Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_9_22
Iman Haruna, A. Yakasai, S. Haruna, Jamila Yau, Yusuf Jaafar, Hamza Muhammad, J. Tukur
Nigeria has been reaffirming its commitment to reducing maternal death at national and international levels. Multiple strategies have therefore been formulated at different levels of the maternal healthcare delivery chain including health facilities. However, varying rates of maternal death are still being reported from health facilities in Nigeria. This study aimed at exploring the trend in maternal death across health facilities in Nigeria to guide policy making and/ or implementation. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies conducted in Nigeria was undertaken according to standard protocol. Random and fixed effects model procedures were used to pool estimates from the studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria. Derived estimates were examined for heterogeneity, publication bias and quality using I-squared statistic, Egger's/Begg's tests and modified Downs/Black checklist respectively. The pooled maternal mortality ratio for Nigeria derived from 24 studies that reported data for 96 health facilities was 1470 per 100,000 live births. In restricted analysis, estimates for geopolitical zones were: South East (SE) 1449; South South (SS) 1825; South West (SW) 1564; North Central (NC) 1769; North East (NE) 1670 and North West 1530(NW). There was no publication bias in all analyses even though small sample size in restricted analysis and differing study duration may influence pooled estimates. Health facility-derived maternal mortality in Nigeria is unprecedentedly high and appropriate measures need to be put in place to reduce the MMR in Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa as a whole.
{"title":"Health facility-based maternal mortality in Nigeria: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Iman Haruna, A. Yakasai, S. Haruna, Jamila Yau, Yusuf Jaafar, Hamza Muhammad, J. Tukur","doi":"10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_9_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_9_22","url":null,"abstract":"Nigeria has been reaffirming its commitment to reducing maternal death at national and international levels. Multiple strategies have therefore been formulated at different levels of the maternal healthcare delivery chain including health facilities. However, varying rates of maternal death are still being reported from health facilities in Nigeria. This study aimed at exploring the trend in maternal death across health facilities in Nigeria to guide policy making and/ or implementation. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies conducted in Nigeria was undertaken according to standard protocol. Random and fixed effects model procedures were used to pool estimates from the studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria. Derived estimates were examined for heterogeneity, publication bias and quality using I-squared statistic, Egger's/Begg's tests and modified Downs/Black checklist respectively. The pooled maternal mortality ratio for Nigeria derived from 24 studies that reported data for 96 health facilities was 1470 per 100,000 live births. In restricted analysis, estimates for geopolitical zones were: South East (SE) 1449; South South (SS) 1825; South West (SW) 1564; North Central (NC) 1769; North East (NE) 1670 and North West 1530(NW). There was no publication bias in all analyses even though small sample size in restricted analysis and differing study duration may influence pooled estimates. Health facility-derived maternal mortality in Nigeria is unprecedentedly high and appropriate measures need to be put in place to reduce the MMR in Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa as a whole.","PeriodicalId":19224,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences","volume":"49 1","pages":"101 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139364892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_10_23
Ayotunde Azees, J. Ango, Abdulfattah Isa, MakindeA Adeniyi
Context: Work heavily impacts workers' health globally, with noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) increasingly becoming a major public health concern. Aim: This study accessed the prevalence and predictors of noise-induced hearing impairment among local rice mill workers in Sokoto State, Northwest Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among rice mill workers between June 2019 and July 2019. Participants were selected using a multistage sampling technique, and a pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using IBM® Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22, and the results were presented in tables and figures. Statistical tests of associations were conducted using the Chi-square test and binary logistic regression with a significance level set at P < 0.05. Results: The noise level in the rice mills ranged from 81.8 dBA to 91.7 dBA, with a mean of 86.7 ± 2.3 dBA. A hundred and eighty-five respondents (46.5%) of the 398 respondents had at least a symptom of hearing loss, with tinnitus (145 (36.4%)) being the most prevalent. About a third of 125 (32.5%) had hearing impairment in at least one of the ears on audiometry. The predictors of hearing impairment on audiometry were cigarette smoking, education, and having symptoms of hearing loss. Conclusion: The burden of noise-induced hearing impairment is high among rice mill workers in Sokoto State, Northwest Nigeria; hence, both the government and rice mill owners need to initiate smoking cessation programs, promote the use of personal protective equipment, and urgently implement hearing conservation programs to address the problem.
