Pub Date : 2009-07-08DOI: 10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-21
R. Hoekstra, J. Breuker, M. Bello, A. Boer
In this paper we describe a legal core ontology that is part of the Legal Knowledge Interchange Format: a knowledge representation formalism that enables the translation of legal knowledge bases written in different representation formats and formalisms. A legal (core) ontology can play an important role in the translation of existing legal knowledge bases to other representation formats, in particular as the basis for articulate knowledge serving. This requires that the ontology has a firm grounding in commonsense and is developed in a principled manner. We describe the theory and methodology underlying the LKIF core ontology, compare it with other ontologies, introduce the concepts it defines, and discuss its use in the formalisation of an EU directive.
{"title":"LKIF Core: Principled Ontology Development for the Legal Domain","authors":"R. Hoekstra, J. Breuker, M. Bello, A. Boer","doi":"10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-21","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we describe a legal core ontology that is part of the Legal Knowledge Interchange Format: a knowledge representation formalism that enables the translation of legal knowledge bases written in different representation formats and formalisms. A legal (core) ontology can play an important role in the translation of existing legal knowledge bases to other representation formats, in particular as the basis for articulate knowledge serving. This requires that the ontology has a firm grounding in commonsense and is developed in a principled manner. We describe the theory and methodology underlying the LKIF core ontology, compare it with other ontologies, introduce the concepts it defines, and discuss its use in the formalisation of an EU directive.","PeriodicalId":186567,"journal":{"name":"Law, Ontologies and the Semantic Web","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126886507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-07-08DOI: 10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-95
Stephan Walter, Manfred Pinkal
This paper deals with the use of computational linguistic analysis techniques for information access and ontology learning within the legal domain. We present a rule-based approach for extracting and analysing definitions from parsed text and evaluate it on a corpus of about 6000 German court decisions. The results are applied to improve the quality of a text based ontology learning method on this corpus. This paper describes research within the project CORTE funded by the German Science Foundation, DFG PI 154/10-1 (http://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/projects/corte/)
本文讨论了在法律领域中使用计算语言分析技术进行信息访问和本体学习。我们提出了一种基于规则的方法，用于从解析文本中提取和分析定义，并在大约6000个德国法院判决的语料库上对其进行评估。研究结果用于提高基于文本的本体学习方法在该语料库上的质量。本文描述了由德国科学基金会DFG PI 154/10-1 (http://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/projects/corte/)资助的CORTE项目中的研究。
{"title":"Definitions in Court Decisions - Automatic Extraction and Ontology Acquisition","authors":"Stephan Walter, Manfred Pinkal","doi":"10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-95","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the use of computational linguistic analysis techniques for information access and ontology learning within the legal domain. We present a rule-based approach for extracting and analysing definitions from parsed text and evaluate it on a corpus of about 6000 German court decisions. The results are applied to improve the quality of a text based ontology learning method on this corpus. This paper describes research within the project CORTE funded by the German Science Foundation, DFG PI 154/10-1 (http://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/projects/corte/)","PeriodicalId":186567,"journal":{"name":"Law, Ontologies and the Semantic Web","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131457708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-07-08DOI: 10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-133
Cássia Trojahn dos Santos, P. Quaresma, R. Vieira
Law information retrieval systems use law ontologies to represent semantic objects, to associate them with law documents and to make inferences about them. A number of law ontologies have been proposed in the literature, what shows the variety of approaches pointing to the need of matching systems. We present a proposal based on argumentation to match law ontologies, as an approach to be considered for this problem. Argumentation is used to combine different techniques for ontology matching. Such approaches are encapsulated by agents that apply individual matching algorithms and cooperate in order to exchange their local results (arguments). Next, based on their preferences and confidence, the agents compute their preferred matching sets. The arguments in such preferred sets are viewed as the set of globally acceptable arguments. We show the applicability of our model matching two legal core ontologies: LKIF and CLO.
