Pub Date : 2019-10-29DOI: 10.1002/9781119300762.wsts0078
Stephan Wagner, J. Navrátilová, Andreas Gondikas
{"title":"Sample Preparation for the Analysis of Nanomaterials in Water","authors":"Stephan Wagner, J. Navrátilová, Andreas Gondikas","doi":"10.1002/9781119300762.wsts0078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119300762.wsts0078","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":190339,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Water","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124930836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-23DOI: 10.1002/9781119300762.wsts0069
A. Kennedy
{"title":"Fundamentals of Water Waves","authors":"A. Kennedy","doi":"10.1002/9781119300762.wsts0069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119300762.wsts0069","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":190339,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Water","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124018657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-28DOI: 10.1007/springerreference_224197
J. Yin, A. Porporato, P. D’Odorico, I. Rodríguez‐Iturbe
{"title":"Ecohydrology","authors":"J. Yin, A. Porporato, P. D’Odorico, I. Rodríguez‐Iturbe","doi":"10.1007/springerreference_224197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/springerreference_224197","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":190339,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Water","volume":"53 48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122390893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-28DOI: 10.1002/9781119300762.wsts0191
F. Molle, A. Closas
{"title":"Groundwater Governance","authors":"F. Molle, A. Closas","doi":"10.1002/9781119300762.wsts0191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119300762.wsts0191","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":190339,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Water","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114552216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-04-15DOI: 10.1002/0470848944.HSA004
R. Beckie
In this article our goal is to present an overview of the fundamental principles that are the basis of most models used in hydrology. We develop the fundamental principles of mass, momentum, and energy conservation and express them in mathematical form. We first outline the general approach that can be used to develop a mathematical statement of a conservation law, using a so-called Eulerian framework, where we consider volumes fixed in time and space through which material may flow. We then derive the general conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy for the case of flowing fluids. We next provide examples from hydrology that illustrate the application of the general conservation principles. We begin with relatively straightforward applications of the conservation equations and progress to more complex and less direct applications. Our first and simplest example is the advection–dispersion equation, which is a relatively transparent application of the conservation of mass principle, augmented with a so-called gradient-flux model, Fick's law, which describes the dispersion and diffusion of solute mass within the bulk flowing fluid. Next we present the Navier–Stokes equations, which are the conservation of momentum equations for a Newtonian fluid. The next suite of examples involves flow in porous media, which is described by more than one conservation principle applied simultaneously. Our last example is from engineering hydraulics, the Saint Venant equations, which are gross but practical simplifications of the general conservation statements. Keywords: conservation laws; conservation of mass; conservation of momentum; conservation of energy; advection–dispersion equation; Darcy's law; Richards equations; Saint Venant equations
{"title":"Fundamental Hydrologic Equations","authors":"R. Beckie","doi":"10.1002/0470848944.HSA004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0470848944.HSA004","url":null,"abstract":"In this article our goal is to present an overview of the fundamental principles that are the basis of most models used in hydrology. We develop the fundamental principles of mass, momentum, and energy conservation and express them in mathematical form. We first outline the general approach that can be used to develop a mathematical statement of a conservation law, using a so-called Eulerian framework, where we consider volumes fixed in time and space through which material may flow. We then derive the general conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy for the case of flowing fluids. We next provide examples from hydrology that illustrate the application of the general conservation principles. We begin with relatively straightforward applications of the conservation equations and progress to more complex and less direct applications. Our first and simplest example is the advection–dispersion equation, which is a relatively transparent application of the conservation of mass principle, augmented with a so-called gradient-flux model, Fick's law, which describes the dispersion and diffusion of solute mass within the bulk flowing fluid. Next we present the Navier–Stokes equations, which are the conservation of momentum equations for a Newtonian fluid. The next suite of examples involves flow in porous media, which is described by more than one conservation principle applied simultaneously. Our last example is from engineering hydraulics, the Saint Venant equations, which are gross but practical simplifications of the general conservation statements. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000conservation laws; \u0000conservation of mass; \u0000conservation of momentum; \u0000conservation of energy; \u0000advection–dispersion equation; \u0000Darcy's law; \u0000Richards equations; \u0000Saint Venant equations","PeriodicalId":190339,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Water","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114195701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-04-15DOI: 10.1002/0470848944.HSA082
