Pub Date : 2018-12-26DOI: 10.2174/2210681208666171211160433
Ram Singh
Neurodegenerative disease is a collective term for a number of diseases that affect the neurons in the human brain. The location of the neuronal loss in the brain leads to the specified disease based on the progression of the clinical symptoms. No drugs are available for complete cure of these diseases. Most of the drugs only slow down the progression of neuronal damage. The combination of drugs with nanotechnology gave a new promising hope for the treatment of neurological disorders. Nanomedicines are extremely useful for safe, effective, target oriented and sustained delivery. Due to their size in nanometer, they possess distinct and improved properties in comparison to their bulk counterpart. The utility of nanomedicines in neurological disorders including neurodegenerative diseases constitutes nanoneuromedicines. In this article, a comprehensive overview of the application of nanoneuromedicines in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is provided.
{"title":"Nanoneuromedicines for Neurodegenerative Diseases","authors":"Ram Singh","doi":"10.2174/2210681208666171211160433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210681208666171211160433","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000 Neurodegenerative disease is a collective term for a number of diseases\u0000that affect the neurons in the human brain. The location of the neuronal loss in the brain leads to the\u0000specified disease based on the progression of the clinical symptoms. No drugs are available for\u0000complete cure of these diseases. Most of the drugs only slow down the progression of neuronal\u0000damage. The combination of drugs with nanotechnology gave a new promising hope for the treatment\u0000of neurological disorders. Nanomedicines are extremely useful for safe, effective, target oriented\u0000and sustained delivery. Due to their size in nanometer, they possess distinct and improved\u0000properties in comparison to their bulk counterpart. The utility of nanomedicines in neurological\u0000disorders including neurodegenerative diseases constitutes nanoneuromedicines.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 In this article, a comprehensive overview of the application of nanoneuromedicines in\u0000neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and\u0000Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is provided.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18979,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90360328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-26DOI: 10.2174/2210681208666180110153435
Mahaveer Genwa and Pradeep Kumar Preeti
Nanotechnology is a science, engineering conducted at nanoscale level for the manipulation of matter to create materials with significantly unusual, varied and new properties. Attributes of these synthesized nanomaterials promise to provide a number of applications in health including nanomedicine, nanorobots/nanobots, nanostars, nanofibers, chemotherapy and many more. There has been a remarkable interest in identification of adverse health effects associated with the use of nanotechnology too. The focus of this review is to highlight the current techniques and development of new technologies advancing medical science and disease treatment in human healthcare. Firstly, several Nano-pharmaceuticals and Nano-diagnostic methods offer numerous potential ways for targeted drug delivery, gene therapy, cancer treatment and clinical diagnosis to provide best rational use of the medicine and minimize the toxic effects. These techniques can also help to design certain drugs in a controlled way to avoid their structural complexity by dealing at the atomic and molecular level. Secondly, along with the discussion of potential applications of nanotechnology, some of the examples will be given to elaborate the various scientific and technical aspects in the real life. Finally, conclusion with the future scope and challenges of nanotechnology in health will be described and discussed.
