Aqua-bioscience Monographs最新文献_第2页

Crustacean Peptide Hormones : Structure, Gene Expression and Function 甲壳类肽类激素:结构、基因表达和功能

Aqua-bioscience Monographs

Pub Date : 2013-09-10 DOI: 10.5047/ABSM.2013.00602.0049

H. Katayama, T. Ohira, H. Nagasawa

引用次数: 25

Morphological and Physiological Studies on Gonadal Sex Differentiation in Teleost Fish 硬骨鱼性腺性别分化的形态学和生理学研究

Aqua-bioscience Monographs

Pub Date : 2013-06-27 DOI: 10.5047/ABSM.2013.00601.0001

Masaru Nakamura

Over the past 40 years, gonadal sex differentiation in teleost fish has been studied from histological and physiological viewpoints, for its application in fisheries. The morphological characteristics of gonadal sex differentiation in teleost fish were discussed in Section 2, and a summary of sexual processes, such as gonadal sex differentiation and sexual maturation in triploid salmonid fishes, was given. Subsequently, the effects of sex hormones/steroidal analogues on sex differentiation in several fish were examined. It was concluded that there is a critical period during physiological sex differentiation— before morphological sex differentiation—in which the induction of artificial sex reversal by exogenous sex hormones can occur. It was also demonstrated that endocrine environmental disruptors have the potential to induce sex reversal in genetic males. In Section 3, it was clarified that ultrastructural steroid-producing cells appeared in the gonads of tilapia around the time of sex differentiation, indicating that endogenous steroid hormones play an important role during sex differentiation in fish. In Section 4, the expression of various steroidogenic enzymes including aromatase was immunohistochemically proven to occur in the gonads during the period of morphological ovarian differentiation in genetically female tilapia. In contrast, there was no expression in the gonads during differentiation, or in early testicular differentiation in genetically male tilapia. Aromatase inhibitor induced sex reversal from females to phenotypic males in tilapia and golden rabbitfish. It was also demonstrated that androgen treatment suppressed the expression of steroidogenic enzymes in the gonads of genetic females, and induced sex reversal. It was concluded that endogenous estrogen functions as an ovarian inducer, whereas lack of estrogen induces testicular differentiation.

近40年来，人们从组织学和生理学的角度对硬骨鱼的性腺性别分化进行了研究，以期在渔业中得到应用。第2节讨论了硬骨鱼性腺性别分化的形态学特征，并对三倍体鲑鱼的性腺性别分化和性成熟等性过程进行了综述。随后，研究了性激素/类固醇类似物对几种鱼类性别分化的影响。结果表明，在生理性别分化过程中，在形态性别分化之前，存在一个由外源性激素诱导的人工性别逆转的关键时期。研究还表明，内分泌环境干扰物有可能诱发遗传男性的性别逆转。在第3节中，阐明了罗非鱼性腺在性别分化前后出现了产生类固醇的超微结构细胞，表明内源性类固醇激素在鱼类性别分化过程中发挥了重要作用。在第4节中，免疫组织化学证明，在雌性罗非鱼卵巢形态分化期间，性腺中出现了包括芳香化酶在内的各种甾体生成酶的表达。而在遗传雄性罗非鱼的分化过程中，生殖腺和睾丸早期分化过程中则没有表达。芳香酶抑制剂诱导罗非鱼和金兔鱼从雌性向表型雄性的性别逆转。研究还表明，雄激素处理抑制了遗传雌性性腺中类固醇生成酶的表达，并诱导性别逆转。由此可见，内源性雌激素对卵巢具有诱导作用，而缺乏雌激素可诱导睾丸分化。

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引用次数: 35

Studies on Improvement of Seed Production Techniques in Salmonids and Osmerids 鲑科和尾鱼科制种技术的改进研究

