Melisa Ahmetović, H. Keran, I. Šestan, A. Odobašić, Asmira Čanić, Halid Junuzović, Nisveta Hrnjic
During the last few years, we have witnessed more frequent floods affecting the northeastern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the valley of the Spreca River. Flooded soil has undergone various changes, in terms of numerous deficiencies and heavy metal contamination, where such soil represents a great danger both for people and animals. Therefore, in this paper the physicochemical analysis of soil and degree of pollution is determined. The aim of soil sampling and analysis is to determine its status after water withdrawal, in terms of nutrient supply, and to determine possible chemical pollution. Based on the results obtained, agricultural producers will receive recommendations regarding restoration of production on these areas, the choice of cultivated culture, corrective measures or remediation of these areas. As part of the analysis, hygroscopic moisture, acid-base soil status, oxidoreduction potential, organic matter content, carbonate content and heavy metals content were determined. Based on the performed analyzes, the soil was shown to be of neutral character (determined in 1M KCl), and weakly alkaline (determined in distilled H2O) with predominantly reducing condition prevailing in the soil. The conducted analyzes have shown that the soil is very poor in humus, and that the heavy metals content is within the limit values determined by the Rulebook on Determination of Allowed Quantities of Harmful and Dangerous Substances in Soil and Method of Testing there of (“Official Gazette of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina”, number 52/09). Therefore, from the aspect of the pollution degree, the soil from this plot belongs to the first class when it comes to iron, manganese, cadmium and lead, to the second class when it comes to zinc, and the third class when it comes to copper.
{"title":"Influence of the Spreča River Flooding on Individual Physicochemical Parameters of Soil","authors":"Melisa Ahmetović, H. Keran, I. Šestan, A. Odobašić, Asmira Čanić, Halid Junuzović, Nisveta Hrnjic","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3616599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3616599","url":null,"abstract":"During the last few years, we have witnessed more frequent floods affecting the northeastern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the valley of the Spreca River. Flooded soil has undergone various changes, in terms of numerous deficiencies and heavy metal contamination, where such soil represents a great danger both for people and animals. Therefore, in this paper the physicochemical analysis of soil and degree of pollution is determined. The aim of soil sampling and analysis is to determine its status after water withdrawal, in terms of nutrient supply, and to determine possible chemical pollution. Based on the results obtained, agricultural producers will receive recommendations regarding restoration of production on these areas, the choice of cultivated culture, corrective measures or remediation of these areas. \u0000 \u0000As part of the analysis, hygroscopic moisture, acid-base soil status, oxidoreduction potential, organic matter content, carbonate content and heavy metals content were determined. Based on the performed analyzes, the soil was shown to be of neutral character (determined in 1M KCl), and weakly alkaline (determined in distilled H2O) with predominantly reducing condition prevailing in the soil. The conducted analyzes have shown that the soil is very poor in humus, and that the heavy metals content is within the limit values determined by the Rulebook on Determination of Allowed Quantities of Harmful and Dangerous Substances in Soil and Method of Testing there of (“Official Gazette of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina”, number 52/09). Therefore, from the aspect of the pollution degree, the soil from this plot belongs to the first class when it comes to iron, manganese, cadmium and lead, to the second class when it comes to zinc, and the third class when it comes to copper.","PeriodicalId":188091,"journal":{"name":"Systems Ecology eJournal","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115456555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-25DOI: 10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.12044799
Polina Lemenkova
The presented research aimed to perform geophysical modelling (gravity and geoid) and to evaluate the spatio-temporal variation of the marine geological data (distribution and depth of earthquakes) using combination of the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) and available sources from the International Seismological Centre (ISC-EHB) that produce data on earthquakes as part of seismic survey and regional research projects. The target study area is a Philippine Sea basin (PSB) with two focused marginal areas: Philippine Trench and Mariana Trench, two hadal trenches located in the places of the tectonic plates subduction. Marine free-air gravity anomaly in the PSP shows higher values (>80 mGal) of the gravity fields structure at the volcanic areas and Philippine archipelago. Current study presented comparative geophysical analysis, and mapping free-air gravity and geoid in the Philippine Sea basin area. As a result of this study, the average level of earthquakes located in the Philippine Trench and Mariana Trench areas were compared, and those located in the Philippine archipelago are determined to be in the souther-western part (area of west Mindanao, south-west Visayas islands), while Luzon Islands shown shallower located earthquakes. The results on the Mariana Trench segment shown shallower located earthquakes compared of the other marginal regions of the Philippine Sea Basin. Current paper contributes to the studies on natural hazards through visualization and analysis of the earthquakes activities (occurrence and magnitude intensity), due to increasing interest to the problems of seismicity in the Pacific Ocean, which may have environmental effects causing harmful consequences and possible risks for coastal population of the Philippine islands through aftershocks and tsunami.