{"title":"Implications of Nanotechnology in Healthcare","authors":"Mahaveer Genwa and Pradeep Kumar Preeti","doi":"10.2174/2210681208666180110153435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210681208666180110153435","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000 Nanotechnology is a science, engineering conducted at nanoscale level for\u0000the manipulation of matter to create materials with significantly unusual, varied and new properties.\u0000Attributes of these synthesized nanomaterials promise to provide a number of applications in\u0000health including nanomedicine, nanorobots/nanobots, nanostars, nanofibers, chemotherapy and\u0000many more. There has been a remarkable interest in identification of adverse health effects associated\u0000with the use of nanotechnology too. The focus of this review is to highlight the current techniques\u0000and development of new technologies advancing medical science and disease treatment in\u0000human healthcare. Firstly, several Nano-pharmaceuticals and Nano-diagnostic methods offer numerous\u0000potential ways for targeted drug delivery, gene therapy, cancer treatment and clinical diagnosis\u0000to provide best rational use of the medicine and minimize the toxic effects. These techniques\u0000can also help to design certain drugs in a controlled way to avoid their structural complexity by\u0000dealing at the atomic and molecular level. Secondly, along with the discussion of potential applications\u0000of nanotechnology, some of the examples will be given to elaborate the various scientific and\u0000technical aspects in the real life.\u0000\u0000\u0000 Finally, conclusion with the future scope and challenges of nanotechnology in health\u0000will be described and discussed.","PeriodicalId":18979,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88475742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-26DOI: 10.2174/2210681208666180125143953
Vinod Kumar, A. Choudhary, Prashanth Kumar, Saurabh Sharma
This review gives an overview of interesting properties of nanoparticles finding potential applications in nanomedicines and their considerations that need to be made such as toxicity while developing a nanomedicine by providing an understanding of a relationship between nanocarrier, targeting moieties and drugs with optical and magnetic properties. Here, we correlate the interesting properties of nanomaterials to their applications in living cells/body simultaneously promises, prospects and toxicity challenges of nanomedicines have also been discussed in detail. Exemplifying the usage of gold nanoparticles and its derivatives such as hetero and homo hybrid nanostructures that allow their use as contrast agents, therapeutic entities and supports to attach functional molecules and targeting ligand along with molecular framework structures. Here, we present the future prospects for potential applications in nanomedicines. These nanomaterials have been used for varieties of biomedical applications such as targeted drug delivery, photothermal cancer therapies, MRI, optical imaging, etc. in vitro and in vivo. In summary, this review provides innumerable aspects in the emerging field of nanomedicine and possible nanotoxicity.
{"title":"Nanotechnology: Nanomedicine, Nanotoxicity and Future Challenges","authors":"Vinod Kumar, A. Choudhary, Prashanth Kumar, Saurabh Sharma","doi":"10.2174/2210681208666180125143953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210681208666180125143953","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000 This review gives an overview of interesting properties of nanoparticles\u0000finding potential applications in nanomedicines and their considerations that need to be made such\u0000as toxicity while developing a nanomedicine by providing an understanding of a relationship between\u0000nanocarrier, targeting moieties and drugs with optical and magnetic properties. Here, we correlate\u0000the interesting properties of nanomaterials to their applications in living cells/body simultaneously\u0000promises, prospects and toxicity challenges of nanomedicines have also been discussed in\u0000detail. Exemplifying the usage of gold nanoparticles and its derivatives such as hetero and homo\u0000hybrid nanostructures that allow their use as contrast agents, therapeutic entities and supports to attach\u0000functional molecules and targeting ligand along with molecular framework structures. Here,\u0000we present the future prospects for potential applications in nanomedicines. These nanomaterials\u0000have been used for varieties of biomedical applications such as targeted drug delivery, photothermal\u0000cancer therapies, MRI, optical imaging, etc. in vitro and in vivo.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 In summary, this review provides innumerable aspects in the emerging field of\u0000nanomedicine and possible nanotoxicity.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18979,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76068186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-26DOI: 10.2174/2210681207666170705143629
S. Mane‐Gavade, S. Sabale, Xiao‐Ying Yu, G. Nikam, B. Tamhankar
Herein we report the green synthesis and characterization of silverreduced graphene oxide nanocomposites (Ag-rGO) using Acacia nilotica gum for the first time. We demonstrate the Hg2+ ions sensing ability of the Ag-rGO nanocomposites form aqueous medium. The developed colorimetric sensor method is simple, fast and selective for the detection of Hg2+ ions in aqueous media in presence of other associated ions. A significant color change was noticed with naked eye upon Hg2+ addition. The color change was not observed for cations including Sr2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Ba2+ and Mn2+indicating that only Hg2+ shows a strong interaction with Ag-rGO nanocomposites. Under the most suitable condition, the calibration plot (A0-A) against concentration of Hg2+ was linear in the range of 0.1-1.0 ppm with a correlation coefficient (R2) value 0.9998. The concentration of Hg2+ was quantitatively determined with the Limit of Detection (LOD) of 0.85 ppm. Also, this method shows excellent selectivity towards Hg2+ over nine other cations tested. Moreover, the method offers a new cost effective, rapid and simple approach for the detection of Hg2+ in water samples.
