Pub Date : 2004-11-15DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2004.1352803
L.B. Farr
For the past century the autotransformer, or "Korndorfer" Starter has been a standard in the electrical industry. However for more than the past thirty years the autotransformer starter has been experiencing unexplained "high voltage stress" failures in typical applications. These failures have been reported on 2400 V starters from South America to 11 kV starters in the North Sea. In most cases the zero tap or the turns close to the zero tap are involved in the failure. This paper discusses the failure mode and the corrective action that prevents "high voltage stress" failures.
{"title":"Medium voltage reduced voltage autotransformer starter failures $explaining the unexplained","authors":"L.B. Farr","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2004.1352803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2004.1352803","url":null,"abstract":"For the past century the autotransformer, or \"Korndorfer\" Starter has been a standard in the electrical industry. However for more than the past thirty years the autotransformer starter has been experiencing unexplained \"high voltage stress\" failures in typical applications. These failures have been reported on 2400 V starters from South America to 11 kV starters in the North Sea. In most cases the zero tap or the turns close to the zero tap are involved in the failure. This paper discusses the failure mode and the corrective action that prevents \"high voltage stress\" failures.","PeriodicalId":189773,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2004 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37523)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134163631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-08DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338360
D.D. West, D. Honaker, K. Barry
This paper reviews the successful master controller revamp of Sappi Fine Paper North America's #3 paper machine at its Skowhegan, Maine mill. The rebuild project included upgrading the press section and increasing the speed of the paper machine by 500 FPM (150 MPM). The existing original drive system had been installed with sectional AC drives. The original drive system was becoming more difficult to maintain due to unavailability of parts and the out-of-date diagnostic system. The revamp involved the re-use of 76 existing drives and the installation of 8 new AC sectional drives. A new master controller was added with an enhanced diagnostic HMI. The new master controller architecture communicated with, controlled and diagnosed the old drives as well as the new drives. The unique combination of existing drives and new drives formed a cohesive system with all of the advantages of a new drive system. A staged installation was performed to reduce the outage time impact. The paper machine rebuild project was completed in March 2003 and has met the expectations of a successful revamp.
本文回顾了Sappi Fine paper North America在缅因州Skowhegan工厂的3号造纸机的成功主控制器改造。改造项目包括升级压榨部分，并将造纸机的速度提高500 FPM (150 MPM)。现有的原始驱动系统已安装了分段交流驱动器。原来的驱动系统变得越来越难以维护，由于不可用的零件和过时的诊断系统。改造包括重新使用76个现有驱动器和安装8个新的交流分段驱动器。添加了一个新的主控制器，具有增强的诊断HMI。新的主控制器结构既能与旧驱动器通信，又能控制和诊断新驱动器。现有驱动器和新驱动器的独特组合形成了一个具有新驱动系统所有优点的有凝聚力的系统。执行分阶段安装以减少停机时间的影响。造纸机改造项目已于2003年3月完成，并已达到成功改造的预期。
{"title":"A unique paper machine drive system revamp","authors":"D.D. West, D. Honaker, K. Barry","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338360","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the successful master controller revamp of Sappi Fine Paper North America's #3 paper machine at its Skowhegan, Maine mill. The rebuild project included upgrading the press section and increasing the speed of the paper machine by 500 FPM (150 MPM). The existing original drive system had been installed with sectional AC drives. The original drive system was becoming more difficult to maintain due to unavailability of parts and the out-of-date diagnostic system. The revamp involved the re-use of 76 existing drives and the installation of 8 new AC sectional drives. A new master controller was added with an enhanced diagnostic HMI. The new master controller architecture communicated with, controlled and diagnosed the old drives as well as the new drives. The unique combination of existing drives and new drives formed a cohesive system with all of the advantages of a new drive system. A staged installation was performed to reduce the outage time impact. The paper machine rebuild project was completed in March 2003 and has met the expectations of a successful revamp.","PeriodicalId":189773,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2004 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37523)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120945280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-08DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338358
W. Hopper
This paper reports options and decisions that were involved prior to and during installation and initial operation of the A.C. Drive on Paper Machine #2 at the Weyerhaeuser Company, Springfield, Oregon USA mill. Several questions will be answered. Why was the drive replaced? How did the DC versus AC drive decision get made? How were specifications developed and what were the specific considerations? What are some of the highlights of material procurement? Were there special considerations for equipment installation? What pitfalls surfaced during startup? Does operating experience prove the overall program? It is the author's fundamental intent to focus on the decision-making process rather than the case history of the project. An attempt will be made to present the decision making processes in graphic flowchart form.