{"title":"Visualization of the Geophysical Settings in the Philippine Sea Margins by Means of GMT and ISC Data","authors":"Polina Lemenkova","doi":"10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.12044799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.12044799","url":null,"abstract":"The presented research aimed to perform geophysical modelling (gravity and geoid) and to evaluate the spatio-temporal variation of the marine geological data (distribution and depth of earthquakes) using combination of the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) and available sources from the International Seismological Centre (ISC-EHB) that produce data on earthquakes as part of seismic survey and regional research projects. The target study area is a Philippine Sea basin (PSB) with two focused marginal areas: Philippine Trench and Mariana Trench, two hadal trenches located in the places of the tectonic plates subduction. Marine free-air gravity anomaly in the PSP shows higher values (>80 mGal) of the gravity fields structure at the volcanic areas and Philippine archipelago. Current study presented comparative geophysical analysis, and mapping free-air gravity and geoid in the Philippine Sea basin area. As a result of this study, the average level of earthquakes located in the Philippine Trench and Mariana Trench areas were compared, and those located in the Philippine archipelago are determined to be in the souther-western part (area of west Mindanao, south-west Visayas islands), while Luzon Islands shown shallower located earthquakes. The results on the Mariana Trench segment shown shallower located earthquakes compared of the other marginal regions of the Philippine Sea Basin. Current paper contributes to the studies on natural hazards through visualization and analysis of the earthquakes activities (occurrence and magnitude intensity), due to increasing interest to the problems of seismicity in the Pacific Ocean, which may have environmental effects causing harmful consequences and possible risks for coastal population of the Philippine islands through aftershocks and tsunami.","PeriodicalId":188091,"journal":{"name":"Systems Ecology eJournal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126364236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Countries around the world require ambitious and effective policy instruments to mitigate climate change. Yet, many governments have struggled to pass efficient, economy-wide carbon prices. Instead, climate reforms often comprise hybrid policy instruments that bundle pricing, regulatory, and subsidy-based measures in a complex distributive bargain between producers, consumers, and government actors. Here, we estimate the causal effect of one major hybrid climate reform - the United Kingdom's 2001 Climate Change Programme (CCP) - on the country's carbon pollution trajectory. Using synthetic control methods, we show that, in 2005, the UK's CO2 emissions were 9.8% lower relative to what they would have been if the CCP had not been passed. Our results offer empirical confirmation that hybrid policy instruments can unilaterally reduce domestic carbon pollution, even after making concessions to producers, and in the absence of a legally binding global climate treaty.