Aqua-bioscience Monographs

Pub Date : 2012-12-21 DOI: 10.5047/ABSM.2012.00504.0103

S. Mizuno

Anadromous salmonids and osmerids are artificially propagated in Japan by release of their seeds. However, there are many unsolved problems in the techniques of their propagation. In the present monograph, studies on the improvement of seed production techniques in 4 fishes (masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou, chum salmon O. keta, shishamo smelt Spirinchus lanceolatus and Japanese smelt Hypomesus nipponensis) were outlined. Techniques to evaluate dorsal fin pigmentation during smoltification as an external seed quality, and to improve seed quality of hatchery-reared fish, and the discovery of metabolic problems in hatchery-reared fish were described in yearling masu salmon. In underyearling masu salmon, techniques to evaluate nutritional conditions using kidney melano-macrophage density was developed, and applied to the evaluation of the nutritional condition in hatchery-reared fish after release. In chum salmon fry, the development of techniques to monitor the physical condition and to find its appropriate culture conditions was reviewed. In egg cultures of shishamo and Japanese smelt, techniques to eliminate egg adhesiveness with treatments of kaolin or scallop shell powder suspension were established in order to improve hatching rates. In addition, the appropriate embryogenetic stage for the release of shishamo smelt embryos was demonstrated. Consequently, this monograph reveals that these techniques contribute directly to the development of artificial propagation in some salmonids and osmerids. 1. General introduction Anadromous salmonids and osmerids including masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou, chum salmon O. keta, shishamo smelt Spirinchus lanceolatus and Japanese smelt Hypomesus nipponensis are important species for coastal and freshwater commercial fisheries in Hokkaido, the northern-most prefecture in Japan. These fish are not always abundant under natural reproduction systems (Nagata and Kaeriyama 2004; Torao 2005a, b; Miyakoshi 2006). Therefore, these fish are artificially propagated by releasing their seeds in order to increase their stock in various places in Hokkaido (Kusuda and Teranishi 1996; Kaeriyama 1999; Torisawa 1999). Masu salmon, which inhabit both Pacific Ocean and the Japan Sea coasts of Hokkaido, spawn in upstream regions in autumn and hatch the winter of the same year (Kato 1991). The fish are separated into two types: 104 S. Mizuno / Aqua-BioSci. Monogr. 5: 103–143, 2012 doi:10.5047/absm.2012.00504.0103 © 2012 TERRAPUB, Tokyo. All rights reserved. words, masu salmon propagation costs more money compared to chum salmon propagation. It is essential for the sustainable artificial propagation of masu salmon to reduce the cost of seed production by increasing the survival rate of seed. Hatchery masu salmon are released in two ways. One is called the smolt release method where yearling (1+) smoltified juveniles are released into downstream regions in spring, and the other is called the spring juvenile release method, where underyea