{"title":"Matching Law Ontologies using an Extended Argumentation Framework based on Confidence Degrees","authors":"Cássia Trojahn dos Santos, P. Quaresma, R. Vieira","doi":"10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-133","url":null,"abstract":"Law information retrieval systems use law ontologies to represent semantic objects, to associate them with law documents and to make inferences about them. A number of law ontologies have been proposed in the literature, what shows the variety of approaches pointing to the need of matching systems. We present a proposal based on argumentation to match law ontologies, as an approach to be considered for this problem. Argumentation is used to combine different techniques for ontology matching. Such approaches are encapsulated by agents that apply individual matching algorithms and cooperate in order to exchange their local results (arguments). Next, based on their preferences and confidence, the agents compute their preferred matching sets. The arguments in such preferred sets are viewed as the set of globally acceptable arguments. We show the applicability of our model matching two legal core ontologies: LKIF and CLO.","PeriodicalId":186567,"journal":{"name":"Law, Ontologies and the Semantic Web","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123450364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-07-08DOI: 10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-177
T. Agnoloni, L. Bacci, E. Francesconi, Wim Peters, S. Montemagni, Giulia Venturi
The quality of legislative drafting process at European and national levels is highly influenced by the legal drafters control over the multilingual complexity of European legislation and over the linguistic and conceptual issues involved in its transposition into national laws. The DALOS project aims at ensuring coherence and alignment in the legislative language, providing law-makers with a knowledge (ontological-linguistic) resource and knowledge management tools to support the multilingual legislative drafting process. This paper outlines the activities within DALOS, aiming at the definition of the characteristics of a the knowledge resource, at its implementation, at its integration in a legislative drafting environment for the project prototype.
{"title":"A two-level knowledge approach to support multilingual legislative drafting","authors":"T. Agnoloni, L. Bacci, E. Francesconi, Wim Peters, S. Montemagni, Giulia Venturi","doi":"10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-177","url":null,"abstract":"The quality of legislative drafting process at European and national levels is highly influenced by the legal drafters control over the multilingual complexity of European legislation and over the linguistic and conceptual issues involved in its transposition into national laws. The DALOS project aims at ensuring coherence and alignment in the legislative language, providing law-makers with a knowledge (ontological-linguistic) resource and knowledge management tools to support the multilingual legislative drafting process. This paper outlines the activities within DALOS, aiming at the definition of the characteristics of a the knowledge resource, at its implementation, at its integration in a legislative drafting environment for the project prototype.","PeriodicalId":186567,"journal":{"name":"Law, Ontologies and the Semantic Web","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130365645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-07-08DOI: 10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-115
Raquel Mochales Palau, Marie-Francine Moens
The automatic detection of arguments in text regards a relatively new area at the intersection of Natural Language Processing, Information Retrieval and Legal Information Systems. This paper presents some fundamental issues when processing texts that contain argumentation. Furthermore, our research bridges different areas, including the legal field and the Semantic Web, where argumentation detection and reconstruction could be beneficial. Finally, it analyses several methodologies to accomplish this task, providing results from different experiments done over several kinds of texts, specially legal reports.
{"title":"Automatic Argumentation Detection and its Role in Law and the Semantic Web","authors":"Raquel Mochales Palau, Marie-Francine Moens","doi":"10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-115","url":null,"abstract":"The automatic detection of arguments in text regards a relatively new area at the intersection of Natural Language Processing, Information Retrieval and Legal Information Systems. This paper presents some fundamental issues when processing texts that contain argumentation. Furthermore, our research bridges different areas, including the legal field and the Semantic Web, where argumentation detection and reconstruction could be beneficial. Finally, it analyses several methodologies to accomplish this task, providing results from different experiments done over several kinds of texts, specially legal reports.","PeriodicalId":186567,"journal":{"name":"Law, Ontologies and the Semantic Web","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133494186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-07-08DOI: 10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-75
Alessandro Lenci, S. Montemagni, Vito Pirrelli, Giulia Venturi
The paper reports on the methodology and preliminary results of a case study in automatically extracting ontological knowledge from Italian legislative texts. We use a fully--implemented ontology learning system (T2K) that includes a battery of tools for Natural Language Processing (NLP), statistical text analysis and machine language learning. Tools are dynamically integrated to provide an incremental representation of the content of vast repositories of unstructured documents. Evaluated results, however preliminary, show the great potential of NLP--powered incremental systems like T2K for accurate large--scale semi--automatic extraction of legal ontologies.