{"title":"Hybrid Climate Policy Instruments Can Substantially Reduce National Carbon Pollution","authors":"Alice Lépissier, M. Mildenberger","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3549050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3549050","url":null,"abstract":"Countries around the world require ambitious and effective policy instruments to mitigate climate change. Yet, many governments have struggled to pass efficient, economy-wide carbon prices. Instead, climate reforms often comprise hybrid policy instruments that bundle pricing, regulatory, and subsidy-based measures in a complex distributive bargain between producers, consumers, and government actors. Here, we estimate the causal effect of one major hybrid climate reform - the United Kingdom's 2001 Climate Change Programme (CCP) - on the country's carbon pollution trajectory. Using synthetic control methods, we show that, in 2005, the UK's CO2 emissions were 9.8% lower relative to what they would have been if the CCP had not been passed. Our results offer empirical confirmation that hybrid policy instruments can unilaterally reduce domestic carbon pollution, even after making concessions to producers, and in the absence of a legally binding global climate treaty.","PeriodicalId":188091,"journal":{"name":"Systems Ecology eJournal","volume":"494 1-2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134131952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-19DOI: 10.28978/nesciences.691708
Polina Lemenkova
This manuscript summarizes the results of the geospatial analysis undertaken by means of Generic Mapping Tools (GMT). The comparative assessment of the bathymetry of the Kuril-Kamchatka hadal trench was performed for southern and northern segments separated by the Bussol Strait. The formation of the hadal trench is affected by the impacts of local geological and geophysical settings varying along the trench. The methodological approach is as follows. The profiling was undertaken using GMT modules ‘grdimage’, ‘grdtrack’ and ‘psxy’. The modelling consists of the collected data of 10706 observation samples from 52 profiles in southern part and 12726 from 62 profiles in the northern segment. The GMT modules ‘psrose’ and ‘pshistograms’ were used to plot histograms and rose diagrams visualizing bathymetric variables of depths. The geology was mapped using GMT modules ‘pscoast’, ‘grdcut’, ‘grdcontour’ and ‘psxy’ to plot lineaments and geological objects (ophiolites, faults, earthquakes, trench, magnetic anomalies, tectonic slabs, fracture zones and volcanoes). The base map is based on the ETOPO Global Relief Model. The comparison of the bathymetry shown variations in the northern and southern segments: southern part reaches -8,200 m maximal depths while northern has -7,800 m. This is influenced by the geological settings: earthquakes magnitude and seismisity are higher in the south-west. The submarine terraces and floodplains were observed at -4000 m depth forming landforms located southwards off the Bussol Strait. This geospatial analysis contributes to the development of the geological mapping with an example of the Kamchatka area, a region with high seismisity and repeated earthquakes.
{"title":"GMT-Based Geological Mapping and Assessment of the Bathymetric Variations of the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, Pacific Ocean","authors":"Polina Lemenkova","doi":"10.28978/nesciences.691708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28978/nesciences.691708","url":null,"abstract":"This manuscript summarizes the results of the geospatial analysis undertaken by means of Generic Mapping Tools (GMT). The comparative assessment of the bathymetry of the Kuril-Kamchatka hadal trench was performed for southern and northern segments separated by the Bussol Strait. The formation of the hadal trench is affected by the impacts of local geological and geophysical settings varying along the trench. The methodological approach is as follows. The profiling was undertaken using GMT modules ‘grdimage’, ‘grdtrack’ and ‘psxy’. The modelling consists of the collected data of 10706 observation samples from 52 profiles in southern part and 12726 from 62 profiles in the northern segment. The GMT modules ‘psrose’ and ‘pshistograms’ were used to plot histograms and rose diagrams visualizing bathymetric variables of depths. The geology was mapped using GMT modules ‘pscoast’, ‘grdcut’, ‘grdcontour’ and ‘psxy’ to plot lineaments and geological objects (ophiolites, faults, earthquakes, trench, magnetic anomalies, tectonic slabs, fracture zones and volcanoes). The base map is based on the ETOPO Global Relief Model. The comparison of the bathymetry shown variations in the northern and southern segments: southern part reaches -8,200 m maximal depths while northern has -7,800 m. This is influenced by the geological settings: earthquakes magnitude and seismisity are higher in the south-west. The submarine terraces and floodplains were observed at -4000 m depth forming landforms located southwards off the Bussol Strait. This geospatial analysis contributes to the development of the geological mapping with an example of the Kamchatka area, a region with high seismisity and repeated earthquakes.","PeriodicalId":188091,"journal":{"name":"Systems Ecology eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128679556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Scyphers, M. Beck, Judy Haner, A. Keeler, C. Landry, Bret M. Webb, J. Grabowski
Nature-based strategies for erosion control and coastal protection, such as “living shorelines”, are rapidly gaining traction among conservation scientists and practitioners. Living shorelines are often described as environmentally preferable alternatives to traditional shoreline armoring, which degrades natural coastal habitats and contributes to biodiversity loss in coastal ecosystems. However, a transition away from traditional armoring along many residential coastlines has been slow. We studied the attitudes, beliefs, and decisions of waterfront homeowners with natural vs. armored shorelines with a focus on identifying effective incentives for implementing living shorelines and reversing coastal habitat loss. We show that while only 18% of homeowners with vertical walls would willingly transition to a living shoreline, a modest economic incentive during a key window of opportunity could potentially persuade approximately 40% to reconsider. Our study demonstrates the critical importance of understanding the social, economic, and environmental influences on individual landowner decisions to develop effective strategies for coastal habitat conservation and restoration along private shorelines.