在日本，产卵鲑科和尾鱼科通过释放种子进行人工繁殖。然而，在它们的传播技术方面还存在许多尚未解决的问题。本文综述了4种鱼类(masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou, chumsalmon O. keta, shishamo Spirinchus lanceolatus, Japanese Hypomesus nipponensis)制种技术的改进研究。本文介绍了以马苏鲑鱼为例，评价孵化过程中背鳍色素沉着作为外部种子质量的技术，以及提高孵育鱼类种子质量的技术，以及孵育鱼类代谢问题的发现。以马苏鲑鱼为研究对象，研究了利用肾脏黑素-巨噬细胞密度评估营养状况的技术，并将其应用于孵化场放生后的营养状况评估。综述了大马哈鱼鱼苗生理状态监测和适宜养殖条件的研究进展。研究了用高岭土或扇贝粉悬浮液处理水烟蛋和日本臭蛋的方法，以提高鸡蛋的孵化率。此外，还论证了水烟香精胚释放的适宜胚胎发生阶段。因此，本专著揭示了这些技术直接有助于人工繁殖的发展，在一些鲑鱼和半尾鱼。1. 鲤科鲑鱼和鲭鱼是日本北海道沿海和淡水商业渔业的重要物种，其中包括马苏鲑、Oncorhynchus masou、O. keta、shishamo smelchus lanceolatus和日本马苏鲑。这些鱼在自然繁殖系统中并不总是丰富的(Nagata和Kaeriyama 2004;Torao 2005a, b;Miyakoshi 2006)。因此，这些鱼通过释放种子进行人工繁殖，以增加北海道各地的鱼类数量(Kusuda和Teranishi 1996;Kaeriyama 1999;Torisawa 1999)。马苏鲑鱼栖息在太平洋和北海道的日本海沿岸，秋季在上游产卵，同年冬季孵化(加藤1991)。这些鱼被分为两类:104 S. Mizuno / Aqua-BioSci。学报，5:103-143,2012 doi:10.5047/absm.2012.00504.0103©2012 TERRAPUB, Tokyo。版权所有。换句话说，马苏鲑鱼的繁殖成本比鲑鱼的繁殖成本更高。通过提高种子成活率来降低制种成本，是实现马苏鲑鱼可持续人工繁殖的关键。孵化场马苏鲑鱼有两种释放方式。一种是春放生法，将1+龄幼鱼放生到下游地区，另一种是春放生法，将0+龄幼鱼放生到上游地区(Mayama 1992)。提高种子成活率的关键之一是放养从行为学、生理生化等方面决定种子品质的孵化幼鱼。然而，马苏鲑鱼孵育幼鱼的种子质量还没有得到很好的评价。此外，还没有尝试提高孵化幼鱼的种子质量。鲑鱼栖息在北海道的整个地区，冬天在河流中孵化，第二年春天迁徙到海洋。所有的鱼都是溯河产卵的。经过2至6年的海洋生活，成鱼在秋天回到它们的出生河流产卵(Salo 1991)。在该计划中，在孵化场以与马苏鲑鱼相同的方式生产的0+鱼苗在春天被释放到河中(Kobayashi 1980)。然而，由于繁殖计划而增加的库存导致了缩小规模和老化(Kaeriyama和Edpaline 2004)。这种现象被认为是由于种群密度依赖效应:北太平洋的鲑鱼鱼苗的生长受到承载能力的限制，例如食物量或栖息地大小(Kaeriyama et al. 2007)。孵化场鱼类必须与野生鱼类共存，承受能力很窄。因此，正在研究孵化场种群和野生种群之间的生物相互作用(Kaeriyama和Edpaline 2004)。Hilborn(1992)警告说，过度放养孵化场鱼类会减少太平洋鲑鱼的遗传多样性，包括鲑鱼。因此，为了保持自然平衡，必须将人工繁殖和野生种群的保护结合起来考虑。Kaeriyama(2002)关注野生鱼类受孵化场鱼类疾病感染的问题。考虑到这一背景，对于大马哈鱼的可持续人工繁殖而言，可靠的鱼苗生产和良好的物理条件比增加鱼苗放生数量更为重要。大马哈鱼鱼苗是在孵化池的高密度条件下集约养殖的。一般来说，集约化养殖的鱼类通常由于饲养条件恶化而处于高度生理应激状态(Patinõ et al. 1986;Papoutsoglou et al. 1987)。另一方面，在高密度条件下养殖的孵化场鱼苗的物理条件一直无法监测，在良好的物理条件下养殖鱼苗的实际环境条件尚未找到。初冬时，盐摩鱼洄游到北海道太平洋一侧的出生河产卵(Hikita 1930, 1958)。成虫在河口上游约3至9公里的淡水环境中产卵1.4毫米大小的卵(Ito 1959, 1963, 1964;冈田和佐佐木1960;Okada et al. 1975,1976;尾身茂1978 b)。幼虫孵化后，在次年春季由融雪水携带立即迁移到河口，在海洋中生活2 - 3年后成熟(Omi 1978a)。所有的鱼都是溯河产卵的(Miyaji et al. 1976)。另一方面，分布在整个北海道的日本胡科鱼分为溯河型和湖栖型(Hamada 1961;Katayama等人。1999)。溯河型鱼从4月到6月洄游到它们的出生溪流，在浅水溪流中产卵0.8毫米大小的卵(Shiraishi 1961;Torisawa 1999)。鱼的一般寿命为1至2年(Utoh和Sakazaki 1983, 1984, 1987;Torisawa 1999)。为了人工繁殖水烟和日本香鱼，通过人工授精获得的幼虫通过孵化场水域的排水被释放到河流或湖泊中(Iwai和Osama 1986;久田和寺西1996;Izuka 2003;Kitsukawa et al. 2003)。然而，其传播效率尚未得到准确的评价。为了建立有效的放种方法，阐明放种效果，有必要先大量生产种子进行中试放种。一些shishamo和日本的熔体孵化场使用上升流型丙烯酸和圆柱形罐孵化箱集中培养鸡蛋(Kusuda和Teranishi 1996;Kitsukawa et al. 2006)。然而，发现在罐式孵卵器中培养的卵孵化率较低(Takeda et al. 2002)。在一些shishamo熔体孵化场，眼期胚胎在孵化前被释放到河中(Mizuno et al. 2004b, 2005)。然而，将眼期胚胎放入河里的最佳时间尚不清楚。在本专著中，我回顾了在鲑鱼和锇鱼种子生产技术改进方面所进行的研究，旨在解决上述一些问题。在第二节中，介绍了三种评价和提高马苏鲑鱼孵卵种子质量的方法。第三部分综述了马苏鲑鱼春季放生种子质量评价技术的开发与应用。第4节涉及两项研究，涉及建立监测物理条件的技术和阐明鲑鱼鱼苗的适当培养条件。在第5节中，尝试开发三种技术来提高鱼和日本鱼的人工繁殖成活率，分别是deS、Mizuno / Aqua-BioSci。学报，5:103-143,2012 105 doi:10.5047/absm.2012.00504.0103©2012 TERRAPUB，东京。版权所有。刻。最后一章描述了鲑鱼和半尾鱼种子生产技术改进的意义和前景研究。2. 1+孵化场马苏鲑鱼幼鱼种子品质评价与改良