A. Parsons
Much of the terminology and many of the concepts within the field of erosion and sediment transport by water on hillslopes, derive from the literature of agricultural engineering. Of particular importance has been the distinction between rills and interrill areas. One definition of the former is that they are channels small enough to be removed by ploughing; gullies, by contrast, are not. The distinction of gullies, rills, and interrill areas is artificial. None the less, it provides a convenient framework for an examination of the processes of hillslope erosion and sediment transport. In interrill areas, the dominant mechanism of sediment detachment is that of raindrop impact. Sediment detached by raindrops may be split into that which is transported away from the location of detachment in splash droplets (rainsplash), and that which is simply dislodged by the impact of raindrops but which either remains at, or falls back to, the site of detachment. The former is relatively easy to measure; the latter is not, but may be quantitatively much more important. The rate of detachment is a function of the rainfall energy at the soil surface, so that where vegetation intercepts some of the energy of the rainfall, or a layer of surface water exists, some of the energy of the falling rain will be dissipated. The rate of detachment is also affected by surface gradient. Whereas detachment in interrill areas is due to the energy of falling raindrops, sediment transport is mainly controlled by flow energy. Several authors have attempted to apply transport-capacity equations developed for alluvial rivers even though the hydraulic conditions in shallow overland flow are very different from those in rivers. However, sediment transport by interrill flow needs to consider not only the capacity of the flow, but also its competence. As threads of interrill flow become deeper and faster, a threshold is reached beyond which significant flow detachment begins to take place. Once this occurs the flow begins to erode definable channels, or rills. As with interrill overland flow, the transport capacity of rill flow has typically been estimated using equations taken from the literature developed for alluvial rivers. However, sediment transport by rill flow is equally determined by the competence of the flow. This is particularly the case for stony soils. Gullies have been relatively neglected in the agricultural literature, so that, whereas there is considerable qualitative literature on gully growth and development, quantitative information is limited. However, gullies may account for between 10% and 94% of total soil loss on hillslopes. Modelling of hillslope erosion and sediment transport has been undertaken by both geomorphologists and agricultural engineers. There is a shared history, inasmuch as, through time, both demonstrate increasingly explicit representation of processes in their modelling as understanding of processes has increased a
{"title":"Erosion and Sediment Transport by Water on Hillslopes","authors":"A. Parsons","doi":"10.1002/0470848944.HSA082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0470848944.HSA082","url":null,"abstract":"Much of the terminology and many of the concepts within the field of erosion and sediment transport by water on hillslopes, derive from the literature of agricultural engineering. Of particular importance has been the distinction between rills and interrill areas. One definition of the former is that they are channels small enough to be removed by ploughing; gullies, by contrast, are not. The distinction of gullies, rills, and interrill areas is artificial. None the less, it provides a convenient framework for an examination of the processes of hillslope erosion and sediment transport. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000In interrill areas, the dominant mechanism of sediment detachment is that of raindrop impact. Sediment detached by raindrops may be split into that which is transported away from the location of detachment in splash droplets (rainsplash), and that which is simply dislodged by the impact of raindrops but which either remains at, or falls back to, the site of detachment. The former is relatively easy to measure; the latter is not, but may be quantitatively much more important. The rate of detachment is a function of the rainfall energy at the soil surface, so that where vegetation intercepts some of the energy of the rainfall, or a layer of surface water exists, some of the energy of the falling rain will be dissipated. The rate of detachment is also affected by surface gradient. Whereas detachment in interrill areas is due to the energy of falling raindrops, sediment transport is mainly controlled by flow energy. Several authors have attempted to apply transport-capacity equations developed for alluvial rivers even though the hydraulic conditions in shallow overland flow are very different from those in rivers. However, sediment transport by interrill flow needs to consider not only the capacity of the flow, but also its competence. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000As threads of interrill flow become deeper and faster, a threshold is reached beyond which significant flow detachment begins to take place. Once this occurs the flow begins to erode definable channels, or rills. As with interrill overland flow, the transport capacity of rill flow has typically been estimated using equations taken from the literature developed for alluvial rivers. However, sediment transport by rill flow is equally determined by the competence of the flow. This is particularly the case for stony soils. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Gullies have been relatively neglected in the agricultural literature, so that, whereas there is considerable qualitative literature on gully growth and development, quantitative information is limited. However, gullies may account for between 10% and 94% of total soil loss on hillslopes. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Modelling of hillslope erosion and sediment transport has been undertaken by both geomorphologists and agricultural engineers. There is a shared history, inasmuch as, through time, both demonstrate increasingly explicit representation of processes in their modelling as understanding of processes has increased a","PeriodicalId":190339,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Water","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126878655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-04-15DOI: 10.1002/0470848944.HSA087