{"title":"Burden of noise-induced hearing loss among rice mill workers in Sokoto State, Northwest Nigeria","authors":"Ayotunde Azees, J. Ango, Abdulfattah Isa, MakindeA Adeniyi","doi":"10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_10_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_10_23","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Work heavily impacts workers' health globally, with noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) increasingly becoming a major public health concern. Aim: This study accessed the prevalence and predictors of noise-induced hearing impairment among local rice mill workers in Sokoto State, Northwest Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among rice mill workers between June 2019 and July 2019. Participants were selected using a multistage sampling technique, and a pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using IBM® Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22, and the results were presented in tables and figures. Statistical tests of associations were conducted using the Chi-square test and binary logistic regression with a significance level set at P < 0.05. Results: The noise level in the rice mills ranged from 81.8 dBA to 91.7 dBA, with a mean of 86.7 ± 2.3 dBA. A hundred and eighty-five respondents (46.5%) of the 398 respondents had at least a symptom of hearing loss, with tinnitus (145 (36.4%)) being the most prevalent. About a third of 125 (32.5%) had hearing impairment in at least one of the ears on audiometry. The predictors of hearing impairment on audiometry were cigarette smoking, education, and having symptoms of hearing loss. Conclusion: The burden of noise-induced hearing impairment is high among rice mill workers in Sokoto State, Northwest Nigeria; hence, both the government and rice mill owners need to initiate smoking cessation programs, promote the use of personal protective equipment, and urgently implement hearing conservation programs to address the problem.","PeriodicalId":19224,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences","volume":"179 1","pages":"161 - 166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139364621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_18_23
Thanuja Ande, Thanuja Makani, Kavya Nannam, S. Velichety, Jyothi Kumar
Context: Vascular variations are an unexpected finding during cadaveric dissections, postmortems, and surgical and diagnostic angiographic procedures. Usually, such abnormalities are asymptomatic, but the existence of hepatic vasculature anomalies might cause accidental injuries to the vasculature while performing surgical procedures. Aim: This study aimed to dissect human cadavers and postmortem specimens and to examine the variations of the hepatic artery system. Materials and Method: This study was conducted on 50 specimens, with 22 conducted in the dissection hall cadavers, while 28 were collected from the postmortem among the South Indian population irrespective of age and sex and investigated for variant hepatic arteries. The data were collected between January 2014 and December 2015. Results: The results of this study demonstrated that the common hepatic artery (CHA) originated directly from the aorta in 2%, and it was trifurcated into the right hepatic artery (RHA), left hepatic artery (LHA), and gastroduodenal artery (GDA) in 8%. It continued only as the LHA in 16% and only as RHA in 4%. The RHA arises from CHA in 8%, from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) in 10%, from GDA in 4%, and from replaced CHA in 2%. The GDA accounted for 4% of the accessory RHA's origin, while the proper hepatic artery (PHA) accounted for 2%. The LHA from the CHA in 8% replaced the origin from the left gastric artery (LGA) in 4% and replaced CHA in 2%. The middle hepatic artery was noticed in 62% of the specimens. Conclusion: Surgeons and radiologists participating in angiographic procedures must have up-to-date knowledge of hepatic artery normal variant abnormalities.