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引用次数: 2

Migratory Behaviors in Masu Salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) and the Influence of Endocrinological Factors 马苏大马哈鱼洄游行为及内分泌因素的影响

Aqua-bioscience Monographs

Pub Date : 2012-11-20 DOI: 10.5047/ABSM.2012.00502.0029

A. Munakata

© 2012 TERRAPUB, Tokyo. All rights reserved. doi:10.5047/absm.2012.00502.0029 and Kobayashi 2010). Most of the non-migratory forms will live continuously in their natal rivers throughout their lives (Fig. 1). Regardless of these life history types, most salmonids will spawn in freshwater environments, mainly in their natal rivers (Fig. 1) (Quinn 2005). From these phenomena, salmonids are considered to be of freshwater (fluvial) fish origin and their migratory behaviors by and large start from the rivers (Fig. 1). Among the four genera of salmonids, two genera Hucho and Salvelinus are considered evolutionally ancient groups, based on the phylogenic analyses (Norden 1961; Murata et al. 1993). Genus Hucho inhabit only the northern Eurasia continent and genus Salvelinus inhabit northern Eurasia and the American continent (Quin 2005). On the other hand, genus Salmo (i.e., Atlantic salmon) and Oncorhynchus (i.e., Pacific salmon), which are considered evolutionally new Abstract In the freshwater phase of their lifecycle, masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) comprise two different phenotypes. A portion of the juveniles (migratory form) exhibit downstream migratory behavior after smoltification. However, some masu salmon (non-migratory form) such as precociously mature males live continuously in their natal rivers throughout their lifetime. The coexistence of migratory and non-migratory forms within the species indicates that this salmon can be effectively used as a model fish to illuminate both inhibitory and stimulatory physiological control mechanisms of migratory behaviors. In masu salmon, it was found that sex steroid hormones inhibit the occurrence of downstream swimming behavior, the initial step in seaward migration. Moreover, after the commencement of downstream migration, sex steroid hormones induced the upstream swimming and subsequent spawning behaviors. These findings indicate that sex steroid hormones influence the occurrence of the downstream and upstream swimming behavior in the resulting rheotaxis fashion (negative and positive, respectively). In contrast to sex steroid hormones, it was also found that cortisol, which is involved substantially in smoltification, stimulates the downstream swimming behavior. These findings indicate that the occurrence of seaward migration is controlled competitively by sex steroid hormones (sexual maturation) and smolt-inducing factors such as cortisol, in masu salmon and potentially other Pacific salmon. Migratory Behaviors in Masu Salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) and the Influence of Endocrinological Factors

