Eva Weinstein,Katherine Lamba,Christian Bond,Vi Peralta,Michael Needham,Stephen Beam,Francine Arroyo,David Kiang,Yishi Chen,Seema Shah,Mark E Beatty,Stephen Klish,Akiko Kimura
Unpasteurized (raw) milk has been linked to foodborne illness outbreaks caused by Escherichia coli bacteria and certain species of Brucella, Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium, and Salmonella. In October 2023, the County of San Diego Health and Human Services Agency notified the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) of eight cases of salmonellosis in persons who reported consuming brand A raw milk, produced exclusively by dairy farm A. A total of 171 outbreak-associated Salmonella Typhimurium cases were identified through review of standardized salmonellosis case report forms and a search of PulseNet, CDC's national molecular subtyping network for enteric disease surveillance, followed by administration of a dairy-focused supplementary questionnaire. Most cases (98%) were identified in California; one case each was identified in four other states. Among the 171 cases, 120 (70%) cases and 18 (82%) of the cases requiring hospitalization were among children and adolescents aged <18 years. Among 159 patients confirmed to be infected with the outbreak strain, 55 (70%) of those with exposure data consumed brand A raw milk or heavy cream. Four of 40 samples collected from dairy farm A, retail stores, and patients' homes, including raw milk and raw milk cheese aged for 60 days, tested positive for the outbreak strain of S. Typhimurium by whole-genome sequencing. Dairy farm A voluntarily recalled raw milk and raw heavy cream 1 week after the initial outbreak identification. Commercially distributed raw dairy products have the potential to cause large and widespread infectious disease outbreaks. Public health authorities should continue to raise awareness of the risks associated with consuming raw dairy products, especially by persons at increased risk for severe disease from enteric pathogens, including children.
{"title":"Outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium Infections Linked to Commercially Distributed Raw Milk - California and Four Other States, September 2023-March 2024.","authors":"Eva Weinstein,Katherine Lamba,Christian Bond,Vi Peralta,Michael Needham,Stephen Beam,Francine Arroyo,David Kiang,Yishi Chen,Seema Shah,Mark E Beatty,Stephen Klish,Akiko Kimura","doi":"10.15585/mmwr.mm7427a1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7427a1","url":null,"abstract":"Unpasteurized (raw) milk has been linked to foodborne illness outbreaks caused by Escherichia coli bacteria and certain species of Brucella, Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium, and Salmonella. In October 2023, the County of San Diego Health and Human Services Agency notified the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) of eight cases of salmonellosis in persons who reported consuming brand A raw milk, produced exclusively by dairy farm A. A total of 171 outbreak-associated Salmonella Typhimurium cases were identified through review of standardized salmonellosis case report forms and a search of PulseNet, CDC's national molecular subtyping network for enteric disease surveillance, followed by administration of a dairy-focused supplementary questionnaire. Most cases (98%) were identified in California; one case each was identified in four other states. Among the 171 cases, 120 (70%) cases and 18 (82%) of the cases requiring hospitalization were among children and adolescents aged <18 years. Among 159 patients confirmed to be infected with the outbreak strain, 55 (70%) of those with exposure data consumed brand A raw milk or heavy cream. Four of 40 samples collected from dairy farm A, retail stores, and patients' homes, including raw milk and raw milk cheese aged for 60 days, tested positive for the outbreak strain of S. Typhimurium by whole-genome sequencing. Dairy farm A voluntarily recalled raw milk and raw heavy cream 1 week after the initial outbreak identification. Commercially distributed raw dairy products have the potential to cause large and widespread infectious disease outbreaks. Public health authorities should continue to raise awareness of the risks associated with consuming raw dairy products, especially by persons at increased risk for severe disease from enteric pathogens, including children.","PeriodicalId":18931,"journal":{"name":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report","volume":"39 1","pages":"433-438"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144700996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a psychoactive substance found in Cannabis sativa plants, including varieties such as hemp, is increasingly being used in consumer products. On October 24, 2024, local emergency medical services reported to Public Health Madison & Dane County (PHMDC) in Wisconsin that since October 22, they had transported seven persons to a local hospital for various symptoms, including dizziness, sleepiness, and anxiety. All seven persons reported having recently eaten food from the same local restaurant. Investigation by PHMDC determined that on October 22, the restaurant had run out of cooking oil and used oil from a cooperative (i.e., shared) kitchen located in the same building. One of the vendors who used the kitchen made edible products using hemp-derived Δ9-THC. On October 24, PHMDC posted a food and symptom history questionnaire on its website and shared the link via press release and social media. Among 107 responses that were considered valid, 85 persons met the following case definition of THC intoxication: 1) ate pizza, garlic bread, cheese bread, or a grinder (submarine sandwich) purchased from the restaurant during October 22-24 and 2) reported at least one symptom of THC intoxication that began within 5 hours after eating the restaurant's food, defined as dizziness, sleepiness, anxiety, short term memory impact or time distortion, increased heart rate, nausea, paranoia, panic attack, increased blood pressure, vomiting, or hallucinations. Clinicians and public health practitioners should be alert to the possibility of mass THC intoxication events via food. Health care providers, public health professionals, and emergency responders should consider THC intoxication in persons with sudden onset of symptoms such as dizziness, sleepiness, anxiety, altered reality perception, increased heart rate, nausea, or other symptoms of THC ingestion. Regulations regarding practices such as standard, clear labeling and locked storage for ingredients containing THC, might decrease the risk for unintentional THC exposure at licensed food businesses.