D. Walling
Measurements of sediment transport have been undertaken on many rivers throughout the world. Most of the available data relate to suspended sediment loads and the results provide a wealth of information on the variation of suspended sediment yields in both space and time. This contribution reviews current knowledge regarding land–ocean sediment transfer and sediment fluxes to the oceans, global patterns of sediment yield and their controls, and temporal variability of sediment yields in response to both natural controls and human activity and environmental change. In order to understand the sediment response of a drainage basin, it is important to take account of the complex linkages between sediment mobilisation and sediment output, and particularly the role of both short- and long-term storage. The sediment budget provides a useful conceptual framework for this purpose and current understanding of the structure of catchment sediment budgets is reviewed. Keywords: sediment loads; bed load; suspended sediment; sediment yields; specific sediment yield; grain size; global patterns; land–ocean transfer; sediment delivery; sediment budgets
{"title":"Sediment Yields and Sediment Budgets","authors":"D. Walling","doi":"10.1002/0470848944.HSA087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0470848944.HSA087","url":null,"abstract":"Measurements of sediment transport have been undertaken on many rivers throughout the world. Most of the available data relate to suspended sediment loads and the results provide a wealth of information on the variation of suspended sediment yields in both space and time. This contribution reviews current knowledge regarding land–ocean sediment transfer and sediment fluxes to the oceans, global patterns of sediment yield and their controls, and temporal variability of sediment yields in response to both natural controls and human activity and environmental change. In order to understand the sediment response of a drainage basin, it is important to take account of the complex linkages between sediment mobilisation and sediment output, and particularly the role of both short- and long-term storage. The sediment budget provides a useful conceptual framework for this purpose and current understanding of the structure of catchment sediment budgets is reviewed. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000sediment loads; \u0000bed load; \u0000suspended sediment; \u0000sediment yields; \u0000specific sediment yield; \u0000grain size; \u0000global patterns; \u0000land–ocean transfer; \u0000sediment delivery; \u0000sediment budgets","PeriodicalId":190339,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Water","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127046435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Determining background concentration of pollutants in surface and groundwaters is a particularly difficult task, but a most important one because of the definition of water quality standards. The major difficulty resides in the dynamic nature of pollutant dispersion and persistence in water systems and its individual characteristics, thus making it sometimes hard to distinguish between contaminated and uncontaminated samples based in one or a limited number of elements. The factors that determine the water chemistry are briefly discussed with some relevant examples, because it is essential to understand global water chemistry. A distinction between background concentration of inorganic and organic pollutants is made, which is because the former can have both natural and anthropogenic derived sources, whereas the latter are exclusively because of anthropogenic activities. In either case, determining background concentrations requires a representative set of water samples unaffected by factors that can change an element's concentration considerably in that system. These samples should preferably be taken in the same area, or at least in similar geological contexts. When this is not achieved satisfactorily, the use of probability plots or geostatistical methods, such as factorial kriging, may be possible solutions to the problem. Keywords: inorganic pollutants; organic pollutants; remediation; biodegradation; trace elements; drinking water standard; sampling; probability plots; factorial kriging; uncontaminated samples; anthropogenic impacts