©2012东京TERRAPUB。版权所有。doi:10.5047/absm.2012.00502.0029 and Kobayashi 2010)。大多数非洄游形式将在其出生河流中持续生活一生(图1)。无论这些生活史类型如何，大多数鲑科鱼将在淡水环境中产卵，主要是在其出生河流中(图1)(Quinn 2005)。从这些现象来看，鲑鱼被认为是淡水(河流)鱼类的起源，它们的迁徙行为基本上是从河流开始的(图1)。在鲑鱼的四个属中，Hucho和Salvelinus两个属被认为是进化上古老的群体，基于系统发育分析(Norden 1961;Murata et al. 1993)。Hucho属仅栖息在欧亚大陆北部，Salvelinus属栖息在欧亚大陆北部和美洲大陆(Quin 2005)。另一方面，Salmo属(即大西洋鲑鱼)和Oncorhynchus属(即太平洋鲑鱼)被认为是进化上的新物种。在其生命周期的淡水阶段，masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou)具有两种不同的表型。部分幼鱼(洄游形式)在孵化后表现出下游洄游行为。然而，一些马苏鲑鱼(非洄游形式)，如早熟的雄性，一生都在它们的出生河流中生活。洄游和非洄游的共存表明，该鲑鱼可以有效地作为模型鱼来阐明洄游行为的抑制和刺激生理控制机制。在马苏鲑鱼中，性类固醇激素抑制了下游游动行为的发生，这是向海迁移的第一步。此外，在下游迁徙开始后，性类固醇激素诱导了上游游动和随后的产卵行为。这些发现表明，性类固醇激素影响下游和上游游泳行为的发生，从而产生流变性方式(分别为负向和正向)。与性类固醇激素不同的是，研究还发现，皮质醇会刺激下游的游泳行为，而皮质醇在很大程度上参与了交配。这些发现表明，在马苏鲑鱼和其他潜在的太平洋鲑鱼中，向海迁移的发生是由性类固醇激素(性成熟)和诱导小鲑鱼的皮质醇等因素竞争性地控制的。马苏大马哈鱼洄游行为及内分泌因素的影响

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引用次数: 21

Impacts of Large Male-Selective Harvesting on Reproduction: Illustration with Large Decapod Crustacean Resources 大型雄性选择性采伐对生殖的影响:以大型十足甲壳类资源为例

Aqua-bioscience Monographs

Pub Date : 2012-11-20 DOI: 10.5047/ABSM.2012.00503.0067

Taku Sato

To signal a need for caution for present large male-selective harvesting practices, negative impacts of the large male-selective harvesting on reproductive output in large decapod crustacean resources are introduced with emphasis on my own work with spiny king crab Paralithodes brevipes, coconut crab Birgus latro, and the stone crab Hapalogaster dentata. The large male-selective harvestings for several large decapod crustaceans have changed their population demographic structure by decreasing mean male size and skewing sex ratio towards females. By several field and laboratory experiments, the change of population demographic structure was anticipated to decrease female reproductive success in the resources (i.e. reproductive output of the harvested populations) through a decrease in sperm availability for females because of male size-dependent reproductive potentials and slow sperm recovery rate. Furthermore, reproductive output and stability of the large male-selective harvested resources were also anticipated to decline by a decrease in mate availability for females, attributing to combination of female mate choice for larger males with negative effects of female delayed mating and/or maternal influences. To establish the optimal management practices, the details of the mating system and reproductive ecology of each targeted species should be investigated.

为了表明对目前大规模雄性选择性捕捞的谨慎需要，本文介绍了大规模雄性选择性捕捞对大型十足甲壳类资源繁殖输出的负面影响，重点介绍了我自己对带刺帝王蟹(Paralithodes brevipes)、棕榈蟹(Birgus latro)和石蟹(Hapalogaster dentata)的研究。一些大型十足甲壳类动物的大量雄性选择性收获，通过减少雄性平均体型和偏向雌性的性别比，改变了种群的人口结构。通过一些实地和实验室实验，预计人口结构的变化会降低雌性在资源中的生殖成功率(即收获种群的生殖产量)，因为雄性的生殖潜力依赖于大小，精子恢复速度缓慢，从而减少雌性的精子供应。此外，由于雌性对体型较大的雄性的择偶选择与雌性延迟交配和/或母性影响的负面影响相结合，预计雌性选择性收获的大型雄性资源的生殖产出和稳定性也会下降。为了建立最佳的管理方法，应该调查每个目标物种的交配系统和生殖生态的细节。

