Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2023-12-11DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389626
Yolanda Diz-Chaves, Zainab Maastor, Carlos Spuch, José Antonio Lamas, Lucas C González-Matías, Federico Mallo
The glucagon-like peptide 1 is a pleiotropic hormone that has potent insulinotropic effects and is key in treating metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. Glucagon-like peptide 1 exerts its effects by activating a membrane receptor identified in many tissues, including different brain regions. Glucagon-like peptide 1 activates several signaling pathways related to neuroprotection, like the support of cell growth/survival, enhancement promotion of synapse formation, autophagy, and inhibition of the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, microglial activation, and apoptosis during neural morphogenesis. The glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia, maintain metabolic homeostasis and defense against pathogens in the central nervous system. After brain insult, microglia are the first cells to respond, followed by reactive astrocytosis. These activated cells produce proinflammatory mediators like cytokines or chemokines to react to the insult. Furthermore, under these circumstances, microglia can become chronically inflammatory by losing their homeostatic molecular signature and, consequently, their functions during many diseases. Several processes promote the development of neurological disorders and influence their pathological evolution: like the formation of protein aggregates, the accumulation of abnormally modified cellular constituents, the formation and release by injured neurons or synapses of molecules that can dampen neural function, and, of critical importance, the dysregulation of inflammatory control mechanisms. The glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist emerges as a critical tool in treating brain-related inflammatory pathologies, restoring brain cell homeostasis under inflammatory conditions, modulating microglia activity, and decreasing the inflammatory response. This review summarizes recent advances linked to the anti-inflammatory properties of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activation in the brain related to multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, vascular dementia, or chronic migraine.
{"title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activation: anti-inflammatory effects in the brain.","authors":"Yolanda Diz-Chaves, Zainab Maastor, Carlos Spuch, José Antonio Lamas, Lucas C González-Matías, Federico Mallo","doi":"10.4103/1673-5374.389626","DOIUrl":"10.4103/1673-5374.389626","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The glucagon-like peptide 1 is a pleiotropic hormone that has potent insulinotropic effects and is key in treating metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. Glucagon-like peptide 1 exerts its effects by activating a membrane receptor identified in many tissues, including different brain regions. Glucagon-like peptide 1 activates several signaling pathways related to neuroprotection, like the support of cell growth/survival, enhancement promotion of synapse formation, autophagy, and inhibition of the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, microglial activation, and apoptosis during neural morphogenesis. The glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia, maintain metabolic homeostasis and defense against pathogens in the central nervous system. After brain insult, microglia are the first cells to respond, followed by reactive astrocytosis. These activated cells produce proinflammatory mediators like cytokines or chemokines to react to the insult. Furthermore, under these circumstances, microglia can become chronically inflammatory by losing their homeostatic molecular signature and, consequently, their functions during many diseases. Several processes promote the development of neurological disorders and influence their pathological evolution: like the formation of protein aggregates, the accumulation of abnormally modified cellular constituents, the formation and release by injured neurons or synapses of molecules that can dampen neural function, and, of critical importance, the dysregulation of inflammatory control mechanisms. The glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist emerges as a critical tool in treating brain-related inflammatory pathologies, restoring brain cell homeostasis under inflammatory conditions, modulating microglia activity, and decreasing the inflammatory response. This review summarizes recent advances linked to the anti-inflammatory properties of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activation in the brain related to multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, vascular dementia, or chronic migraine.</p>","PeriodicalId":19113,"journal":{"name":"Neural Regeneration Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10960307/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138808052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2023-12-11DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389644
Sarah Buchholz, Hans Zempel
{"title":"Suppression of mature TAU isoforms prevents Alzheimer's disease-like amyloid-beta oligomer-induced spine loss in rodent neurons.","authors":"Sarah Buchholz, Hans Zempel","doi":"10.4103/1673-5374.389644","DOIUrl":"10.4103/1673-5374.389644","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19113,"journal":{"name":"Neural Regeneration Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10960270/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138808101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2023-12-11DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389632
Austyn D Roseborough, Nikita Ollen-Bittle, Shawn N Whitehead
{"title":"Using microglia-derived extracellular vesicles to capture diversity of microglial activation phenotypes following neurological injury.","authors":"Austyn D Roseborough, Nikita Ollen-Bittle, Shawn N Whitehead","doi":"10.4103/1673-5374.389632","DOIUrl":"10.4103/1673-5374.389632","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19113,"journal":{"name":"Neural Regeneration Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10960273/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138808112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2023-12-11DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389645
Vlad Ionut Viorel, Ylenia Pastorello, Nosherwan Bajwa, Mark Slevin
{"title":"p38-MAPK and CDK5, signaling pathways in neuroinflammation: a potential therapeutic intervention in Alzheimer's disease?","authors":"Vlad Ionut Viorel, Ylenia Pastorello, Nosherwan Bajwa, Mark Slevin","doi":"10.4103/1673-5374.389645","DOIUrl":"10.4103/1673-5374.389645","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19113,"journal":{"name":"Neural Regeneration Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10960271/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138808085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2023-12-11DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389642