{"title":"Designing Effective Incentives to Reverse Coastal Habitat Degradation along Residential Shorelines","authors":"S. Scyphers, M. Beck, Judy Haner, A. Keeler, C. Landry, Bret M. Webb, J. Grabowski","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3443243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3443243","url":null,"abstract":"Nature-based strategies for erosion control and coastal protection, such as “living shorelines”, are rapidly gaining traction among conservation scientists and practitioners. Living shorelines are often described as environmentally preferable alternatives to traditional shoreline armoring, which degrades natural coastal habitats and contributes to biodiversity loss in coastal ecosystems. However, a transition away from traditional armoring along many residential coastlines has been slow. We studied the attitudes, beliefs, and decisions of waterfront homeowners with natural vs. armored shorelines with a focus on identifying effective incentives for implementing living shorelines and reversing coastal habitat loss. We show that while only 18% of homeowners with vertical walls would willingly transition to a living shoreline, a modest economic incentive during a key window of opportunity could potentially persuade approximately 40% to reconsider. Our study demonstrates the critical importance of understanding the social, economic, and environmental influences on individual landowner decisions to develop effective strategies for coastal habitat conservation and restoration along private shorelines.","PeriodicalId":188091,"journal":{"name":"Systems Ecology eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130194629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-31DOI: 10.26417/EJME-2019.V2I2-68
Tarek Safwat Kabel, M. Bassim
By 2017, 128 countries have adopted renewable energy support policies, compared to just 48 countries in 2005. These policies played a crucial role in helping countries to shift from conventional energy to renewable energy by overcoming the barriers facing the development of renewable energy. This paper reviews the studies, which outlined the policies used by different governments to support the development of renewable energy, which includes: Tax incentives, Loans, Feed-in tariff, and Renewable portfolio standard. The literature review covers different studies that examined the impacts of renewable energy on economic growth, job creation, welfare, CO2 emissions, electricity prices, and fuel imports. Researches have used different methodological approaches, different periods, and different countries to examine the impacts of renewable energy. The studies found that the policies used were essential to shift to renewable energy substantially reduced carbon emission, and the majority concluded that renewable energy has a positive correlation with economic growth, job creation and welfare
{"title":"Literature Review of Renewable Energy Policies and Impacts","authors":"Tarek Safwat Kabel, M. Bassim","doi":"10.26417/EJME-2019.V2I2-68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26417/EJME-2019.V2I2-68","url":null,"abstract":"By 2017, 128 countries have adopted renewable energy support policies, compared to just 48 countries in 2005. These policies played a crucial role in helping countries to shift from conventional energy to renewable energy by overcoming the barriers facing the development of renewable energy. This paper reviews the studies, which outlined the policies used by different governments to support the development of renewable energy, which includes: Tax incentives, Loans, Feed-in tariff, and Renewable portfolio standard. The literature review covers different studies that examined the impacts of renewable energy on economic growth, job creation, welfare, CO2 emissions, electricity prices, and fuel imports. Researches have used different methodological approaches, different periods, and different countries to examine the impacts of renewable energy. The studies found that the policies used were essential to shift to renewable energy substantially reduced carbon emission, and the majority concluded that renewable energy has a positive correlation with economic growth, job creation and welfare","PeriodicalId":188091,"journal":{"name":"Systems Ecology eJournal","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128574246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Major climate-cum-energy policies and respective impact projections rest on the widespread belief that increased energy efficiency can be equated with savings in energy use and emissions. This belief is flawed. Due to the rebound effect emissions savings from energy efficiency improvements will be generally less than what is technically feasible, or even be reversed. By means of an analytical general equilibrium model we demonstrate the latter to be true in a case that is both stark and relevant: if electricity generation is subject to a cap-and-trade scheme with partial coverage, increased efficiency of electric devices leads unambiguously to increased carbon emissions. The result implies that a proper distinction between the energy rebound and the carbon rebound is warranted, and that public policy must carefully consider the interactions between energy efficiency promotion and carbon pricing.