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引用次数: 31

Evolution of the Cardiorespiratory System in Air-Breathing Fishes 呼吸空气鱼类心肺系统的进化

Aqua-bioscience Monographs

Pub Date : 2012-09-28 DOI: 10.5047/ABSM.2012.00501.0001

A. Ishimatsu

© 2012 TERRAPUB, Tokyo. All rights reserved. doi:10.5047/absm.2012.00501.0001 (Cameron 1989; Nilsson 2010), with varying contributions of skin as a supplementary (in many amphibians) or in some exceptional cases, exclusive gas exchange surface (e.g., lungless salamanders, Boutilier 1990; Sheafor et al . 2000). In addition to the sarcopterygian-amphibian lineage, air breathing has independently arisen numerous times in the evolutionary history of bony fishes (Graham 1997). Many of the so-called ‘primitive’ bony fishes have a lung or lung-like gas bladder, such as polypterids, gars, bowfin and lungfishes. More advanced teleostean forms have developed a vast variety of air-breathing organs in different parts of the body, such as different segments of the alimentary canal (pharynx, esophagus, stomach or intestine), various types of outgrowth from the canal (e.g., respiratory swimbladders or suprabranchial chambers), specialized structures developing from the gills (e.g., labyrinthine organs) and the skin (Graham 1997). The circulatory system of the Devonian vertebrates perhaps underwent considerable modifications in conAbstract Fishes have evolved a wide variety of air-breathing organs independently along different lineages. Of these air-breathing fishes, only some (e.g., mudskippers) venture onto land but the vast majority of them remain in water and use air as an oxygen source to different degrees. With the development of air-breathing capacity, the circulatory system of fishes has often been modified in various ways to accommodate blood to and from the newly developed air-breathing surface. However, most air-breathing fishes, except snakeheads and lungfishes, seem to lack the ability of separating O2-rich effluent blood of the airbreathing organ from O2-poor systemic venous blood during passage through the central cardiovascular system, although this has been inferred usually only from anatomical studies. Mudskippers attest to the fact that transition from aquatic to amphibious life is possible without restructuring the gross anatomy of the cardiorespiratory system, at least to some extent. Why then have some fish and ancestral vertebrates evolved the capacity of blood separation? The purpose of this paper is to review the current knowledge about the form and function of the cardiorespiratory system of selected species of air-breathing fishes (eel gobies, mudskippers, swamp eels, snakeheads and lungfishes, arranged in the order of higher specialization of the cardiorespiratory system) and discuss important issues relating to the topic. Evolution of the Cardiorespiratory System in Air-Breathing Fishes

©2012东京TERRAPUB。版权所有。doi:10.5047/absm.2012.00501.0001 (Cameron 1989;Nilsson 2010)，有不同的皮肤作为补充(在许多两栖动物中)或在一些特殊情况下，专门的气体交换表面(例如，无肺蝾螈，Boutilier 1990;Sheafor等。2000)。在硬骨鱼类的进化史上，除了肉翼类-两栖类谱系外，空气呼吸也独立出现过无数次(Graham 1997)。许多所谓的“原始”硬骨鱼都有肺或类似肺的气囊，如多鳞鱼、鱼、弓鳍鱼和肺鱼。更高级的硬骨鱼在身体的不同部位发育出了种类繁多的空气呼吸器官，如消化道的不同部分(咽、食道、胃或肠)，从消化道生长出的各种类型的器官(如呼吸鳔或鳃上腔)，从鳃发育出的特殊结构(如迷宫器官)和皮肤(Graham 1997)。泥盆纪脊椎动物的循环系统可能在2005年经历了相当大的变化。鱼类在不同的谱系中独立地进化出了各种各样的空气呼吸器官。在这些呼吸空气的鱼类中，只有一些(如弹涂鱼)冒险登上陆地，但绝大多数都留在水中，并在不同程度上利用空气作为氧气来源。随着呼吸能力的发展，鱼类的循环系统经常以各种方式进行修改，以适应血液进出新发展的呼吸表面。然而，大多数呼吸空气的鱼类，除了蛇头鱼和肺鱼，似乎缺乏在通过中央心血管系统时将呼吸空气器官的富含o2的流出血与缺乏o2的全身静脉血分离的能力，尽管这通常只是从解剖学研究中推断出来的。弹涂鱼证明了这样一个事实，即从水生生物到两栖生物的转变是可能的，至少在某种程度上，不需要重组心肺系统的大体解剖结构。那么，为什么有些鱼类和脊椎动物祖先进化出了分离血液的能力呢?本文的目的是回顾一些呼吸空气的鱼类(鳗鱼、虾虎鱼、弹涂鱼、沼泽鳗鱼、蛇头鱼和肺鱼)的心肺系统的形式和功能的现有知识，并讨论与该主题有关的重要问题。呼吸空气鱼类心肺系统的进化