{"title":"Rare and combined hepatic artery variants as seen in cadaveric and postmortem investigations: Anatomical implications in surgical practice","authors":"Thanuja Ande, Thanuja Makani, Kavya Nannam, S. Velichety, Jyothi Kumar","doi":"10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_18_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_18_23","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Vascular variations are an unexpected finding during cadaveric dissections, postmortems, and surgical and diagnostic angiographic procedures. Usually, such abnormalities are asymptomatic, but the existence of hepatic vasculature anomalies might cause accidental injuries to the vasculature while performing surgical procedures. Aim: This study aimed to dissect human cadavers and postmortem specimens and to examine the variations of the hepatic artery system. Materials and Method: This study was conducted on 50 specimens, with 22 conducted in the dissection hall cadavers, while 28 were collected from the postmortem among the South Indian population irrespective of age and sex and investigated for variant hepatic arteries. The data were collected between January 2014 and December 2015. Results: The results of this study demonstrated that the common hepatic artery (CHA) originated directly from the aorta in 2%, and it was trifurcated into the right hepatic artery (RHA), left hepatic artery (LHA), and gastroduodenal artery (GDA) in 8%. It continued only as the LHA in 16% and only as RHA in 4%. The RHA arises from CHA in 8%, from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) in 10%, from GDA in 4%, and from replaced CHA in 2%. The GDA accounted for 4% of the accessory RHA's origin, while the proper hepatic artery (PHA) accounted for 2%. The LHA from the CHA in 8% replaced the origin from the left gastric artery (LGA) in 4% and replaced CHA in 2%. The middle hepatic artery was noticed in 62% of the specimens. Conclusion: Surgeons and radiologists participating in angiographic procedures must have up-to-date knowledge of hepatic artery normal variant abnormalities.","PeriodicalId":19224,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences","volume":"23 1","pages":"182 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139364772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_38_22
Hafsat Ameen, Shehu Musa, R. Ibraheem, F. Oladiji, Omotosho Musa, A. Salaudeen
Context: Childhood immunization remains a public health problem in Nigeria, as the status did not improve substantially during the last two decades, especially in northern Nigeria. Understanding the level of routine immunization uptake of children among caregivers is important if a healthy community is to be maintained. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the knowledge and level of routine immunization uptake among caregivers in Bukkuyum Local Government of Zamfara State, Nigeria. Settings and Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study involving 320 caregivers selected using a multistage sampling technique was conducted. Materials and Methods: Sociodemographics, vaccination details, and knowledge were obtained via a semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Statistical Analysis Used: Data collected was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) statistics for Windows, version 21.0. Results: Findings show abysmally low levels of uptake of routine immunization antigens, namely, Bacille Calmette- Guerine (BCG) (26.1%), Oral Polio Vaccine LGAs= Local Government Areas (OPV) (42.5%), pentavalent vaccine (18.9%), and measles (13.0%). Only 80 (25.0%) children were fully immunized, 93 (29.0%) partially immunized, and 147 (46.0%) nonimmunized. Most respondents had poor knowledge (308 (96.2%)) and poor attitudinal disposition (173 (54.1%)) toward routine immunization. Conclusion: The vaccination uptake and knowledge of immunization among caregivers in the study area are poor. Caregivers' continual health education and a step-up of mobile health education activities by healthcare providers are crucial to improve routine immunization uptake in the study area.