{"title":"Energy Efficiency Promotion Backfires Under Cap-and-Trade","authors":"Johannes Jarke-Neuert, Grischa Perino","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3356483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3356483","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Major climate-cum-energy policies and respective impact projections rest on the widespread belief that increased energy efficiency can be equated with savings in energy use and emissions. This belief is flawed. Due to the rebound effect emissions savings from energy efficiency improvements will be generally less than what is technically feasible, or even be reversed. By means of an analytical general equilibrium model we demonstrate the latter to be true in a case that is both stark and relevant: if electricity generation is subject to a cap-and-trade scheme with partial coverage, increased efficiency of electric devices leads unambiguously to increased carbon emissions. The result implies that a proper distinction between the energy rebound and the carbon rebound is warranted, and that public policy must carefully consider the interactions between energy efficiency promotion and carbon pricing.","PeriodicalId":188091,"journal":{"name":"Systems Ecology eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130622357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the world population increases, the availability of fossil fuel decreases day-to-day, in this scenario we must deploy new alternative sources of energy and available sources can be used more efficiently. This study has discussed the diesel fuel mix with n-butanol in the four-stroke C. I. engine. This fuel contains n-butanol. Hence it controls atmospheric exhaust emission compared to take pure diesel fuel. N-butanol is the good cooling specialist by the mixing of n-butanol the Nitrous Oxide will be decreased. For this mixing, the brake thermal efficiency, exhaust emission and brake specific fuel consumption characteristics are investigated. The gas emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide (CO2), Nitrous Oxide and hydrocarbons (HC) are estimated by the utilization of AVL smoke meter. A mixture of Biodiesel and diesel was prepared in standard Butanol05, Butanol 10, Butanol 15, Butanol 20 and Butanol 30. Butanol05 means the mixture of 05% n-butanol and the remaining 95% volume of diesel. An experiment was performed with the pure diesel and Butanol 05, Butanol10, Butanol15, Butanol20 and Butanol30 fuel. The performance parameters evaluated included brake thermal efficiency for this blended fuel, exhaust emission characteristics and brake specific fuel consumption, Results was compared with Diesel mixing with n- butanol fuel and pure Diesel fuel. The experiment performed on single cylinder Compression Ignition Engine.
{"title":"Execution Analysis of Four Stroke C.I. Engine by Utilizing the N-Butanol Blend Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emission","authors":"Ramjee Prajapati, Rajak Roopkishor","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3350969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3350969","url":null,"abstract":"As the world population increases, the availability of fossil fuel decreases day-to-day, in this scenario we must deploy new alternative sources of energy and available sources can be used more efficiently. This study has discussed the diesel fuel mix with n-butanol in the four-stroke C. I. engine. This fuel contains n-butanol. Hence it controls atmospheric exhaust emission compared to take pure diesel fuel. N-butanol is the good cooling specialist by the mixing of n-butanol the Nitrous Oxide will be decreased. For this mixing, the brake thermal efficiency, exhaust emission and brake specific fuel consumption characteristics are investigated. The gas emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide (CO2), Nitrous Oxide and hydrocarbons (HC) are estimated by the utilization of AVL smoke meter. A mixture of Biodiesel and diesel was prepared in standard Butanol05, Butanol 10, Butanol 15, Butanol 20 and Butanol 30. Butanol05 means the mixture of 05% n-butanol and the remaining 95% volume of diesel. An experiment was performed with the pure diesel and Butanol 05, Butanol10, Butanol15, Butanol20 and Butanol30 fuel. The performance parameters evaluated included brake thermal efficiency for this blended fuel, exhaust emission characteristics and brake specific fuel consumption, Results was compared with Diesel mixing with n- butanol fuel and pure Diesel fuel. The experiment performed on single cylinder Compression Ignition Engine.","PeriodicalId":188091,"journal":{"name":"Systems Ecology eJournal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133151159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Kube, Kathrine von Graevenitz, A. Löschel, Philipp Massier
