to the power grid by power electronic inverters. However, the inverters do not have inertia and synchronizing power, necessary for stabilizing the power grid in case of grid disturbances. For providing virtual inertia to the inverter, grid following control (GFL) and grid forming control (GFM) methods are being researched in the world. However, parallel operation of voltage source converters often causes undesirable current, which is called cross-current flows between each GFM. This paper proposes a cross-current power control method for the GFM inverters in parallel operation and shows a simulation model of the proposed method. MATLAB/Simulink is used in the simulation. The paper also reports the results of simulations forvalidating the proposed control method.
{"title":"Cross-current power control for coordination of multiple grid forming inverters","authors":"S. Sugimori, T. Narita, T. Nakajima, Y. Mitsugi, H. Hashiguchi","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.2487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2487","url":null,"abstract":"The number of distributed energy resources (DERs) and battery energy storage systems (BESS) is increasing recently. Most of the DERs are renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic power (PV) and wind power plants. Since the DER and BESS generate dc power or ac power with a frequency different from the grid frequency, those are connected to the power grid by power electronic inverters. However, the inverters do not have inertia and synchronizing power, necessary for stabilizing the power grid in case of grid disturbances. For providing virtual inertia to the inverter, grid following control (GFL) and grid forming control (GFM) methods are being researched in the world. However, parallel operation of voltage source converters often causes undesirable current, which is called cross-current flows between each GFM. This paper proposes a cross-current power control method for the GFM inverters in parallel operation and shows a simulation model of the proposed method. MATLAB/Simulink is used in the simulation. The paper also reports the results of simulations forvalidating the proposed control method.","PeriodicalId":186086,"journal":{"name":"11th Solar & Storage Power System Integration Workshop (SIW 2021)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129513530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the main challenges associated with deployment of high shares of inverter-based resources (IBRs) in power grid is not only reduced system inertia but also degrading system strength that may cause severe stability impacts. A minimum level of system strength is needed for the power system to remain stable. Significant system strength reduction is expected in almost all planned areas for solar and wind generation deployment. Synchronous condensers (SC) have been considered as one main technology to address the system strength issues for the areas with high levels of IBRs. SCs can help improving reliability and resiliency of power system but they do not provide the full range of services needed by power systems for reliable and economic integration of high shares of inverter-coupled variable generation such as PV generation. NREL has been conducting research on a hybridized concept that combines SCs with grid forming (GFM) battery energy storage systems (BESS). This super flexible AC transmission system (SuperFACTS) that combines these two technologies in a single plant under the same controller offers a unique scalable set of services to the power system at all levels (transmission, sub-transmission, distribution, islands and isolated microgrids).
{"title":"Hybridizing synchronous condensers with grid forming batteries for PV integration – a solution to enhance grid reliability and resiliency","authors":"V. Gevorgian, S. Shah, W. Yan","doi":"10.1049/icp.2021.2488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2488","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main challenges associated with deployment of high shares of inverter-based resources (IBRs) in power grid is not only reduced system inertia but also degrading system strength that may cause severe stability impacts. A minimum level of system strength is needed for the power system to remain stable. Significant system strength reduction is expected in almost all planned areas for solar and wind generation deployment. Synchronous condensers (SC) have been considered as one main technology to address the system strength issues for the areas with high levels of IBRs. SCs can help improving reliability and resiliency of power system but they do not provide the full range of services needed by power systems for reliable and economic integration of high shares of inverter-coupled variable generation such as PV generation. NREL has been conducting research on a hybridized concept that combines SCs with grid forming (GFM) battery energy storage systems (BESS). This super flexible AC transmission system (SuperFACTS) that combines these two technologies in a single plant under the same controller offers a unique scalable set of services to the power system at all levels (transmission, sub-transmission, distribution, islands and isolated microgrids).","PeriodicalId":186086,"journal":{"name":"11th Solar & Storage Power System Integration Workshop (SIW 2021)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133220067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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