{"title":"A review of the design considerations of replacement drive system installation","authors":"W. Hopper","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338358","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports options and decisions that were involved prior to and during installation and initial operation of the A.C. Drive on Paper Machine #2 at the Weyerhaeuser Company, Springfield, Oregon USA mill. Several questions will be answered. Why was the drive replaced? How did the DC versus AC drive decision get made? How were specifications developed and what were the specific considerations? What are some of the highlights of material procurement? Were there special considerations for equipment installation? What pitfalls surfaced during startup? Does operating experience prove the overall program? It is the author's fundamental intent to focus on the decision-making process rather than the case history of the project. An attempt will be made to present the decision making processes in graphic flowchart form.","PeriodicalId":189773,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2004 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37523)","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128635974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-08DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338362
S. Evon, R. Schiferl
For years, the squirrel-cage induction motor has been the motor of choice for the pulp and paper industry, in both sine wave and variable frequency applications. Historically high torque, low speed applications used a combination of a reducer and either a squirrel-cage induction motor or a DC motor. This paper will address the use of an induction motor as an alternative to a motor with a reducer and provide rules of thumb on determining when direct drive should be considered.
{"title":"Direct drive induction motors","authors":"S. Evon, R. Schiferl","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338362","url":null,"abstract":"For years, the squirrel-cage induction motor has been the motor of choice for the pulp and paper industry, in both sine wave and variable frequency applications. Historically high torque, low speed applications used a combination of a reducer and either a squirrel-cage induction motor or a DC motor. This paper will address the use of an induction motor as an alternative to a motor with a reducer and provide rules of thumb on determining when direct drive should be considered.","PeriodicalId":189773,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2004 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37523)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114371734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-08DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338372
K. Lippert, D. M. Colaberardino, C. Kimblin
The purpose of this paper is to clarify the use of the recently published IEEE 1584-2002 - Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations. The paper also discusses the reduction of arc flash hazards by the current limitation of molded case circuit breakers. Understanding arc flash hazards is a critical element in order to reduce the risk of electrical accidents and personal injuries. The guide contains formulas to numerically quantify the arc flash energy and includes an Excel spreadsheet "arc-flash hazard calculator." This spreadsheet uses the formulas stated in the guide to automatically perform the calculations to obtain incident energy, and arc flash hazard distances. The present paper provides an expanded explanation of the guide/calculator with the objective of simplification. The paper also approaches possible methods for including the impact of molded case circuit breaker current limitation into the calculation methods. The subject of breaker clearing times in the presence of arcing faults will also be addressed. The paper concludes with a discussion of circuit breaker applications for arc flash reduction.
{"title":"Understanding arc flash hazards","authors":"K. Lippert, D. M. Colaberardino, C. Kimblin","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338372","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to clarify the use of the recently published IEEE 1584-2002 - Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations. The paper also discusses the reduction of arc flash hazards by the current limitation of molded case circuit breakers. Understanding arc flash hazards is a critical element in order to reduce the risk of electrical accidents and personal injuries. The guide contains formulas to numerically quantify the arc flash energy and includes an Excel spreadsheet \"arc-flash hazard calculator.\" This spreadsheet uses the formulas stated in the guide to automatically perform the calculations to obtain incident energy, and arc flash hazard distances. The present paper provides an expanded explanation of the guide/calculator with the objective of simplification. The paper also approaches possible methods for including the impact of molded case circuit breaker current limitation into the calculation methods. The subject of breaker clearing times in the presence of arcing faults will also be addressed. The paper concludes with a discussion of circuit breaker applications for arc flash reduction.","PeriodicalId":189773,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2004 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37523)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129759740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-08DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338361
T. Huhtanen, K. Erkkila
The worldwide pulp & paper industry has significantly increased its use of 3-phase AC permanent magnet motors in recent years. Many precision applications for squirrel cage induction motors can now use permanent magnet motors with improved project costs and application performance. The different characteristics between the newer permanent magnet motor compared to the common squirrel cage induction motor necessitate a discussion of the safety implications when implementing this change in motor technology. The primary reason for use of a permanent magnet motor is to eliminate the negatives associated with a gearbox. This reduces the mechanical drive between the AC drive motor and paper machine section to one coupling. Because of their built-in field, permanent magnet motors generate voltage onto their stator terminals whenever the rotor is turned. Maintenance work such as roll inspection and cleaning, or accidental events which turn the rotor, can cause this condition. This condition also exists in the event of an operator initiated coast stop or during any other coasting stop such as a power failure or upstream trip. The generated voltage can be hazardous to those servicing the motor and its associated electric drive. This paper presents configurations and procedures for achieving optimal safety when using permanent magnet motors. At the conclusion of this paper, optimal safety configurations are offered.
{"title":"Safety aspects of permanent magnet motors in paper machine applications","authors":"T. Huhtanen, K. Erkkila","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338361","url":null,"abstract":"The worldwide pulp & paper industry has significantly increased its use of 3-phase AC permanent magnet motors in recent years. Many precision applications for squirrel cage induction motors can now use permanent magnet motors with improved project costs and application performance. The different characteristics between the newer permanent magnet motor compared to the common squirrel cage induction motor necessitate a discussion of the safety implications when implementing this change in motor technology. The primary reason for use of a permanent magnet motor is to eliminate the negatives associated with a gearbox. This reduces the mechanical drive between the AC drive motor and paper machine section to one coupling. Because of their built-in field, permanent magnet motors generate voltage onto their stator terminals whenever the rotor is turned. Maintenance work such as roll inspection and cleaning, or accidental events which turn the rotor, can cause this condition. This condition also exists in the event of an operator initiated coast stop or during any other coasting stop such as a power failure or upstream trip. The generated voltage can be hazardous to those servicing the motor and its associated electric drive. This paper presents configurations and procedures for achieving optimal safety when using permanent magnet motors. At the conclusion of this paper, optimal safety configurations are offered.","PeriodicalId":189773,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2004 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37523)","volume":"132 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115899706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-08DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338381
T. Nunn, D. Cherry
The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the issues concerning proper receipt, handling and maintenance of small power liquid filled transformers. The paper reviews user technical considerations for transport, receiving and handling of small power transformers at an industrial manufacturing site. Best practices for installation, electrical terminations and field based testing are also reviewed. A list of recommended field and factory transformer tests along with expected test results is discussed.