{"title":"Ontology learning from Italian legal texts","authors":"Alessandro Lenci, S. Montemagni, Vito Pirrelli, Giulia Venturi","doi":"10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-75","url":null,"abstract":"The paper reports on the methodology and preliminary results of a case study in automatically extracting ontological knowledge from Italian legislative texts. We use a fully--implemented ontology learning system (T2K) that includes a battery of tools for Natural Language Processing (NLP), statistical text analysis and machine language learning. Tools are dynamically integrated to provide an incremental representation of the content of vast repositories of unstructured documents. Evaluated results, however preliminary, show the great potential of NLP--powered incremental systems like T2K for accurate large--scale semi--automatic extraction of legal ontologies.","PeriodicalId":186567,"journal":{"name":"Law, Ontologies and the Semantic Web","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123104379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-07-08DOI: 10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-145
Roberto García, R. Gil
In order to extract the full potential from Internet-wide content sharing and reuse, the underlying copyright issues must be taken into account. The novel requirements are not satisfied by traditional Digital Rights Management. Open licensing initiatives seem more appropriate, but they lack the required computerised support. Our proposal facilitates interoperation while providing a rich framework that accommodates copyright law and copes with custom licensing schemes. It is based on the Description Logic variant of the Web Ontology Language (OWL-DL) and constitutes an ontology that conceptualizes the copyright domain. The ontology provides the building blocks for flexible machine-understandable licenses and facilitates implementation because DL reasoners can be directly used for license checking. However, some preliminary transformations of the licenses models are required in order to overcome the Open World Assumption inherent in OWL-DL, which limits DL-based license reasoning.
为了充分发挥互联网内容共享和重用的潜力，必须考虑潜在的版权问题。传统的数字版权管理无法满足这些新的需求。开放许可倡议似乎更合适，但它们缺乏必要的计算机化支持。我们的建议促进了互操作，同时提供了一个丰富的框架，以适应版权法和应对定制许可方案。它基于Web本体语言(OWL-DL)的描述逻辑变体，构成了一个概念化版权领域的本体。本体为灵活的机器可理解的许可证提供了构建块，并且便于实现，因为DL推理器可以直接用于许可证检查。然而，为了克服OWL-DL中固有的开放世界假设(Open World Assumption)，需要对许可模型进行一些初步的转换，这限制了基于dl的许可推理。
{"title":"Copyright Licenses Reasoning an OWL-DL Ontology","authors":"Roberto García, R. Gil","doi":"10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-145","url":null,"abstract":"In order to extract the full potential from Internet-wide content sharing and reuse, the underlying copyright issues must be taken into account. The novel requirements are not satisfied by traditional Digital Rights Management. Open licensing initiatives seem more appropriate, but they lack the required computerised support. Our proposal facilitates interoperation while providing a rich framework that accommodates copyright law and copes with custom licensing schemes. It is based on the Description Logic variant of the Web Ontology Language (OWL-DL) and constitutes an ontology that conceptualizes the copyright domain. The ontology provides the building blocks for flexible machine-understandable licenses and facilitates implementation because DL reasoners can be directly used for license checking. However, some preliminary transformations of the licenses models are required in order to overcome the Open World Assumption inherent in OWL-DL, which limits DL-based license reasoning.","PeriodicalId":186567,"journal":{"name":"Law, Ontologies and the Semantic Web","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126792106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-07-08DOI: 10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-53
Aldo Gangemi
Ontology design is known to be a difficult task, requiring much more than expertise in an area or competence in logic; legal ontology design, due to the complexity of its domain, makes those difficulties worse. This may be partly due to poor support for requirement analysis in existing tools, but there is also an inherent gap between the purely logical constructs and methods that are expected to be used, and the actual competences and thought habits of legal domain experts. This paper presents some solutions, based on ontology design patterns, which are intended to make life of legal ontology designers easier. An overview of the typical tasks and services for legal knowledge is presented, the notion of ontology design pattern is introduced, and some excerpts of a reference ontology (CLO) and its related patterns are included, showing their utility in a simple legal modeling case.
