Aging is associated with a higher risk for nutritional deficiencies which cause adverse functional consequences. Functional and anatomic changes in the gastrointestinal system could explain part of the nutritional alterations observed in the elderly. However, for every study that indicates a decline in gastrointestinal tract efficiency with advancing age, there is another that argues for no age-related effect. Consequently, despite the vast number of studies conducted on this issue, there is no consensus whether healthy old individuals have a reduced capacity for nutrient assimilation.
{"title":"Functional changes in the gastrointestinal system.","authors":"S Hirsch, M P de la Maza","doi":"10.1159/000061859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000061859","url":null,"abstract":"Aging is associated with a higher risk for nutritional deficiencies which cause adverse functional consequences. Functional and anatomic changes in the gastrointestinal system could explain part of the nutritional alterations observed in the elderly. However, for every study that indicates a decline in gastrointestinal tract efficiency with advancing age, there is another that argues for no age-related effect. Consequently, despite the vast number of studies conducted on this issue, there is no consensus whether healthy old individuals have a reduced capacity for nutrient assimilation.","PeriodicalId":18989,"journal":{"name":"Nestle Nutrition workshop series. Clinical & performance programme","volume":"6 ","pages":"97-106; discussion 106-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000061859","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26309054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
form, parenteral administration of an emulsion containing soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), olive oil, fish oil and increased amounts of antioxidant vitamins and minerals to patients (n = 19) following major surgery enhanced ex vivo LTB5 production by leukocytes and decreased hospital stay (13.4 ± 2.0 vs. 20.4 ± 10.0 days) compared with standard soybean oil-based
{"title":"Fatty acids and gene expression related to inflammation.","authors":"Philip C Calder","doi":"10.1159/000067510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000067510","url":null,"abstract":"form, parenteral administration of an emulsion containing soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), olive oil, fish oil and increased amounts of antioxidant vitamins and minerals to patients (n = 19) following major surgery enhanced ex vivo LTB5 production by leukocytes and decreased hospital stay (13.4 ± 2.0 vs. 20.4 ± 10.0 days) compared with standard soybean oil-based","PeriodicalId":18989,"journal":{"name":"Nestle Nutrition workshop series. Clinical & performance programme","volume":"7 ","pages":"19-36; discussion 36-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000067510","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22155686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the increasing number of patients safely receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN), it has become clear that there is a group of patients, in whom treatment is totally dependent on TPN for a prolonged period of time. This disease entity is referred to as ‘intestinal failure’, well defined as ‘conditions, which lack a functioning intestine necessary for adequate digestion and absorption’ [1]. Intestinal failure may roughly be divided into two types: one characterized by an absolute reduction in normally functioning gut mass (short bowel syndrome), and the other marked by an intestine with extensive lesions or functional insufficiency (intestinal dysfunction). Possible etiologic diseases or disorders are listed in Table 1. Short bowel syndrome occurs when the length of bowel available to achieve digestion and absorption has become inadequate as a result of massive bowel resection or congenital short bowel. Intestinal dysfunctions occur, when a large part of the intestinal tract does not function normally due to reduced motility or impaired digestion and absorption. Regarding survival following massive bowel resection in humans, an extensive review was made by Wilmore [2] in 1972. This indicates that, in infants with an intact ileocecal valve, none with small intestinal segment measuring less than 15 cm survived, while, in infants receiving ileocecal resection, this length is extended to 40 cm. However, patients with an even shorter length of remaining intestine can nowadays be maintained and successfully weaned from parenteral nutrition, if an appropriate nutritional regimen is administered concomitantly. The lower limit of remaining gut length compatible
{"title":"Signaling factors for gut adaptation.","authors":"Akira Okada","doi":"10.1159/000067517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000067517","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing number of patients safely receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN), it has become clear that there is a group of patients, in whom treatment is totally dependent on TPN for a prolonged period of time. This disease entity is referred to as ‘intestinal failure’, well defined as ‘conditions, which lack a functioning intestine necessary for adequate digestion and absorption’ [1]. Intestinal failure may roughly be divided into two types: one characterized by an absolute reduction in normally functioning gut mass (short bowel syndrome), and the other marked by an intestine with extensive lesions or functional insufficiency (intestinal dysfunction). Possible etiologic diseases or disorders are listed in Table 1. Short bowel syndrome occurs when the length of bowel available to achieve digestion and absorption has become inadequate as a result of massive bowel resection or congenital short bowel. Intestinal dysfunctions occur, when a large part of the intestinal tract does not function normally due to reduced motility or impaired digestion and absorption. Regarding survival following massive bowel resection in humans, an extensive review was made by Wilmore [2] in 1972. This indicates that, in infants with an intact ileocecal valve, none with small intestinal segment measuring less than 15 cm survived, while, in infants receiving ileocecal resection, this length is extended to 40 cm. However, patients with an even shorter length of remaining intestine can nowadays be maintained and successfully weaned from parenteral nutrition, if an appropriate nutritional regimen is administered concomitantly. The lower limit of remaining gut length compatible","PeriodicalId":18989,"journal":{"name":"Nestle Nutrition workshop series. Clinical & performance programme","volume":"7 ","pages":"169-78; discussion 178-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000067517","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22155694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aging is a continuum from birth to death but we age at various speeds facing different aspects of aging. Chronological age is not a correct measure of physical or intellectual age, because it might be considered only as one of the facets of the aging process. Signs of mental or physical deficiency do not occur in the normal aging process but are related to diseases occurring frequently with age. Quality of life is related to pathological aging and is influenced by musculoskeletal impairment, which is dependent on normal and pathological aging processes. Both age