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引用次数: 30

Analysis of Spermatogenesis Using an Eel Model 用鳗鱼模型分析精子发生

Aqua-bioscience Monographs

Pub Date : 2011-12-26 DOI: 10.5047/ABSM.2011.00404.0105

C. Miura, T. Miura

Spermatogenesis is an indispensable process for the continuity of life. The process of spermatogenesis is very complex; it begins with spermatogonial renewal, then proceeds to proliferation of spermatogonia towards meiosis, two meiotic reduction divisions and spermiogenesis, during which the haploid spermatid develops into a spermatozoa. After spermiogenesis, non-functional sperm pass the process of sperm maturation and then become mature spermatozoa, fully capable of vigorous motility and fertilization. These processes are mainly controlled by sex steroid hormones. Spermatogonial renewal is controlled by estrogen; estradiol-17β (E2) through the expression of platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF). The proliferation of spermatogonia toward meiosis is initiated by androgen; 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) produced by FSH stimulation. 11-KT prevents the expression of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), which functions to inhibit proliferation of spermatogonia and induce expression of activin B, which functions in the induction of spermatogonial proliferation. Meiosis is induced by progestin; 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) through the action of trypsin. DHP also regulates the sperm maturation through the regulation of seminal plasma pH.

精子发生是生命延续不可缺少的过程。精子发生的过程非常复杂;它开始于精原细胞的更新，然后进行精原细胞的增殖到减数分裂，两次减数分裂减少分裂和精子发生，在此过程中单倍体精子发育成精子。精子发生后，无功能的精子经过精子成熟的过程，成为成熟的精子，完全具有活力和受精能力。这些过程主要由性类固醇激素控制。精原细胞更新受雌激素控制;雌二醇-17β (E2)通过表达血小板来源的内皮细胞生长因子(PD-ECGF)。精原细胞向减数分裂的增殖是由雄激素启动的;由FSH刺激产生的11-酮睾酮(11-KT)。11-KT可以抑制抗勒氏激素(AMH)的表达，AMH的作用是抑制精原细胞的增殖，并诱导激活素B的表达，激活素B的作用是诱导精原细胞的增殖。减数分裂由黄体酮诱导;17α，20β-二羟基-4-妊娠-3- 1 (DHP)通过胰蛋白酶的作用。DHP还通过调节精浆pH值来调节精子成熟。

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引用次数: 30

Iron and Phytoplankton Growth in the Subarctic North Pacific 北太平洋亚北极的铁与浮游植物生长

Aqua-bioscience Monographs

Pub Date : 2011-10-15 DOI: 10.5047/ABSM.2011.00402.0041

S. Takeda

Iron availability has been shown to have potential controls on phytoplankton growth, nutrient utilization, algal community composition, and the ecosystem structure in the subarctic North Pacific. Recent findings on the lateral iron transport from the surrounding marginal regions to the pelagic waters highlighted the importance of particulate iron in the subarctic North Pacific, but the transformation between dissolved and particulate phases and its interaction with organic ligands are still uncertain. In spite of active researches in the subarctic high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) waters, significant impacts of Asian dust on the phytoplankton productivity have not been detected, suggesting spatial and temporal mismatch between the dust inputs and biological activities. Satisfaction of algal demands for both light and iron is a key for phytoplankton blooming in the HNLC waters. Surprisingly, the community half-saturation constant for growth with respect to iron was found to be similar between the western and eastern gyres; however, differences in the iron supply process and its availability in these two gyres seem to have developed unique phytoplankton populations. It is essential to evaluate iron transport processes that work on a time-scale needed for phytoplankton blooms, and further studies are needed at the central regions of the subarctic North Pacific.

铁的有效性已被证明对北太平洋亚北极浮游植物的生长、养分利用、藻类群落组成和生态系统结构具有潜在的控制作用。最近关于铁从周边边缘区域向远洋水域的横向运输的研究结果强调了颗粒铁在北太平洋亚北极地区的重要性，但其溶解相和颗粒相之间的转化及其与有机配体的相互作用仍然不确定。尽管对亚北极高硝酸盐、低叶绿素(HNLC)水域的研究非常活跃，但尚未发现亚洲粉尘对浮游植物生产力的显著影响，表明粉尘输入与生物活动存在时空不匹配。同时满足藻类对光和铁的需求是高低温水域浮游植物大量繁殖的关键。令人惊讶的是，群落生长的半饱和常数与铁有关，发现在东西环流之间是相似的;然而，这两个环流中铁供应过程及其可得性的差异似乎已经形成了独特的浮游植物种群。在浮游植物大量繁殖所需的时间尺度上评估铁运输过程至关重要，需要在北太平洋亚北极中部地区进行进一步的研究。

