Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1353/nlh.2023.a907168
Marc Kohlbry
Abstract: October 26, 1966: At his inaugural lecture as professorial chair at the University of Strasbourg, the French cybernetician Abraham A. Moles was met not with applause but with tomatoes.1 Those responsible for the projectiles were members of the Situationist International (SI), the revolutionary avant-garde organization led by Guy Debord whose influence would color the uprisings of Mai 68. Taken together, these events can be seen as part of a continuum: while the SI later claimed the tomatoes to have been a preliminary action for their dissemination of On the Poverty of Student Life that fall, the subsequent media outcry over this pamphlet is still interpreted as a catalyst for the events of '68.
摘要:1966年10月26日，法国控制论学家亚伯拉罕·摩尔斯(Abraham A. mole)在斯特拉斯堡大学(University of Strasbourg)担任教授主席的就职演讲中，得到的不是掌声，而是番茄那些负责投掷物的人是国际形势主义者(SI)的成员，这是一个革命先锋组织，由居伊·德波领导，他的影响影响了1968年的起义。总的来说，这些事件可以被看作是一个连续体的一部分:虽然SI后来声称西红柿是他们在那年秋天传播《学生生活的贫困》的初步行动，但随后媒体对这本小册子的强烈抗议仍然被解释为68年事件的催化剂。
{"title":"New Noise?","authors":"Marc Kohlbry","doi":"10.1353/nlh.2023.a907168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/nlh.2023.a907168","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: October 26, 1966: At his inaugural lecture as professorial chair at the University of Strasbourg, the French cybernetician Abraham A. Moles was met not with applause but with tomatoes.1 Those responsible for the projectiles were members of the Situationist International (SI), the revolutionary avant-garde organization led by Guy Debord whose influence would color the uprisings of Mai 68. Taken together, these events can be seen as part of a continuum: while the SI later claimed the tomatoes to have been a preliminary action for their dissemination of On the Poverty of Student Life that fall, the subsequent media outcry over this pamphlet is still interpreted as a catalyst for the events of '68.","PeriodicalId":19150,"journal":{"name":"New Literary History","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135533264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1353/nlh.2023.a907169
Ada Smailbegović
Abstract: One of the stanzas in Alison Knowles and James Tenney's computer-generated poem "The House of Dust" suggests a sense of a shiny, metallic, unevenly reflective enclosure, filled with light characteristic of the desert environment, and yet one that somehow shelters both aquatic and avian species: "A HOUSE OF TIN / IN A DESERT / USING NATURAL LIGHT / INHABITED BY VARIOUS BIRDS AND FISH." One distinct mood, one world of atmospheric and affective effects opens up here through the specific juxtapositions of entities and materials. Following Eve Sedgwick's sense, in her book Touching Feeling , of an intimacy that "seems to subsist between textures and emotions," this essay enumerates the affective qualities generated through patterns of recombination that structure "The House of Dust." Seen through the lens of cybernetics and affect theory this early computer-generated poem offers an interesting example of the complex layering of the analogue and the digital, as it translates between the binary code of early computer languages and the discrete, analogue properties of specific configurations of materials and the concomitant affective states they evoke. As such, the poem and the concomitant performances it has generated over time in which aspects of the poem were frequently recreated out of elements of the material universe complicate any kind of a binary relationship between the analogue and digital, materiality and code, or even original creation and reception.