{"title":"Tetrahydrocannabinol Intoxication from Food at a Restaurant - Wisconsin, October 2024.","authors":"Amanda Kita-Yarbro,Stefanie Moccero,Katie Brobston,Jacob Goebel,Janice Block Banks,Christy Vogt,Casey Schumann,Katarina M Grande,Julia Olsen,Bonnie Armstrong","doi":"10.15585/mmwr.mm7427a2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7427a2","url":null,"abstract":"Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a psychoactive substance found in Cannabis sativa plants, including varieties such as hemp, is increasingly being used in consumer products. On October 24, 2024, local emergency medical services reported to Public Health Madison & Dane County (PHMDC) in Wisconsin that since October 22, they had transported seven persons to a local hospital for various symptoms, including dizziness, sleepiness, and anxiety. All seven persons reported having recently eaten food from the same local restaurant. Investigation by PHMDC determined that on October 22, the restaurant had run out of cooking oil and used oil from a cooperative (i.e., shared) kitchen located in the same building. One of the vendors who used the kitchen made edible products using hemp-derived Δ9-THC. On October 24, PHMDC posted a food and symptom history questionnaire on its website and shared the link via press release and social media. Among 107 responses that were considered valid, 85 persons met the following case definition of THC intoxication: 1) ate pizza, garlic bread, cheese bread, or a grinder (submarine sandwich) purchased from the restaurant during October 22-24 and 2) reported at least one symptom of THC intoxication that began within 5 hours after eating the restaurant's food, defined as dizziness, sleepiness, anxiety, short term memory impact or time distortion, increased heart rate, nausea, paranoia, panic attack, increased blood pressure, vomiting, or hallucinations. Clinicians and public health practitioners should be alert to the possibility of mass THC intoxication events via food. Health care providers, public health professionals, and emergency responders should consider THC intoxication in persons with sudden onset of symptoms such as dizziness, sleepiness, anxiety, altered reality perception, increased heart rate, nausea, or other symptoms of THC ingestion. Regulations regarding practices such as standard, clear labeling and locked storage for ingredients containing THC, might decrease the risk for unintentional THC exposure at licensed food businesses.","PeriodicalId":18931,"journal":{"name":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report","volume":"115 1","pages":"439-442"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144700995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ingrid Hewitson,Amanda Tran,Alayna Younger,Rachel H Jervis
Rapid completion of routine patient interviews by public health practitioners is critical for disease control and prevention efforts; however, increasing numbers of cases of certain diseases, competing priorities, and limited public health resources have made interviewing patients increasingly challenging. The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment implemented and evaluated a combined text messaging and online survey protocol, with no telephone communication, to collect information from persons with Giardia infections. During September 2023-May 2024, English and Spanish text messages were sent to Colorado residents with laboratory-confirmed Giardia infections reported to the Colorado EpiTrax surveillance system, inviting them to opt in to an online survey. Persons who opted in received a unique survey link via text message. Opt-in and survey completion rates were evaluated by demographic characteristics, data quality, timeliness, and time saved by staff members. Among 305 persons with Giardia who received text messages, 131 (43%) opted in, 95 (73%) of whom completed the survey, for an overall survey completion rate of 31%. The highest survey completion rates were among adults aged 35-54 years (43%), White (34%) and non-Hispanic (33%) respondents, and those who lived in urban areas (32%). The majority (69%) of respondents completed the online survey within 1 day of receipt of the initial text message. In addition, the majority (93%-100%) of respondents answered 11 selected universal questions, and 90%-96% answered potentially sensitive questions (i.e., those on sexual history). The combined text messaging and online survey protocol facilitated more rapid contact with patients and required fewer resources than telephone interviews, saving public health staff members approximately 25 minutes per case and 40 hours overall. The protocol is flexible enough to accommodate shifting priorities and could be used to collect a wide variety of public health information (e.g., for symptom monitoring, contact tracing, and collecting vaccination or health information). Efforts to increase participation might result in higher response rates and improved efficiency and could facilitate an even quicker response.