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引用次数: 24

The Growth Rates of Population Projection Matrix Models in Random Environments 随机环境下人口投影矩阵模型的增长率

Aqua-bioscience Monographs

Pub Date : 2011-10-15 DOI: 10.5047/ABSM.2011.00403.0095

T. Akamine, M. Suda

Population projection matrix models in random environments are random walk models. The growth rate of the mean population size, which is equal to the maximum eigenvalue of the mean matrix, is better than the average of the intrinsic rates of natural increase calculated by computer simulations, because the population size is more important than the growth rate. The arithmetic mean of the maximum eigenvalues of matrices for all permutations converges to the maximum eigenvalue of the mean matrix. The periodicity of environments is more important than the correlation between environments. Simple matrices and three numerical models are used as examples.

随机环境下的人口投影矩阵模型是随机游走模型。平均人口规模的增长率等于平均矩阵的最大特征值，它优于计算机模拟计算的自然增长率的平均值，因为人口规模比增长率更重要。所有排列的矩阵的最大特征值的算术平均值收敛于平均矩阵的最大特征值。环境的周期性比环境之间的相关性更重要。以简单矩阵和三种数值模型为例。

引用次数: 1

Fundamental Studies oninvivoandinvitroPearl Formation—Contribution of Outer Epithelial Cells of Pearl Oyster Mantle and Pearl Sacs 内、体外珍珠形成的基础研究——珠贝被膜和珍珠囊外上皮细胞的作用

Aqua-bioscience Monographs

Pub Date : 2011-09-16 DOI: 10.5047/ABSM.2011.00401.0001

M. Awaji, A. Machii

Outer epithelial cells, which constitute a monolayer epithelium covering the outer surface of pearl oyster mantle, play principal roles in shell and pearl formation. In pearl culture, a fragment of the mantle prepared from a donor is implanted into the recipient’s gonad together with a small inorganic bead. Histological studies using pearl oyster Pinctada fucata have revealed that the outer epithelial cells emigrate from the allograft, proliferate, and form a pearl sac surrounding the bead. Following the pearl-sac formation, the pearl-sac epithelia start to form calcium carbonate crystals, such as nacre, on the bead showing morphological characteristics closely related with the crystal structures. To investigate cellular mechanisms of the pearl formation, organ and cell culture methods for the outer epithelial cells of pearl oyster mantle were developed. In the organ culture, crystal formation, deposition of shell matrix-like structure, and DNA synthesis of the outer epithelial cells were observed. The outer epithelial cells separated from the mantle started DNA synthesis in co-culture with hemocytes that revealed a part of cellto-cell interactions during the pearl-sac formation processes. Substitution of the cultured outer epithelial cells for a mantle allograft in pearl culture was tested by injection of the cultured cells; the results of which implied future possibilities for the application of the cultured outer epithelial cells for pearl production.

外上皮细胞是覆盖在珍珠贝外表面的单层上皮，在贝壳和珍珠的形成中起主要作用。在珍珠培养中，从供体中提取的一小片外膜与一颗小的无机珠一起植入受者的性腺。对fucata珠贝的组织学研究表明，外皮上皮细胞从同种异体移植物中迁移、增殖并在珠珠周围形成珍珠囊。珠囊形成后，珠囊上皮开始在珠珠上形成珠光质等碳酸钙晶体，其形态特征与珠囊结构密切相关。为了研究珍珠形成的细胞机制，研究了珍珠贝被膜外上皮细胞的器官和细胞培养方法。在器官培养中，观察到外上皮细胞的晶体形成、壳基质样结构沉积和DNA合成。从套膜中分离出来的外上皮细胞与血细胞共培养开始DNA合成，揭示了珠囊形成过程中细胞间相互作用的一部分。用体外培养的上皮细胞注射法，对珍珠胚套异体移植物取代体外培养的外上皮细胞进行了实验研究;这一结果预示了体外培养的上皮细胞在珍珠生产中的应用前景。

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引用次数: 37