{"title":"Field commissioning and maintenance of small power liquid filled transformers","authors":"T. Nunn, D. Cherry","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338381","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the issues concerning proper receipt, handling and maintenance of small power liquid filled transformers. The paper reviews user technical considerations for transport, receiving and handling of small power transformers at an industrial manufacturing site. Best practices for installation, electrical terminations and field based testing are also reviewed. A list of recommended field and factory transformer tests along with expected test results is discussed.","PeriodicalId":189773,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2004 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37523)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127396338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-08DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338377
S. Merritt, S. Chaitkin
NEMA has established a voluntary efficiency standard, under which NEMA Class I transformers are required to meet certain efficiency standards as set forth in their specification TP 1-2002. The U.S. Department of Energy, acting as required by the Energy Policy Act of 1992, is considering the establishment of mandatory efficiency standards for distribution transformers. Some states have established requirements for some transformer applications to meet NEMA TP 1. This paper examines the question: What should be the specification wording to insure that the furnished equipment meets NEMA TP 1 and also is optimized in terms of cost effectiveness for the application?.
{"title":"Optimizing NEMA TP 1 transformers for process industry substation service","authors":"S. Merritt, S. Chaitkin","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338377","url":null,"abstract":"NEMA has established a voluntary efficiency standard, under which NEMA Class I transformers are required to meet certain efficiency standards as set forth in their specification TP 1-2002. The U.S. Department of Energy, acting as required by the Energy Policy Act of 1992, is considering the establishment of mandatory efficiency standards for distribution transformers. Some states have established requirements for some transformer applications to meet NEMA TP 1. This paper examines the question: What should be the specification wording to insure that the furnished equipment meets NEMA TP 1 and also is optimized in terms of cost effectiveness for the application?.","PeriodicalId":189773,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2004 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37523)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114802220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-08DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338375
M. Valdes, I. Purkayastha, T. Papallo
Protection of low-voltage circuits has been a key area of innovation and continuous improvement since the invention of electricity. In the current state of the art, fuses and circuit breakers protect individual circuits. These devices, in turn, use many different kinds of trip mechanisms, operating in various modes that require sensing the current that travels through the circuits. However these devices, largely, operate separately and independently from each other. Communication networks and external relays are sometimes used to enhance selectivity and provide better protection that the independent over-current devices can provide. In this paper, the authors explore a protection-and-control architecture based on a single processor that provides all the protection and control functions for a line up of low-voltage switchgear. How this method of protection changes the paradigm from individual circuit protection to system protection, while cost-effectively and significantly increasing system reliability and protection is discussed.
{"title":"Protection, control, reliability and diagnostic improvements via single-processor control of circuit breakers in low voltage switchgear","authors":"M. Valdes, I. Purkayastha, T. Papallo","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338375","url":null,"abstract":"Protection of low-voltage circuits has been a key area of innovation and continuous improvement since the invention of electricity. In the current state of the art, fuses and circuit breakers protect individual circuits. These devices, in turn, use many different kinds of trip mechanisms, operating in various modes that require sensing the current that travels through the circuits. However these devices, largely, operate separately and independently from each other. Communication networks and external relays are sometimes used to enhance selectivity and provide better protection that the independent over-current devices can provide. In this paper, the authors explore a protection-and-control architecture based on a single processor that provides all the protection and control functions for a line up of low-voltage switchgear. How this method of protection changes the paradigm from individual circuit protection to system protection, while cost-effectively and significantly increasing system reliability and protection is discussed.","PeriodicalId":189773,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2004 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37523)","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121917899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-08DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338355
J. Holmquist, J. Malinowski
This paper discusses the changes that took place when the IEEE Standard for Petroleum and Chemical Industry - severe duty totally enclosed fan-cooled (TEFC) squirrel cage induction motors - up to and including 370 kW (500 hp) was changed from the 1994 to the 2001 revision. Ideas for the next revision cycle will be introduced for consideration.
{"title":"Comparison of IEEE 841 1994 to 2001 - where might the standard go on the next revision cycle?","authors":"J. Holmquist, J. Malinowski","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2004.1338355","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the changes that took place when the IEEE Standard for Petroleum and Chemical Industry - severe duty totally enclosed fan-cooled (TEFC) squirrel cage induction motors - up to and including 370 kW (500 hp) was changed from the 1994 to the 2001 revision. Ideas for the next revision cycle will be introduced for consideration.","PeriodicalId":189773,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2004 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37523)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129815388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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