{"title":"Evaluation of a Combined Text Messaging and Online Survey Protocol for Giardiasis Case Investigation - Colorado, September 2023-May 2024.","authors":"Ingrid Hewitson,Amanda Tran,Alayna Younger,Rachel H Jervis","doi":"10.15585/mmwr.mm7426a1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7426a1","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid completion of routine patient interviews by public health practitioners is critical for disease control and prevention efforts; however, increasing numbers of cases of certain diseases, competing priorities, and limited public health resources have made interviewing patients increasingly challenging. The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment implemented and evaluated a combined text messaging and online survey protocol, with no telephone communication, to collect information from persons with Giardia infections. During September 2023-May 2024, English and Spanish text messages were sent to Colorado residents with laboratory-confirmed Giardia infections reported to the Colorado EpiTrax surveillance system, inviting them to opt in to an online survey. Persons who opted in received a unique survey link via text message. Opt-in and survey completion rates were evaluated by demographic characteristics, data quality, timeliness, and time saved by staff members. Among 305 persons with Giardia who received text messages, 131 (43%) opted in, 95 (73%) of whom completed the survey, for an overall survey completion rate of 31%. The highest survey completion rates were among adults aged 35-54 years (43%), White (34%) and non-Hispanic (33%) respondents, and those who lived in urban areas (32%). The majority (69%) of respondents completed the online survey within 1 day of receipt of the initial text message. In addition, the majority (93%-100%) of respondents answered 11 selected universal questions, and 90%-96% answered potentially sensitive questions (i.e., those on sexual history). The combined text messaging and online survey protocol facilitated more rapid contact with patients and required fewer resources than telephone interviews, saving public health staff members approximately 25 minutes per case and 40 hours overall. The protocol is flexible enough to accommodate shifting priorities and could be used to collect a wide variety of public health information (e.g., for symptom monitoring, contact tracing, and collecting vaccination or health information). Efforts to increase participation might result in higher response rates and improved efficiency and could facilitate an even quicker response.","PeriodicalId":18931,"journal":{"name":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report","volume":"24 1","pages":"424-429"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144652912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emilio DeBess,Kelly Coyle,Richard Fawcett,Ali K Hamade,Paul R Cieslak
{"title":"Notes from the Field: Early-Season Human Plague Transmitted from an Infected Cat - Oregon, January 2024.","authors":"Emilio DeBess,Kelly Coyle,Richard Fawcett,Ali K Hamade,Paul R Cieslak","doi":"10.15585/mmwr.mm7426a2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7426a2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18931,"journal":{"name":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report","volume":"7 1","pages":"430-431"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144652911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexandra Kurutz,Gabriel K Innes,Adrienne Sherman,Lakisha Kelley,Kendalyn Stephens,Patricia Kopp,Benjamin Cohen,Erin Haynes,Christopher Wilson,Simone Godwin
Candida auris, a frequently multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen, poses an urgent public health threat due to its potential to spread within and between health care facilities. Facilities that offer dialysis services might face particular challenges in preventing and containing C. auris and other multidrug-resistant pathogens, given the frequent use of invasive treatments in an immune-compromised patient population. During 2020-2023, in five separate facilities providing dialysis care across four states (New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee), six patients infected or colonized with C. auris received dialysis treatment for up to 4 months; five patients' C. auris status was unknown to the facilities treating them. A review of public health response efforts carried out in these facilities was conducted. Before the facilities became aware of these patients' C. auris status, they implemented recommended standard but not C. auris-specific infection prevention and control (IPC) measures for the dialysis setting. Colonization