{"title":"Green Synthesis and Spectroscopic Studies of Ag-rGO Nanocomposites for Highly Selective Mercury (II) Sensing","authors":"S. Mane‐Gavade, S. Sabale, Xiao‐Ying Yu, G. Nikam, B. Tamhankar","doi":"10.2174/2210681207666170705143629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210681207666170705143629","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000 Herein we report the green synthesis and characterization of silverreduced\u0000graphene oxide nanocomposites (Ag-rGO) using Acacia nilotica gum for the first time.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 We demonstrate the Hg2+ ions sensing ability of the Ag-rGO nanocomposites form\u0000aqueous medium. The developed colorimetric sensor method is simple, fast and selective for the\u0000detection of Hg2+ ions in aqueous media in presence of other associated ions. A significant color\u0000change was noticed with naked eye upon Hg2+ addition. The color change was not observed for\u0000cations including Sr2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Ba2+ and Mn2+indicating that only Hg2+\u0000shows a strong interaction with Ag-rGO nanocomposites. Under the most suitable condition, the\u0000calibration plot (A0-A) against concentration of Hg2+ was linear in the range of 0.1-1.0 ppm with a\u0000correlation coefficient (R2) value 0.9998.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The concentration of Hg2+ was quantitatively determined with the Limit of\u0000Detection (LOD) of 0.85 ppm. Also, this method shows excellent selectivity towards Hg2+ over\u0000nine other cations tested. Moreover, the method offers a new cost effective, rapid and simple approach\u0000for the detection of Hg2+ in water samples.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18979,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87609177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-26DOI: 10.2174/221068120901181226144129
M. Genwa, K. Kumari, P. Singh
{"title":"Nanotechnology: Beneficial or Harmful","authors":"M. Genwa, K. Kumari, P. Singh","doi":"10.2174/221068120901181226144129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/221068120901181226144129","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18979,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85598833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-26DOI: 10.2174/2210681208666180110153919
Vaishali V. Shahare, R. Grover, S. Meena
The persistent dioxins/furans has caused a worldwide concern as they influence the human health. Recent research indicates that nonmaterial may prove effective in the degradation of Dioxins/furans. The nanomaterials are very reactive owing to their large surface area to volume ratio and large number of reactive sites. However, nanotechnology applications face both the challenges and the opportunities to influence the area of environmental protection. i) To study the impact of oil mediated UV-irradiations on the removal of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 2,3,7,8-TCDF, OCDD and OCDF in simulated soil samples. ii) To compare the conventional treatment methods with the modern available nanotechniques for the removal of selected Dioxins/furans from soil samples. The present work has investigated an opportunity of the degradation of tetra and octachlorinated dioxins and furans by using oil mediated UV radiations with subsequent extraction of respective dioxins/furans from soils. The results have been compared with the available nanotechniques. The dioxin congeners in the simulated soil sample showed decrease in concentration with the increase in the exposure time and intensity of UV radiations. The dechlorination of PCDD/Fs using palladized iron has been found to be effective. Both the conventional methods and nanotechnology have a dramatic impact on the removal of Dioxins/furans in contaminated soil. However, the nanotechniques are comparatively costlier and despite the relatively high rates of PCDDs dechlorination by Pd/nFe, small fraction of the dioxins are recalcitrant to degradation over considerable exposure times.