and diseases contribute to self-insufficiency and institutionalization, and are linked to morbidity and mortality in the elderly population. Identification of older individuals who are at risk of future functional decline is an essential part of geriatric assessment. Maintenance of independence in aging and quality of life are goals shared by geriatricians and the older adults. Some studies have reported that factors such as chronic illnesses, poor economic status, poor cognitive function and depression, sedentary life-style, and lack of social support are associated with an increased risk of disability [1, 2]. Functional status, which reflects the different aging processes, is linked to and predictive of outcome. Basic motor tasks such as walking or stepping are hallmarks of a mobilityrelated quality of life (and are often underestimated by younger healthy people). A minimum level of lower extremity strength and ability to maintain postural stability in the upright position are necessary for walking. And strength can compensate for poor balance [3]. Normal mobility is the ability to walk half a mile easily and to climb stairs without problems. Severe walking disability as defined by the Women’s Health and Aging Study [4] is an inability to walk a
{"title":"Physical assessment for aging prediction.","authors":"Monique Ferry, Bruno Lesourd, Pierre Pftizenmeyer","doi":"10.1159/000061867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000061867","url":null,"abstract":"Aging is a continuum from birth to death but we age at various speeds facing different aspects of aging. Chronological age is not a correct measure of physical or intellectual age, because it might be considered only as one of the facets of the aging process. Signs of mental or physical deficiency do not occur in the normal aging process but are related to diseases occurring frequently with age. Quality of life is related to pathological aging and is influenced by musculoskeletal impairment, which is dependent on normal and pathological aging processes. Both age and diseases contribute to self-insufficiency and institutionalization, and are linked to morbidity and mortality in the elderly population. Identification of older individuals who are at risk of future functional decline is an essential part of geriatric assessment. Maintenance of independence in aging and quality of life are goals shared by geriatricians and the older adults. Some studies have reported that factors such as chronic illnesses, poor economic status, poor cognitive function and depression, sedentary life-style, and lack of social support are associated with an increased risk of disability [1, 2]. Functional status, which reflects the different aging processes, is linked to and predictive of outcome. Basic motor tasks such as walking or stepping are hallmarks of a mobilityrelated quality of life (and are often underestimated by younger healthy people). A minimum level of lower extremity strength and ability to maintain postural stability in the upright position are necessary for walking. And strength can compensate for poor balance [3]. Normal mobility is the ability to walk half a mile easily and to climb stairs without problems. Severe walking disability as defined by the Women’s Health and Aging Study [4] is an inability to walk a","PeriodicalId":18989,"journal":{"name":"Nestle Nutrition workshop series. Clinical & performance programme","volume":"6 ","pages":"223-36; discussion 236-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000061867","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26309062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract remains a common cause of morbidity, reduced quality of life and, in certain cases, may be fatal. Despite intensified research efforts and significant advancements, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying many conditions such as ischemia reperfusion injury of the gut, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and sepsis of gut origin remains unclear. Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are phenotypically distinct forms of IBD whose pathogenesis is believed to involve aberrant mucosal immunoregulation, leading to intestinal epithelial cell injury mediated by activated T cells, mononuclear cells and macrophages. Despite the recent identification of disease susceptibility genes, the etiologies of these disorders remain unclear. Although the environmental trigger(s) responsible for disease onset and exacerbations remain unknown, an increasing body of evidence points to an important role of the gut flora and aberrant mucosal permeability. Corticosteroids and immunomodulatory drugs, the mainstays of therapy, often offer less than ideal results. There is a growing scientific rationale for the use of dietary factors, or nutriceuticals, to modulate the inflammatory response in the management of various chronic inflammatory disorders. Increased attention has focused interest on the importance of nutritional factors in the pathogenesis and treatment of IBD. Elemental diets have been employed to control disease activity in Crohn’s disease for almost three decades. Nevertheless, we have a limited understanding of their underlying mechanisms of action. The benefits
{"title":"Nutritional modulation of gut inflammation.","authors":"Ernest G Seidman, Sandra Bernotti, Emile Levy","doi":"10.1159/000067509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000067509","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract remains a common cause of morbidity, reduced quality of life and, in certain cases, may be fatal. Despite intensified research efforts and significant advancements, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying many conditions such as ischemia reperfusion injury of the gut, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and sepsis of gut origin remains unclear. Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are phenotypically distinct forms of IBD whose pathogenesis is believed to involve aberrant mucosal immunoregulation, leading to intestinal epithelial cell injury mediated by activated T cells, mononuclear cells and macrophages. Despite the recent identification of disease susceptibility genes, the etiologies of these disorders remain unclear. Although the environmental trigger(s) responsible for disease onset and exacerbations remain unknown, an increasing body of evidence points to an important role of the gut flora and aberrant mucosal permeability. Corticosteroids and immunomodulatory drugs, the mainstays of therapy, often offer less than ideal results. There is a growing scientific rationale for the use of dietary factors, or nutriceuticals, to modulate the inflammatory response in the management of various chronic inflammatory disorders. Increased attention has focused interest on the importance of nutritional factors in the pathogenesis and treatment of IBD. Elemental diets have been employed to control disease activity in Crohn’s disease for almost three decades. Nevertheless, we have a limited understanding of their underlying mechanisms of action. The benefits","PeriodicalId":18989,"journal":{"name":"Nestle Nutrition workshop series. Clinical & performance programme","volume":"7 ","pages":"41-61; discussion 61-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000067509","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22155687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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