testing of 174 potentially exposed patient contacts identified one additional patient whose previously detected C. auris colonization was not known to the dialysis facility, but no additional positive test results. Lapses in communication among health care facilities (e.g., acute care, long-term care, and dialysis) and public health jurisdictions posed a significant impediment to containment response efforts by most participating states. Adherence to standard dialysis IPC practices appeared to enable safe provision of dialysis to patients with C. auris colonization or infection without transmission to other dialysis patients. However, improved interfacility communication regarding patients' infection or colonization status with multidrug-resistant organisms is needed to ensure prompt implementation of all recommended IPC practices. More evidence is needed to understand the prevalence of and risk factors associated with C. auris transmission in the dialysis setting.
{"title":"Candida auris Containment Responses in Health Care Facilities that Provide Hemodialysis Services - New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee, 2020-2023.","authors":"Alexandra Kurutz,Gabriel K Innes,Adrienne Sherman,Lakisha Kelley,Kendalyn Stephens,Patricia Kopp,Benjamin Cohen,Erin Haynes,Christopher Wilson,Simone Godwin","doi":"10.15585/mmwr.mm7425a1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7425a1","url":null,"abstract":"Candida auris, a frequently multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen, poses an urgent public health threat due to its potential to spread within and between health care facilities. Facilities that offer dialysis services might face particular challenges in preventing and containing C. auris and other multidrug-resistant pathogens, given the frequent use of invasive treatments in an immune-compromised patient population. During 2020-2023, in five separate facilities providing dialysis care across four states (New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee), six patients infected or colonized with C. auris received dialysis treatment for up to 4 months; five patients' C. auris status was unknown to the facilities treating them. A review of public health response efforts carried out in these facilities was conducted. Before the facilities became aware of these patients' C. auris status, they implemented recommended standard but not C. auris-specific infection prevention and control (IPC) measures for the dialysis setting. Colonization testing of 174 potentially exposed patient contacts identified one additional patient whose previously detected C. auris colonization was not known to the dialysis facility, but no additional positive test results. Lapses in communication among health care facilities (e.g., acute care, long-term care, and dialysis) and public health jurisdictions posed a significant impediment to containment response efforts by most participating states. Adherence to standard dialysis IPC practices appeared to enable safe provision of dialysis to patients with C. auris colonization or infection without transmission to other dialysis patients. However, improved interfacility communication regarding patients' infection or colonization status with multidrug-resistant organisms is needed to ensure prompt implementation of all recommended IPC practices. More evidence is needed to understand the prevalence of and risk factors associated with C. auris transmission in the dialysis setting.","PeriodicalId":18931,"journal":{"name":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report","volume":"7 1","pages":"415-421"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144603873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katelynn Devinney,Nicole Burton,Karen A Alroy,Addie Crawley,Cherry-Ann Da Costa-Carter,Molly M Kratz,Ying Lin,Jorge Montfort-Gardeazabal,Thomas Portier,Celina Santiago,Ulrike Siemetzki-Kapoor,Matthew Sullivan,Rain J Wiegartner,Tristan D McPherson,William G Greendyke
{"title":"Notes from the Field: Increase in New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales - New York City, 2019-2024.","authors":"Katelynn Devinney,Nicole Burton,Karen A Alroy,Addie Crawley,Cherry-Ann Da Costa-Carter,Molly M Kratz,Ying Lin,Jorge Montfort-Gardeazabal,Thomas Portier,Celina Santiago,Ulrike Siemetzki-Kapoor,Matthew Sullivan,Rain J Wiegartner,Tristan D McPherson,William G Greendyke","doi":"10.15585/mmwr.mm7423a2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7423a2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18931,"journal":{"name":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report","volume":"144 1","pages":"401-403"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144504651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maureen H Diaz,Adam L Hersh,Jared Olson,Samir S Shah,Matt Hall,Chris Edens