{"title":"Evaluation of Nanotechniques and Conventional Techniques for the Removal of Dioxins","authors":"Vaishali V. Shahare, R. Grover, S. Meena","doi":"10.2174/2210681208666180110153919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210681208666180110153919","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000 The persistent dioxins/furans has caused a worldwide concern as they influence\u0000the human health. Recent research indicates that nonmaterial may prove effective in the degradation\u0000of Dioxins/furans. The nanomaterials are very reactive owing to their large surface area to\u0000volume ratio and large number of reactive sites. However, nanotechnology applications face both the\u0000challenges and the opportunities to influence the area of environmental protection.\u0000\u0000\u0000 i) To study the impact of oil mediated UV-irradiations on the removal of 2,3,7,8-TCDD,\u00002,3,7,8-TCDF, OCDD and OCDF in simulated soil samples.\u0000\u0000\u0000 ii) To compare the conventional treatment methods with the modern available nanotechniques for the\u0000removal of selected Dioxins/furans from soil samples.\u0000\u0000\u0000 The present work has investigated an opportunity of the degradation of tetra and octachlorinated\u0000dioxins and furans by using oil mediated UV radiations with subsequent extraction of respective\u0000dioxins/furans from soils. The results have been compared with the available nanotechniques.\u0000\u0000\u0000 The dioxin congeners in the simulated soil sample showed decrease in concentration with\u0000the increase in the exposure time and intensity of UV radiations. The dechlorination of PCDD/Fs using\u0000palladized iron has been found to be effective.\u0000\u0000\u0000 Both the conventional methods and nanotechnology have a dramatic impact on the removal\u0000of Dioxins/furans in contaminated soil. However, the nanotechniques are comparatively costlier\u0000and despite the relatively high rates of PCDDs dechlorination by Pd/nFe, small fraction of the\u0000dioxins are recalcitrant to degradation over considerable exposure times.","PeriodicalId":18979,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86481918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-26DOI: 10.2174/2210681208666180111144217
Fusheng Yang, Peng Wang, Xiaoli Yang, Z. Cai
Fogging is a common phenomenon and often causes trouble to people in daily life. Antifogging (AF) and Antireflective (AR) coatings can be effectively used to provide resistance to fogging and maintain the optical clarity in day-to-day life. For this reason, they are useful for maintaining optical clarity in optical instrument and display devices. Antifogging and antireflective coatings were fabricated using a Spin-LbL assembly process, and this process is driven by electrostatic interactions between the positively charged ZrO2 NPs and negatively charged SiO2 NPs. The textured surfaces and void fraction can signicantly enhance the wettability of surfaces with water. And this may result in enhanced AF properties. In the Water contact angles (WCA) test, the ZrO2/SiO2 and SiO2/ZrO2 coatings were all superhydrophilic (almost 0°, less than 0.04 s). In the boiling test and low temperature AF test, the ZrO2/SiO2 and SiO2/ZrO2 samples showed excellent AF properties. Antifogging and antireflective coatings were fabricated via Spin-LbL assembly of the positively charged ZrO2 NPs and negatively charged SiO2 NPs followed by calcination. The resultant coatings showed excellent AF properties due to the superhydrophilicity of the coating, exhibited excellent AR properties due to the low refractive index coating and an appropriate coating thickness, and showed excellent superhydrophilic properties due to a nano-roughness structure.
{"title":"Antifogging and Antireflective Coatings by Spin-LbL Assembly of SiO2 and ZrO2 Nanoparticles","authors":"Fusheng Yang, Peng Wang, Xiaoli Yang, Z. Cai","doi":"10.2174/2210681208666180111144217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210681208666180111144217","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000 Fogging is a common phenomenon and often causes trouble to people in\u0000daily life. Antifogging (AF) and Antireflective (AR) coatings can be effectively used to provide resistance\u0000to fogging and maintain the optical clarity in day-to-day life. For this reason, they are useful\u0000for maintaining optical clarity in optical instrument and display devices.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Antifogging and antireflective coatings were fabricated using a Spin-LbL assembly process,\u0000and this process is driven by electrostatic interactions between the positively charged ZrO2 NPs\u0000and negatively charged SiO2 NPs.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 The textured surfaces and void fraction can signicantly enhance the wettability of surfaces\u0000with water. And this may result in enhanced AF properties. In the Water contact angles (WCA) test, the\u0000ZrO2/SiO2 and SiO2/ZrO2 coatings were all superhydrophilic (almost 0°, less than 0.04 s). In the boiling test\u0000and low temperature AF test, the ZrO2/SiO2 and SiO2/ZrO2 samples showed excellent AF properties.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Antifogging and antireflective coatings were fabricated via Spin-LbL assembly of the\u0000positively charged ZrO2 NPs and negatively charged SiO2 NPs followed by calcination. The resultant\u0000coatings showed excellent AF properties due to the superhydrophilicity of the coating, exhibited excellent\u0000AR properties due to the low refractive index coating and an appropriate coating thickness,\u0000and showed excellent superhydrophilic properties due to a nano-roughness structure.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18979,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia","volume":"24 10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91052388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-26DOI: 10.2174/2210681208666180416152913