{"title":"\"2 < n < infinity\": A Multilayered \"Phyllo Dough of the Analog and the Digital\" in Alison Knowles and James Tenney's The House of Dust","authors":"Ada Smailbegović","doi":"10.1353/nlh.2023.a907169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/nlh.2023.a907169","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: One of the stanzas in Alison Knowles and James Tenney's computer-generated poem \"The House of Dust\" suggests a sense of a shiny, metallic, unevenly reflective enclosure, filled with light characteristic of the desert environment, and yet one that somehow shelters both aquatic and avian species: \"A HOUSE OF TIN / IN A DESERT / USING NATURAL LIGHT / INHABITED BY VARIOUS BIRDS AND FISH.\" One distinct mood, one world of atmospheric and affective effects opens up here through the specific juxtapositions of entities and materials. Following Eve Sedgwick's sense, in her book Touching Feeling , of an intimacy that \"seems to subsist between textures and emotions,\" this essay enumerates the affective qualities generated through patterns of recombination that structure \"The House of Dust.\" Seen through the lens of cybernetics and affect theory this early computer-generated poem offers an interesting example of the complex layering of the analogue and the digital, as it translates between the binary code of early computer languages and the discrete, analogue properties of specific configurations of materials and the concomitant affective states they evoke. As such, the poem and the concomitant performances it has generated over time in which aspects of the poem were frequently recreated out of elements of the material universe complicate any kind of a binary relationship between the analogue and digital, materiality and code, or even original creation and reception.","PeriodicalId":19150,"journal":{"name":"New Literary History","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135533270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1353/nlh.2023.a907173
Lea Pao
Abstract: Cataloging cybernetic thinking shows how the space between what one might think of as "pure" cybernetic application and the study of cybernetics offers a useful path toward understanding how literary studies can engage with cybernetics as a philosophical and intellectual model. This vertical approach folds metadiscourses into more direct engagements with cybernetic ideas and problems and resists the drive for a conceptually and technically unified theory of cybernetic thinking in favor of a multidimensional approach to literary cybernetics. This essay outlines four ways of thinking that have shaped work in literary studies and cybernetics: 1) the analysis of the historical field of cybernetics, 2) transhistorical approaches to cybernetics, 3) the study of cybernetic concepts, methods, and vocabulary, and 4) a focus on epistemologies of failure.
{"title":"Ways of Cybernetic Thinking","authors":"Lea Pao","doi":"10.1353/nlh.2023.a907173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/nlh.2023.a907173","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Cataloging cybernetic thinking shows how the space between what one might think of as \"pure\" cybernetic application and the study of cybernetics offers a useful path toward understanding how literary studies can engage with cybernetics as a philosophical and intellectual model. This vertical approach folds metadiscourses into more direct engagements with cybernetic ideas and problems and resists the drive for a conceptually and technically unified theory of cybernetic thinking in favor of a multidimensional approach to literary cybernetics. This essay outlines four ways of thinking that have shaped work in literary studies and cybernetics: 1) the analysis of the historical field of cybernetics, 2) transhistorical approaches to cybernetics, 3) the study of cybernetic concepts, methods, and vocabulary, and 4) a focus on epistemologies of failure.","PeriodicalId":19150,"journal":{"name":"New Literary History","volume":"281 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135533276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1353/nlh.2023.a907170
Aaron Jaffe
Abstract: Connecting the dots between Vilém Flusser and Heinz von Foerster, this essay explores the links and somewhat belated co-emergence of media theory and cybernetics as a vanishing mediator in modern literary history and the posthuman turn: first, media theory's cybernetic investments and re-deployments of certain concepts and, second, a much humbler claim for cybernetics, namely, its status as a media theory in all but name. Preeminently, the idea that there's no outside to the Whole, second-order observation, the key piece from von Foerster, is central to Flusserian thinking. There's always an observer observing, and that's in any type of epistemology that's a hard problem of complexity, like a problem that can't be easily resolved. The subject isn't a human per se but a knot and also a not of relations, as Flusser puts it, a juncture for various channels of information that also presents impedances. Von Foerster's transit is from physicist - interested in engineering and a systemic constructivism - to meta-physicist reaching into the impossibilities of the social sphere and cognition.