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common bacterial cause of respiratory infection and a leading cause of childhood community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Increases in M. pneumoniae infection occur every 3-5 years. In the United States, M. pneumoniae prevalence decreased during and immediately after the COVID-19 pandemic. Information from 42 U.S. children's hospitals that provided information to the Pediatric Health Information System, a database of clinical and resource use information, was used to identify discharge diagnostic codes for 2018-2024 indicating M. pneumoniae infection. M. pneumoniae-associated CAP incidence among children aged ≤18 years was significantly higher in 2024 (12.5 per 1,000 hospitalizations) than during 2018-2023 (2.1). During the study period, an M. pneumoniae diagnostic code was listed in 11.5% of pediatric CAP hospitalizations, peaking at 53.8% in July 2024. Among pediatric M. pneumoniae CAP cases, the highest percentage occurred among children aged 6-12 years (42.6%), followed by children aged 2-5 years (25.7%) and 13-18 years (21.1%). The lowest occurred among those aged 12-23 months (6.4%) and 0-11 months (4.2%). M. pneumoniae infections in 2024 were not more severe than 2018-2023 infections, as assessed by length of hospitalization and percentage of patients admitted to an intensive care unit. The increase in M. pneumoniae infections in the United States in 2024 might be higher than previous periodic increases because the susceptible population was larger after sustained low incidence during and immediately after the COVID-19 pandemic. Health care providers should be aware of the periodicity of M. pneumoniae CAP and consider testing for this pathogen as a cause of respiratory illness among children of all ages.
{"title":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections in Hospitalized Children - United States, 2018-2024.","authors":"Maureen H Diaz,Adam L Hersh,Jared Olson,Samir S Shah,Matt Hall,Chris Edens","doi":"10.15585/mmwr.mm7423a1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7423a1","url":null,"abstract":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common bacterial cause of respiratory infection and a leading cause of childhood community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Increases in M. pneumoniae infection occur every 3-5 years. In the United States, M. pneumoniae prevalence decreased during and immediately after the COVID-19 pandemic. Information from 42 U.S. children's hospitals that provided information to the Pediatric Health Information System, a database of clinical and resource use information, was used to identify discharge diagnostic codes for 2018-2024 indicating M. pneumoniae infection. M. pneumoniae-associated CAP incidence among children aged ≤18 years was significantly higher in 2024 (12.5 per 1,000 hospitalizations) than during 2018-2023 (2.1). During the study period, an M. pneumoniae diagnostic code was listed in 11.5% of pediatric CAP hospitalizations, peaking at 53.8% in July 2024. Among pediatric M. pneumoniae CAP cases, the highest percentage occurred among children aged 6-12 years (42.6%), followed by children aged 2-5 years (25.7%) and 13-18 years (21.1%). The lowest occurred among those aged 12-23 months (6.4%) and 0-11 months (4.2%). M. pneumoniae infections in 2024 were not more severe than 2018-2023 infections, as assessed by length of hospitalization and percentage of patients admitted to an intensive care unit. The increase in M. pneumoniae infections in the United States in 2024 might be higher than previous periodic increases because the susceptible population was larger after sustained low incidence during and immediately after the COVID-19 pandemic. Health care providers should be aware of the periodicity of M. pneumoniae CAP and consider testing for this pathogen as a cause of respiratory illness among children of all ages.","PeriodicalId":18931,"journal":{"name":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report","volume":"7 1","pages":"394-400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144504650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alfonso C Hernandez-Romieu,Kelly Carey,Stephanie Dietz,Aaron Kite-Powell,Olivia Almendares,Hannah L Kirking