M. M. Aqil, M. Azam, R. Latif
New application can be obtained by the integration between carbon nanotube technology Nano-Electro-Mechanical system (NEMs) and Micro-Electro-Mechanical system (MEMs). The new application is a transistor, which uses carbon nanotube as the channel between the source and drain, while MEMs resonator bridges are used as suspending gates. preparation process of the electrodes (source/drain), carbon nanotube growth between electrodes and the characterization of carbon nanotube channel using Raman spectroscopy to study the time and temperature effect on the quality of Carbon Nanotube channel (CNT-channel), field emission scanning electron microscope/Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (FESEM) to study CNT structure. The result shows the increasing of quality with the increase of both temperature and time. Carbon nanotubes exist between electrodes, and the growth direction follow ethanol direction from source to drain. However, the carbon nanotube growth randomly not aligned. The channel between electrodes were well etched, this has been approved by EDX result. The characterization confirmed the CNT presence between source and drain. Increasing the growth temperature from 700 to 725 °C enhanced the quality of growing CNTs, which is clearly shown from Raman information. While, increasing growth time decreased quality, but the effect not that significant. FESEM characterization shows that CNT growth follows the ethanol flow from source to drain randomly, while EDX result shows that the channel between the electrodes was well etched and clear.
{"title":"Fabrication and Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Channel on the Electrodes for the Development of Resonant Gate Transistor","authors":"M. M. Aqil, M. Azam, R. Latif","doi":"10.2174/2210681208666180416152913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210681208666180416152913","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000 New application can be obtained by the integration between carbon nanotube\u0000technology Nano-Electro-Mechanical system (NEMs) and Micro-Electro-Mechanical system\u0000(MEMs). The new application is a transistor, which uses carbon nanotube as the channel between\u0000the source and drain, while MEMs resonator bridges are used as suspending gates.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 preparation process of the electrodes (source/drain), carbon nanotube growth between\u0000electrodes and the characterization of carbon nanotube channel using Raman spectroscopy to study\u0000the time and temperature effect on the quality of Carbon Nanotube channel (CNT-channel), field\u0000emission scanning electron microscope/Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (FESEM) to study CNT\u0000structure.\u0000\u0000\u0000 The result shows the increasing of quality with the increase of both temperature and time.\u0000Carbon nanotubes exist between electrodes, and the growth direction follow ethanol direction from\u0000source to drain. However, the carbon nanotube growth randomly not aligned. The channel between\u0000electrodes were well etched, this has been approved by EDX result.\u0000\u0000\u0000 The characterization confirmed the CNT presence between source and drain. Increasing\u0000the growth temperature from 700 to 725 °C enhanced the quality of growing CNTs, which is\u0000clearly shown from Raman information. While, increasing growth time decreased quality, but the\u0000effect not that significant. FESEM characterization shows that CNT growth follows the ethanol\u0000flow from source to drain randomly, while EDX result shows that the channel between the electrodes\u0000was well etched and clear.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18979,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90450557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-26DOI: 10.2174/2210681207666170718160304
Waleed S. Mohammed, A. El‐Shazly, M. Elkady, M. Ohshima
The utilization of biodiesel as an alternative fuel is turning out to be progressively famous these days because of worldwide energy deficiency. The enthusiasm for utilizing Jatropha as a non-edible oil feedstock is quickly developing. The performance of the base catalyzed methanolysis reaction could be improved by a continuous process through a microreactor in view of the high mass transfer coefficient of this technique. Nanozirconium tungstovanadate, which was synthetized using sol-gel preparation method, was utilized in a complementary step for biodiesel production process. The prepared material has an average diameter of 0.066 &µm. First, the NaOH catalyzed methanolysis of Jatropha oil was investigated in a continuous microreactor, and the efficient mixing over different mixers and its impact on the biodiesel yield were studied under varied conditions. Second, the effect of adding the nanocatalyst as a second stage was investigated. The maximum percentage of produced methyl esters from Jatropha oil was 98.1% using a methanol/Jatropha oil molar ratio of 11 within 94 s using 1% NaOH at 60 &°C. The same maximum conversion ratio was recorded with the nanocatalyst via only 0.3% NaOH.