{"title":"The Double Repatriations of Cybernetics and Media Theory: Vilém Flusser and Heinz von Foerster","authors":"Aaron Jaffe","doi":"10.1353/nlh.2023.a907170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/nlh.2023.a907170","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Connecting the dots between Vilém Flusser and Heinz von Foerster, this essay explores the links and somewhat belated co-emergence of media theory and cybernetics as a vanishing mediator in modern literary history and the posthuman turn: first, media theory's cybernetic investments and re-deployments of certain concepts and, second, a much humbler claim for cybernetics, namely, its status as a media theory in all but name. Preeminently, the idea that there's no outside to the Whole, second-order observation, the key piece from von Foerster, is central to Flusserian thinking. There's always an observer observing, and that's in any type of epistemology that's a hard problem of complexity, like a problem that can't be easily resolved. The subject isn't a human per se but a knot and also a not of relations, as Flusser puts it, a juncture for various channels of information that also presents impedances. Von Foerster's transit is from physicist - interested in engineering and a systemic constructivism - to meta-physicist reaching into the impossibilities of the social sphere and cognition.","PeriodicalId":19150,"journal":{"name":"New Literary History","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135533280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1353/nlh.2023.a907166
Paul Jaussen
Abstract: In this brief essay, I consider the following question: can systems thinking offer us a general theory of literary form? By "general theory," I mean the highest level of abstraction, akin to Thomas Kuhn's notion of a paradigm; I'll largely (though not entirely) pass over the "middle-level" concepts that Marjorie Levinson and Jonathan Culler call "poetics" and, lower still, the ordinary science of literary criticism that we call close reading.1 As a scholar trained in modernist poetry, I know that such abstractions are intrinsically risky; "no ideas but in things," William Carlos Williams warned.2 But I also believe that pursuing such a general theory can help us self-reflectively describe what we actually do as literary scholars, while also suggesting new modes of critical practice. Given that the last decade in literary studies was marked by a perhaps excessive attention to methodology, in this piece I'm less interested in proposing a cybernetic "way of reading" and more interested in systems thinking's capacity to help us understand why our discipline fosters so many ways of reading, more or less successful, to begin with.
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Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1353/nlh.2022.a898321
A. Booth
Abstract:Literary studies, whether digital or analog, have overemphasized the novel, itself an example of the problem of misrepresenting a more complex system through favored individuals or reductive samples. Digitized access to more of the published English-language texts over centuries enables research on overlooked forms beyond boundaries of genre, nation, and period, and yet "distant reading" or algorithmic textual analysis continues to favor the portion of novels that have been digitized—not a representative proxy for literature. The essay reflects on changing methods experienced in the author's career in light of persistent misconstructions of digital humanities (DH); illustrates difficulties of identifying and representing networks and typologies of individual people through an online database, Collective Biographies of Women; and discusses other digital projects working at mid-range with book history as well as cultural and material contexts. Citing colleagues in this issue and a range of advocates for uniting "theory," close reading, and social-justice and engagement initiatives with new media and methods, the essay advocates for varieties of digital scholarship that serve humanities inquiry without privileging the novel as data.
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Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1353/nlh.2022.a898336
C. Childress
Abstract:We used to talk. By "we" I mean cultural sociologists and scholars in the humanities, and by "used to talk" I mean acknowledge each other's existence, at times perhaps even generously so. There are different versions as to what happened, one of which is a bit more intellectual than the other, although neither of which are entirely right. The more intellectual version is that for a brief spell in the late 1980s and early 1990s it looked like our interests might converge. At around the same time, many of us stopped being scolds about popular culture, deciding instead that it was more fruitful and interesting to engage the world than to police it. Some of us were also asking similar questions, be it about the role of authors and their ability (or lack thereof) to enforce, guide, or push readers into certain meanings, or about the role of interpretive communities and groups either to buffer against the impingement of those meanings or to generate localized meanings all anew. So we congregated around folks such as I. A. Richards, Wolfgang Iser, Hans Robert Jauss, Mikhail Bakhtin, Stanley Fish, Roland Barthes, or Michel Foucault, and sometimes we even cited each other too, and then it just all kind of petered out.
摘要：我们过去常聊天。我所说的“我们”是指文化社会学家和人文学科学者，我所说“过去常说话”是指承认彼此的存在，有时甚至可能慷慨地承认。关于所发生的事情，有不同的说法，其中一种比另一种更具智识，尽管这两种说法都不完全正确。更理智的说法是，在20世纪80年代末和90年代初的一段短暂时间里，我们的利益似乎会趋同。大约在同一时间，我们中的许多人不再被指责流行文化，而是认为与监管世界相比，参与世界更富有成效和有趣。我们中的一些人也提出了类似的问题，无论是关于作者的角色，以及他们强制、引导或推动读者理解某些意义的能力（或缺乏能力），或者解释团体和群体的作用，以缓冲这些意义的冲击，或者重新产生本地化的意义。因此，我们聚集在像I.A.Richards、Wolfgang Iser、Hans Robert Jauss、Mikhail Bakhtin、Stanley Fish、Roland Barthes或Michel Foucault这样的人周围，有时我们甚至相互引用，然后一切都逐渐消失了。
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Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1353/nlh.2022.a898332
Andrew Piper, Sunyam Bagga
Abstract:In this essay, we provide a framework for the empirical testing of narrative theory using the process of machine learning and predictive modeling. Drawing on a collection of over thirteen-thousand passages from an array of different genres, our models suggest that a very small number of features are highly predictive of narrative communication and that these features strongly align with reader judgments. According to our models, narrativity can best be described by what we call the "distant worlds theory," where narrative communication is most strongly identified through the depiction of concretized actions of an agent set at a distance to the teller. These findings raise interesting questions with respect to the deictic and distanciating functions of narration as a cultural practice. Ultimately, we argue that predictive modeling can serve as a valuable tool in the literary critical toolkit to address the problems of theory validation, theory reduction, and theory development. Predictive modeling can help us move past expert opinion as the sole form of validation and gain confidence about the generalizability of our theories about literary behavior in the world.