{"title":"Notes from the Field: Parvovirus B19 Activity - United States, January 2024-May 2025.","authors":"Alfonso C Hernandez-Romieu,Kelly Carey,Stephanie Dietz,Aaron Kite-Powell,Olivia Almendares,Hannah L Kirking","doi":"10.15585/mmwr.mm7423a3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7423a3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18931,"journal":{"name":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report","volume":"27 1","pages":"404-406"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144504649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pius Mutuku,Ahmed Abade,Maurice Owiny,Zephania Irura,Abdi Roba,Hilary Limo,Amy Herman-Roloff,Naomi Lucchi,Nancy Bowen,Ahmed Fidhow,Daniel Lang'at,Jonas Z Hines
Since July 2024, Kenya has been experiencing an mpox outbreak caused by clade Ib Monkeypox virus (MPXV), a newly recognized variant that has spread from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to multiple countries within and outside of Africa. This report describes the characteristics of laboratory-confirmed clade Ib mpox cases in Kenya during the first 7 months of the outbreak. Among 447 suspected cases during July 2024-February 2025, a total of 48 (10.7%) were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction testing. Most confirmed cases occurred along a highway from the Indian Ocean port in Mombasa to Malaba at the Ugandan border, a transportation corridor that links Kenya to other East and Central African countries. Among the 48 confirmed cases, 27 (56.3%) occurred among persons associated with the transportation corridor, including truck drivers (12; 25.0%), sex workers (eight; 16.7%), and persons employed at or near trucking stopovers (seven; 14.6%). Sexual transmission was suspected in 30 (62.5%) cases, based on the patient's history or locations of the lesions; 11 (22.9%) patients also had HIV infection, one of whom died. Clade Ib MPXV in Kenya appears to be primarily sexually transmitted and concentrated in specific groups at high risk for infection. Public health measures, including vaccination, might be most effective if they focus on these specific groups and geographic areas.
{"title":"Clade Ib Mpox Outbreak - Kenya, July 2024-February 2025.","authors":"Pius Mutuku,Ahmed Abade,Maurice Owiny,Zephania Irura,Abdi Roba,Hilary Limo,Amy Herman-Roloff,Naomi Lucchi,Nancy Bowen,Ahmed Fidhow,Daniel Lang'at,Jonas Z Hines","doi":"10.15585/mmwr.mm7422a2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7422a2","url":null,"abstract":"Since July 2024, Kenya has been experiencing an mpox outbreak caused by clade Ib Monkeypox virus (MPXV), a newly recognized variant that has spread from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to multiple countries within and outside of Africa. This report describes the characteristics of laboratory-confirmed clade Ib mpox cases in Kenya during the first 7 months of the outbreak. Among 447 suspected cases during July 2024-February 2025, a total of 48 (10.7%) were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction testing. Most confirmed cases occurred along a highway from the Indian Ocean port in Mombasa to Malaba at the Ugandan border, a transportation corridor that links Kenya to other East and Central African countries. Among the 48 confirmed cases, 27 (56.3%) occurred among persons associated with the transportation corridor, including truck drivers (12; 25.0%), sex workers (eight; 16.7%), and persons employed at or near trucking stopovers (seven; 14.6%). Sexual transmission was suspected in 30 (62.5%) cases, based on the patient's history or locations of the lesions; 11 (22.9%) patients also had HIV infection, one of whom died. Clade Ib MPXV in Kenya appears to be primarily sexually transmitted and concentrated in specific groups at high risk for infection. Public health measures, including vaccination, might be most effective if they focus on these specific groups and geographic areas.","PeriodicalId":18931,"journal":{"name":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report","volume":"42 1","pages":"379-384"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144320088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agam K Rao,Faisal S Minhaj,Rosalind J Carter,Jonathan Duffy,Panayampalli S Satheshkumar,Kevin P Delaney,Laura A S Quilter,Rachel E Kachur,Catherine McLean,Danielle L Moulia,David T Kuhar,Marie A de Perio,Ian H Spicknall,Beth P Bell,Pablo J Sánchez,Christina L Hutson,Amanda C Cohn