Voluntary environmental management programs for firms have become an increasingly popular instrument of environmental policy. However, the literature's conclusion on the effectiveness of such programs is ambiguous, and for the European region there is a lack of evidence based on a large control group. We seek to fill this gap with an evaluation of the Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS), introduced in 1995 by the European Union as a premium certification of continuous pro-environmental efforts above regulatory minimum standards. It is more demanding than other voluntary programs due to annual public reports of the environmental performance and targets for improvements. We use official firm-level production census data on the German manufacturing sector, a major energy consumer and emitter in Europe. To account for the self-selection of firms, we combine the Coarsened Exact Matching approach with a Difference-in-Differences estimation. Our results do not suggest reductions of firms' CO2 intensity and energy intensity neither before nor after certification. Moreover, program participants do not increase renewable energy consumption or investments into the protection of the environment and climate. Our results are robust to a variety of checks and call into question the effectiveness of the EMAS program concerning these particular outcome variables.
{"title":"Do Voluntary Environmental Programs Reduce Emissions? EMAS in the German Manufacturing Sector","authors":"R. Kube, Kathrine von Graevenitz, A. Löschel, Philipp Massier","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3337589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3337589","url":null,"abstract":"Voluntary environmental management programs for firms have become an increasingly popular instrument of environmental policy. However, the literature's conclusion on the effectiveness of such programs is ambiguous, and for the European region there is a lack of evidence based on a large control group. We seek to fill this gap with an evaluation of the Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS), introduced in 1995 by the European Union as a premium certification of continuous pro-environmental efforts above regulatory minimum standards. It is more demanding than other voluntary programs due to annual public reports of the environmental performance and targets for improvements. We use official firm-level production census data on the German manufacturing sector, a major energy consumer and emitter in Europe. To account for the self-selection of firms, we combine the Coarsened Exact Matching approach with a Difference-in-Differences estimation. Our results do not suggest reductions of firms' CO2 intensity and energy intensity neither before nor after certification. Moreover, program participants do not increase renewable energy consumption or investments into the protection of the environment and climate. Our results are robust to a variety of checks and call into question the effectiveness of the EMAS program concerning these particular outcome variables.","PeriodicalId":188091,"journal":{"name":"Systems Ecology eJournal","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124493281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael S. Wolosin, Michele de Nevers, Kenneth G. Lay, Patricia A. Bliss-Guest
The Tropical Forest Finance Facility is a proposal to establish a pay-for-performance mechanism to finance reduced deforestation of tropical forests. The proposal would maximize the efficient use of public credit and builds on major technology breakthroughs for measuring results. This paper proposes a logical framework for understanding the current landscape of international forest finance to explore options for the potential role of the TFFF, and recommends pursuing it as a tropical forest public goods facility to support both development objectives and global public goods objectives. It explains proposed options for assessing performance and allocating returns to the TFFF to achieve these objectives.
{"title":"Creating a Multilateral Wealth Fund for a Global Public Good: Proposed Approach to Assessing Performance and Awarding Returns for a Tropical Forest Finance Facility","authors":"Michael S. Wolosin, Michele de Nevers, Kenneth G. Lay, Patricia A. Bliss-Guest","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3208866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3208866","url":null,"abstract":"The Tropical Forest Finance Facility is a proposal to establish a pay-for-performance mechanism to finance reduced deforestation of tropical forests. The proposal would maximize the efficient use of public credit and builds on major technology breakthroughs for measuring results. This paper proposes a logical framework for understanding the current landscape of international forest finance to explore options for the potential role of the TFFF, and recommends pursuing it as a tropical forest public goods facility to support both development objectives and global public goods objectives. It explains proposed options for assessing performance and allocating returns to the TFFF to achieve these objectives.","PeriodicalId":188091,"journal":{"name":"Systems Ecology eJournal","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133747784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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