Dmitry Lim, Alexei Verkhratsky
{"title":"Alterations of protein homeostasis in Alzheimer's disease: beyond Procrustean bed of endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response.","authors":"Dmitry Lim, Alexei Verkhratsky","doi":"10.4103/1673-5374.389642","DOIUrl":"10.4103/1673-5374.389642","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19113,"journal":{"name":"Neural Regeneration Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10960295/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138808041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2023-12-11DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389745
Miaoping Zhang, Chunmei Liang, Xiongjin Chen, Yujie Cai, Lili Cui
Alzheimer's disease, among the most common neurodegenerative disorders, is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment. At present, the Alzheimer's disease main risk remains genetic risks, but major environmental factors are increasingly shown to impact Alzheimer's disease development and progression. Microglia, the most important brain immune cells, play a central role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and are considered environmental and lifestyle "sensors." Factors like environmental pollution and modern lifestyles (e.g., chronic stress, poor dietary habits, sleep, and circadian rhythm disorders) can cause neuroinflammatory responses that lead to cognitive impairment via microglial functioning and phenotypic regulation. However, the specific mechanisms underlying interactions among these factors and microglia in Alzheimer's disease are unclear. Herein, we: discuss the biological effects of air pollution, chronic stress, gut microbiota, sleep patterns, physical exercise, cigarette smoking, and caffeine consumption on microglia; consider how unhealthy lifestyle factors influence individual susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease; and present the neuroprotective effects of a healthy lifestyle. Toward intervening and controlling these environmental risk factors at an early Alzheimer's disease stage, understanding the role of microglia in Alzheimer's disease development, and targeting strategies to target microglia, could be essential to future Alzheimer's disease treatments.
{"title":"Interplay between microglia and environmental risk factors in Alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Miaoping Zhang, Chunmei Liang, Xiongjin Chen, Yujie Cai, Lili Cui","doi":"10.4103/1673-5374.389745","DOIUrl":"10.4103/1673-5374.389745","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease, among the most common neurodegenerative disorders, is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment. At present, the Alzheimer's disease main risk remains genetic risks, but major environmental factors are increasingly shown to impact Alzheimer's disease development and progression. Microglia, the most important brain immune cells, play a central role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and are considered environmental and lifestyle \"sensors.\" Factors like environmental pollution and modern lifestyles (e.g., chronic stress, poor dietary habits, sleep, and circadian rhythm disorders) can cause neuroinflammatory responses that lead to cognitive impairment via microglial functioning and phenotypic regulation. However, the specific mechanisms underlying interactions among these factors and microglia in Alzheimer's disease are unclear. Herein, we: discuss the biological effects of air pollution, chronic stress, gut microbiota, sleep patterns, physical exercise, cigarette smoking, and caffeine consumption on microglia; consider how unhealthy lifestyle factors influence individual susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease; and present the neuroprotective effects of a healthy lifestyle. Toward intervening and controlling these environmental risk factors at an early Alzheimer's disease stage, understanding the role of microglia in Alzheimer's disease development, and targeting strategies to target microglia, could be essential to future Alzheimer's disease treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":19113,"journal":{"name":"Neural Regeneration Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10960290/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138808064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2023-12-11DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389636
Henrike Ohm, Simone Rey, Christian Klämbt
{"title":"Clustering of voltage-gated ion channels as an evolutionary trigger of myelin formation.","authors":"Henrike Ohm, Simone Rey, Christian Klämbt","doi":"10.4103/1673-5374.389636","DOIUrl":"10.4103/1673-5374.389636","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19113,"journal":{"name":"Neural Regeneration Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10960306/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138808043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2023-12-11DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389638
Pete A Williams, Robert J Casson
{"title":"Glycolysis and glucose metabolism as a target for bioenergetic and neuronal protection in glaucoma.","authors":"Pete A Williams, Robert J Casson","doi":"10.4103/1673-5374.389638","DOIUrl":"10.4103/1673-5374.389638","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19113,"journal":{"name":"Neural Regeneration Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10960284/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138808058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2023-12-11DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389635
Ricardo Gómez-Oliva, Pedro Nunez-Abades, Carmen Castro
{"title":"New pharmacological tools: the use of diterpenes to promote adult hippocampal neurogenesis.","authors":"Ricardo Gómez-Oliva, Pedro Nunez-Abades, Carmen Castro","doi":"10.4103/1673-5374.389635","DOIUrl":"10.4103/1673-5374.389635","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19113,"journal":{"name":"Neural Regeneration Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10960299/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138808083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2023-12-11DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389643
Sho Oasa, Valentina L Kouznetsova, Igor F Tsigelny, Lars Terenius
{"title":"Small molecular decoys in Alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Sho Oasa, Valentina L Kouznetsova, Igor F Tsigelny, Lars Terenius","doi":"10.4103/1673-5374.389643","DOIUrl":"10.4103/1673-5374.389643","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19113,"journal":{"name":"Neural Regeneration Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10960305/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138808097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}