Since the worldwide eradication of smallpox in 1980, orthopoxvirus vaccines had been used nearly exclusively by persons at risk for occupational exposure to orthopoxviruses, including Monkeypox virus, the virus that causes mpox. However, during recent years, the epidemiology of mpox has been changing in countries where the animal reservoirs are believed to live and where endemic transmission has been known to occur for decades. CDC issues outbreak-specific vaccination recommendations based on the epidemiology at the time specific cases or clusters are identified; however, because of the increased risk for U.S. mpox outbreaks, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) reviewed results from a previously performed modified Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation of the 2-dose JYNNEOS (smallpox and mpox vaccine, live, nonreplicating) vaccination series and an Evidence to Recommendations (EtR) framework addressing multiple domains (e.g., benefits, harms, and target population values and preferences). Based on this assessment, ACIP recommended the use of JYNNEOS (a live, replication-deficient vaccinia virus vaccine) for persons aged ≥18 years at risk for mpox during an mpox outbreak (irrespective of clade). Because the cause of future mpox outbreaks and the populations affected by these outbreaks remain uncertain, public health authorities will continue to issue outbreak-specific vaccination guidance when outbreaks occur. A clade IIb mpox outbreak that began in 2022 continued to cause substantial morbidity and mortality >1 year later. Although CDC had issued outbreak-specific vaccination guidance, it was anticipated that the outbreak would be protracted. For this reason, ACIP reviewed a second EtR framework about outbreaks and in 2023 recommended JYNNEOS for persons aged ≥18 years at risk for acquiring mpox during the multinational clade IIb outbreak. As of 2025, cases continue to occur; however, the future need for the recommendation will be reassessed as the outbreak evolves. Mpox vaccination is not routinely recommended for health care personnel during mpox outbreaks, including during the ongoing clade IIb outbreak.
{"title":"Use of JYNNEOS (Smallpox and Mpox Vaccine, Live, Nonreplicating) for Persons Aged ≥18 Years at Risk for Mpox During an Mpox Outbreak: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2023.","authors":"Agam K Rao,Faisal S Minhaj,Rosalind J Carter,Jonathan Duffy,Panayampalli S Satheshkumar,Kevin P Delaney,Laura A S Quilter,Rachel E Kachur,Catherine McLean,Danielle L Moulia,David T Kuhar,Marie A de Perio,Ian H Spicknall,Beth P Bell,Pablo J Sánchez,Christina L Hutson,Amanda C Cohn","doi":"10.15585/mmwr.mm7422a3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7422a3","url":null,"abstract":"Since the worldwide eradication of smallpox in 1980, orthopoxvirus vaccines had been used nearly exclusively by persons at risk for occupational exposure to orthopoxviruses, including Monkeypox virus, the virus that causes mpox. However, during recent years, the epidemiology of mpox has been changing in countries where the animal reservoirs are believed to live and where endemic transmission has been known to occur for decades. CDC issues outbreak-specific vaccination recommendations based on the epidemiology at the time specific cases or clusters are identified; however, because of the increased risk for U.S. mpox outbreaks, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) reviewed results from a previously performed modified Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation of the 2-dose JYNNEOS (smallpox and mpox vaccine, live, nonreplicating) vaccination series and an Evidence to Recommendations (EtR) framework addressing multiple domains (e.g., benefits, harms, and target population values and preferences). Based on this assessment, ACIP recommended the use of JYNNEOS (a live, replication-deficient vaccinia virus vaccine) for persons aged ≥18 years at risk for mpox during an mpox outbreak (irrespective of clade). Because the cause of future mpox outbreaks and the populations affected by these outbreaks remain uncertain, public health authorities will continue to issue outbreak-specific vaccination guidance when outbreaks occur. A clade IIb mpox outbreak that began in 2022 continued to cause substantial morbidity and mortality >1 year later. Although CDC had issued outbreak-specific vaccination guidance, it was anticipated that the outbreak would be protracted. For this reason, ACIP reviewed a second EtR framework about outbreaks and in 2023 recommended JYNNEOS for persons aged ≥18 years at risk for acquiring mpox during the multinational clade IIb outbreak. As of 2025, cases continue to occur; however, the future need for the recommendation will be reassessed as the outbreak evolves. Mpox vaccination is not routinely recommended for health care personnel during mpox outbreaks, including during the ongoing clade IIb outbreak.","PeriodicalId":18931,"journal":{"name":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report","volume":"15 1","pages":"385-392"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144320087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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