{"title":"Background Concentration of Pollutants","authors":"M. Gonçalves","doi":"10.1002/047147844X.WQ51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/047147844X.WQ51","url":null,"abstract":"Determining background concentration of pollutants in surface and groundwaters is a particularly difficult task, but a most important one because of the definition of water quality standards. The major difficulty resides in the dynamic nature of pollutant dispersion and persistence in water systems and its individual characteristics, thus making it sometimes hard to distinguish between contaminated and uncontaminated samples based in one or a limited number of elements. The factors that determine the water chemistry are briefly discussed with some relevant examples, because it is essential to understand global water chemistry. A distinction between background concentration of inorganic and organic pollutants is made, which is because the former can have both natural and anthropogenic derived sources, whereas the latter are exclusively because of anthropogenic activities. In either case, determining background concentrations requires a representative set of water samples unaffected by factors that can change an element's concentration considerably in that system. These samples should preferably be taken in the same area, or at least in similar geological contexts. When this is not achieved satisfactorily, the use of probability plots or geostatistical methods, such as factorial kriging, may be possible solutions to the problem. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000inorganic pollutants; \u0000organic pollutants; \u0000remediation; \u0000biodegradation; \u0000trace elements; \u0000drinking water standard; \u0000sampling; \u0000probability plots; \u0000factorial kriging; \u0000uncontaminated samples; \u0000anthropogenic impacts","PeriodicalId":190339,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Water","volume":"16 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128597818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-15DOI: 10.1002/047147844X.GW1526
David B. Vance, J. Jacobs
Phytoremediation is a remediation method that uses what is in essence enhanced natural attenuation for cleanup. There are a variety of phytoremediation methods, some having multiple names: phytostabilization, rhizodegradation (phytostimulation, rhizosphere bioremediation, or plant-assisted bioremediation), rhizofiltration (contaminant uptake), phytodegradation (phytotransformation), phytovolatilization, and Phytoaccumulation (phytoextraction or hyperaccumulation). Various types of plants can be used in phytoremediation, including poplar trees, alfalfa, black locust, Indian mustard, fescue grass, crested wheatgrass, and Canada wild rye. Keywords: chelation; compartmentalization; hyperaccumulators; phreatophytes; phytochelatins; phytoextraction; phytoremediation; precipitation; rhizosphere; translocation
{"title":"Phytoremediation Enhancement of Natural Attenuation Processes","authors":"David B. Vance, J. Jacobs","doi":"10.1002/047147844X.GW1526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/047147844X.GW1526","url":null,"abstract":"Phytoremediation is a remediation method that uses what is in essence enhanced natural attenuation for cleanup. There are a variety of phytoremediation methods, some having multiple names: phytostabilization, rhizodegradation (phytostimulation, rhizosphere bioremediation, or plant-assisted bioremediation), rhizofiltration (contaminant uptake), phytodegradation (phytotransformation), phytovolatilization, and Phytoaccumulation (phytoextraction or hyperaccumulation). Various types of plants can be used in phytoremediation, including poplar trees, alfalfa, black locust, Indian mustard, fescue grass, crested wheatgrass, and Canada wild rye. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000chelation; \u0000compartmentalization; \u0000hyperaccumulators; \u0000phreatophytes; \u0000phytochelatins; \u0000phytoextraction; \u0000phytoremediation; \u0000precipitation; \u0000rhizosphere; \u0000translocation","PeriodicalId":190339,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Water","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124443045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-15DOI: 10.1002/047147844X.AW1504
A. Bergheim, M. Schumann, A. Brinker
Wastes from aquaculture plants include all materials used in the process that are not removed from the system during harvest. The principle wastes from aquaculture are uneaten feed, excreta, chemicals, and therapeutics. In addition, the term “waste” can also refer to pathogens and dead or escaped fish. Generally, the quantity of waste is closely connected to the culture system used. Intensive farm systems, typically monoculture of carnivorous finfish in the temperate zone reliant on artificial feed, may cause serious local pollution. So-called semi-intensive farm systems are supplied natural feed sources, such as vegetation, oil cakes, cereal bran, and organic-chemical fertilizers. The latter systems dominate the tropical/subtropical production of herbivorous or omnivorous fish, e.g., the major production of carps and tilapia, and the waste output to the surrounding waters is much lower than from intensive fish farms. Keywords: aquaculture; intensive fish farms; pond sediments
{"title":"Water Pollution from Fish Farms","authors":"A. Bergheim, M. Schumann, A. Brinker","doi":"10.1002/047147844X.AW1504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/047147844X.AW1504","url":null,"abstract":"Wastes from aquaculture plants include all materials used in the process that are not removed from the system during harvest. The principle wastes from aquaculture are uneaten feed, excreta, chemicals, and therapeutics. In addition, the term “waste” can also refer to pathogens and dead or escaped fish. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Generally, the quantity of waste is closely connected to the culture system used. Intensive farm systems, typically monoculture of carnivorous finfish in the temperate zone reliant on artificial feed, may cause serious local pollution. So-called semi-intensive farm systems are supplied natural feed sources, such as vegetation, oil cakes, cereal bran, and organic-chemical fertilizers. The latter systems dominate the tropical/subtropical production of herbivorous or omnivorous fish, e.g., the major production of carps and tilapia, and the waste output to the surrounding waters is much lower than from intensive fish farms. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000aquaculture; \u0000intensive fish farms; \u0000pond sediments","PeriodicalId":190339,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia of Water","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134224955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：