{"title":"Introducing pattern-based design for legal ontologies","authors":"Aldo Gangemi","doi":"10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-53","url":null,"abstract":"Ontology design is known to be a difficult task, requiring much more than expertise in an area or competence in logic; legal ontology design, due to the complexity of its domain, makes those difficulties worse. This may be partly due to poor support for requirement analysis in existing tools, but there is also an inherent gap between the purely logical constructs and methods that are expected to be used, and the actual competences and thought habits of legal domain experts. This paper presents some solutions, based on ontology design patterns, which are intended to make life of legal ontology designers easier. An overview of the typical tasks and services for legal knowledge is presented, the notion of ontology design pattern is introduced, and some excerpts of a reference ontology (CLO) and its related patterns are included, showing their utility in a simple legal modeling case.","PeriodicalId":186567,"journal":{"name":"Law, Ontologies and the Semantic Web","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134270520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-07-08DOI: 10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-199
Pompeu Casanovas, Xavier Binefa, C. Gracia, Emma Teodoro, Núria Galera, M. Blázquez, M. Poblet, J. Carrabina, M. Montón, Carlos Montero, Javier Serrano, José Manuel López Cobo
Search, retrieval, and management of multimedia contents are challenging tasks for users and researchers alike. We introduce a software-hardware system for the global management of the multimedia contents produced by Spanish Civil Courts. The ultimate goal is to obtain an automatic classification of images and segments of the audiovisual records that, coupled with textual semantics, allows an efficient navigation and retrieval of judicial documents and additional legal sources. This paper describes our knowledge acquisition process, sets a typology of Spanish Civil hearings as performed in practice, and a preliminary procedural ontology at its actual stage of development (e-Sentencias ontology). A discussion on procedural, contextual and multimedia ontologies is also provided.
{"title":"The e-Sentencias Prototype: A Procedural Ontology for Legal Multimedia Applications in the Spanish Civil Courts","authors":"Pompeu Casanovas, Xavier Binefa, C. Gracia, Emma Teodoro, Núria Galera, M. Blázquez, M. Poblet, J. Carrabina, M. Montón, Carlos Montero, Javier Serrano, José Manuel López Cobo","doi":"10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-199","url":null,"abstract":"Search, retrieval, and management of multimedia contents are challenging tasks for users and researchers alike. We introduce a software-hardware system for the global management of the multimedia contents produced by Spanish Civil Courts. The ultimate goal is to obtain an automatic classification of images and segments of the audiovisual records that, coupled with textual semantics, allows an efficient navigation and retrieval of judicial documents and additional legal sources. This paper describes our knowledge acquisition process, sets a typology of Spanish Civil hearings as performed in practice, and a preliminary procedural ontology at its actual stage of development (e-Sentencias ontology). A discussion on procedural, contextual and multimedia ontologies is also provided.","PeriodicalId":186567,"journal":{"name":"Law, Ontologies and the Semantic Web","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114624779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-07-08DOI: 10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-3
J. Breuker, Pompeu Casanovas, M. Klein, E. Francesconi
Information search and retrieval are part of daily routines of the legal profession. Lawyers, judges, prosecutors, and legal clerks usually access a number of electronic resources to browse, search, select, or update legal contents. Legal databases have currently become large digital libraries where the tasks related to information-seeking may sometimes be cumbersome. Adding semantics to support information search may provide significant results in terms of efficiency, efficacy, and user satisfaction. Semantic technologies may be able to improve legal information search in the judicial and lawyers' domains. However, legal professionals sometimes prefer following routines than changing their information search behavior. New trends in legal ontologies and Semantic Web technologies may help to improve both professional and laymen's skills.
{"title":"The Flood, the Channels and the Dykes: Managing Legal Information in a Globalized and Digital World","authors":"J. Breuker, Pompeu Casanovas, M. Klein, E. Francesconi","doi":"10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-58603-942-4-3","url":null,"abstract":"Information search and retrieval are part of daily routines of the legal profession. Lawyers, judges, prosecutors, and legal clerks usually access a number of electronic resources to browse, search, select, or update legal contents. Legal databases have currently become large digital libraries where the tasks related to information-seeking may sometimes be cumbersome. Adding semantics to support information search may provide significant results in terms of efficiency, efficacy, and user satisfaction. Semantic technologies may be able to improve legal information search in the judicial and lawyers' domains. However, legal professionals sometimes prefer following routines than changing their information search behavior. New trends in legal ontologies and Semantic Web technologies may help to improve both professional and laymen's skills.","PeriodicalId":186567,"journal":{"name":"Law, Ontologies and the Semantic Web","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124608003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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