{"title":"Toward a Data-Driven Theory of Narrativity","authors":"Andrew Piper, Sunyam Bagga","doi":"10.1353/nlh.2022.a898332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/nlh.2022.a898332","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In this essay, we provide a framework for the empirical testing of narrative theory using the process of machine learning and predictive modeling. Drawing on a collection of over thirteen-thousand passages from an array of different genres, our models suggest that a very small number of features are highly predictive of narrative communication and that these features strongly align with reader judgments. According to our models, narrativity can best be described by what we call the \"distant worlds theory,\" where narrative communication is most strongly identified through the depiction of concretized actions of an agent set at a distance to the teller. These findings raise interesting questions with respect to the deictic and distanciating functions of narration as a cultural practice. Ultimately, we argue that predictive modeling can serve as a valuable tool in the literary critical toolkit to address the problems of theory validation, theory reduction, and theory development. Predictive modeling can help us move past expert opinion as the sole form of validation and gain confidence about the generalizability of our theories about literary behavior in the world.","PeriodicalId":19150,"journal":{"name":"New Literary History","volume":"54 1","pages":"879 - 901"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41658397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1353/nlh.2022.a898328
Joan Lubin
Abstract:New names for sexual selves drop daily online. How do we make sense of this apparently novel proliferation of terms? Most of our models for thinking about sexual self-nomination derive from the history of homosexuality and its imbrication with print cultural networks of circulation and conversation. But unlike earlier terms—butch or femme, fairy or molly, sissy or stud, uranist or invert, or any number of other vocabularies of sexual selfhood that sexuality studies has seized upon as historiographic waystations in the tale of emergent sexual modernity—our lexicon today appears to issue from a different substrate of culture. It circulates on different media and implicates us in different systems of self-disclosure, social exchange, and scientific capture. It is not just novelty nomenclature—the narratives, discourses, and names that organize the social sense of sexual selves—with which we must contend but also the media environments from which they issue and in which they circulate. How do we make sense of the convergence of liberatory vocabularies of gender self-determination and the mechanics of mass personalized data capture? How does this moment fit into the history of sexuality at large, punctuated as it is by many moments of taxonomic irruption?
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Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1353/nlh.2022.a898335
Roopika Risam
Abstract:How will we contend with born-digital texts, in archives and beyond, as artifacts of literary history in the future? Looking from the present forward, this essay considers the significance and challenges of born-digital texts for computational literary studies. Briefly exploring the new media paratexts that postcolonial writers are now creating, Risam asks what it would take to ensure that our capacity for computational analysis in the future reflects, rather than elides, the diverse and inclusive literary history of the present.
{"title":"Our Paratextual Presents, Our Computational Literary Futures","authors":"Roopika Risam","doi":"10.1353/nlh.2022.a898335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/nlh.2022.a898335","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:How will we contend with born-digital texts, in archives and beyond, as artifacts of literary history in the future? Looking from the present forward, this essay considers the significance and challenges of born-digital texts for computational literary studies. Briefly exploring the new media paratexts that postcolonial writers are now creating, Risam asks what it would take to ensure that our capacity for computational analysis in the future reflects, rather than elides, the diverse and inclusive literary history of the present.","PeriodicalId":19150,"journal":{"name":"New Literary History","volume":"54 1","pages":"967 - 973"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48434355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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