{"title":"Efficient Micromixing for Continuous Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Oil","authors":"Waleed S. Mohammed, A. El‐Shazly, M. Elkady, M. Ohshima","doi":"10.2174/2210681207666170718160304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210681207666170718160304","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000 The utilization of biodiesel as an alternative fuel is turning out to be progressively\u0000famous these days because of worldwide energy deficiency. The enthusiasm for utilizing\u0000Jatropha as a non-edible oil feedstock is quickly developing. The performance of the base catalyzed\u0000methanolysis reaction could be improved by a continuous process through a microreactor in\u0000view of the high mass transfer coefficient of this technique.\u0000\u0000\u0000 Nanozirconium tungstovanadate, which was synthetized using sol-gel\u0000preparation method, was utilized in a complementary step for biodiesel production process. The\u0000prepared material has an average diameter of 0.066 &µm.\u0000\u0000\u0000 First, the NaOH catalyzed methanolysis of Jatropha oil was investigated in a continuous\u0000microreactor, and the efficient mixing over different mixers and its impact on the biodiesel yield\u0000were studied under varied conditions. Second, the effect of adding the nanocatalyst as a second\u0000stage was investigated.\u0000\u0000\u0000 The maximum percentage of produced methyl esters from Jatropha oil was 98.1% using\u0000a methanol/Jatropha oil molar ratio of 11 within 94 s using 1% NaOH at 60 &°C. The same maximum\u0000conversion ratio was recorded with the nanocatalyst via only 0.3% NaOH.","PeriodicalId":18979,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia","volume":"380 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76432533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-26DOI: 10.2174/2210681208666180110154233
Aparna Bansal and Himanshu
Gene therapy has emerged out as a promising therapeutic pave for the treatment of genetic and acquired diseases. Gene transfection into target cells using naked DNA is a simple and safe approach which has been further improved by combining vectors or gene carriers. Both viral and non-viral approaches have achieved a milestone to establish this technique, but non-viral approaches have attained a significant attention because of their favourable properties like less immunotoxicity and biosafety, easy to produce with versatile surface modifications, etc. Literature is rich in evidences which revealed that undoubtedly, non–viral vectors have acquired a unique place in gene therapy but still there are number of challenges which are to be overcome to increase their effectiveness and prove them ideal gene vectors. To date, tissue specific expression, long lasting gene expression system, enhanced gene transfection efficiency has been achieved with improvement in delivery methods using non-viral vectors. This review mainly summarizes the various physical and chemical methods for gene transfer in vitro and in vivo.
{"title":"Non-Viral Vectors for Gene Delivery","authors":"Aparna Bansal and Himanshu","doi":"10.2174/2210681208666180110154233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210681208666180110154233","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000 Gene therapy has emerged out as a promising therapeutic pave for the treatment\u0000of genetic and acquired diseases. Gene transfection into target cells using naked DNA is a simple\u0000and safe approach which has been further improved by combining vectors or gene carriers. Both viral\u0000and non-viral approaches have achieved a milestone to establish this technique, but non-viral approaches\u0000have attained a significant attention because of their favourable properties like less immunotoxicity\u0000and biosafety, easy to produce with versatile surface modifications, etc. Literature is rich in evidences\u0000which revealed that undoubtedly, non–viral vectors have acquired a unique place in gene therapy\u0000but still there are number of challenges which are to be overcome to increase their effectiveness and\u0000prove them ideal gene vectors.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 To date, tissue specific expression, long lasting gene expression system, enhanced gene\u0000transfection efficiency has been achieved with improvement in delivery methods using non-viral vectors.\u0000This review mainly summarizes the various physical and chemical methods for gene transfer in vitro\u0000and in vivo.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18979,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81597662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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