{"title":"Routine immunization uptake and knowledge of caregivers in selected rural communities in Northwestern Nigeria","authors":"Hafsat Ameen, Shehu Musa, R. Ibraheem, F. Oladiji, Omotosho Musa, A. Salaudeen","doi":"10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_38_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_38_22","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Childhood immunization remains a public health problem in Nigeria, as the status did not improve substantially during the last two decades, especially in northern Nigeria. Understanding the level of routine immunization uptake of children among caregivers is important if a healthy community is to be maintained. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the knowledge and level of routine immunization uptake among caregivers in Bukkuyum Local Government of Zamfara State, Nigeria. Settings and Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study involving 320 caregivers selected using a multistage sampling technique was conducted. Materials and Methods: Sociodemographics, vaccination details, and knowledge were obtained via a semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Statistical Analysis Used: Data collected was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) statistics for Windows, version 21.0. Results: Findings show abysmally low levels of uptake of routine immunization antigens, namely, Bacille Calmette- Guerine (BCG) (26.1%), Oral Polio Vaccine LGAs= Local Government Areas (OPV) (42.5%), pentavalent vaccine (18.9%), and measles (13.0%). Only 80 (25.0%) children were fully immunized, 93 (29.0%) partially immunized, and 147 (46.0%) nonimmunized. Most respondents had poor knowledge (308 (96.2%)) and poor attitudinal disposition (173 (54.1%)) toward routine immunization. Conclusion: The vaccination uptake and knowledge of immunization among caregivers in the study area are poor. Caregivers' continual health education and a step-up of mobile health education activities by healthcare providers are crucial to improve routine immunization uptake in the study area.","PeriodicalId":19224,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences","volume":"69 1","pages":"135 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139365138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_5_23
Godwin Ushie, K. Akaba, B. Nwogoh
Context: Hepatitis E virus is one of the reemerging pathogens of global concern with an increased risk of transmission by transfusion of blood and blood products. However, this has not been studied in our environment. Aim: The aim is to study the seroprevalence of HEV transmission by potential blood donors in Calabar. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at the UCTH Calabar. A total of 187 potential donors were enrolled. Serum IgM and IgG HEV antibodies were done on 182 donors. IgM and IgG HEV antibodies were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data generated were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences IBM SPSS version 23. Results: One hundred and eighty-two participants in the study with a male-to-female ratio of 2.1:1; a mean age and standard deviation of 28.1 ± 5–7 years; 63.7%, 31.9%, and 4.4% of the study population were first-time, regular, and lapsed donors, respectively. Also, 57.1%, 41.8%, and 1.1% of the subject were voluntary, replacement, and remunerated donors; respectively. Fifty percent of the subjects were HEV seropositive, out of which 8.79% were positive for IgM-only anti-HEV antibodies, 86.81% were positive for IgG-only anti-HEV antibodies, and 7.69% were positive for both anti-HEV IgM/IgG antibodies. Conclusion: There is a high seroprevalence of HEV (IgM and IgG) among potential blood donors in Calabar. IgM antibodies reflect acute infections which may be subclinical as in our study population while IgG reflects past infection. The relatively high seroprevalence of IgM antibodies obtained in the index study has serious implications for transfusion safety, especially for the immunocompromised persons in the region.
背景：戊型肝炎病毒是全球关注的新病原体之一，通过输血和血液制品传播的风险增加。然而，我国尚未对此进行研究。目的：旨在研究卡拉巴尔潜在献血者的戊型肝炎病毒传播血清流行率。材料和方法：这是一项在卡拉巴尔大学附属医院进行的横断面研究。共招募了 187 名潜在献血者。对 182 名献血者进行了血清 IgM 和 IgG HEV 抗体检测。IgM 和 IgG HEV 抗体使用酶联免疫吸附测定法进行测定。产生的数据使用社会科学统计软件包 IBM SPSS 23 版进行分析。结果182名参与者的男女比例为2.1:1；平均年龄和标准差为28.1±5-7岁；63.7%、31.9%和4.4%的研究人群分别为首次、定期和过期捐献者。此外，57.1%、41.8% 和 1.1% 的受试者是自愿捐献者、替代捐献者和有偿捐献者。50%的受试者HEV血清阳性，其中8.79%的受试者仅抗HEV IgM抗体阳性，86.81%的受试者仅抗HEV IgG抗体阳性，7.69%的受试者抗HEV IgM/IgG抗体均阳性。结论卡拉巴尔潜在献血者的 HEV 血清（IgM 和 IgG）阳性率很高。IgM 抗体反映的是急性感染，在我们的研究人群中可能是亚临床感染，而 IgG 反映的是既往感染。指数研究中获得的相对较高的 IgM 抗体血清流行率对输血安全有严重影响，特别是对该地区免疫力低下的人。
{"title":"Seroprevalence of hepatitis e among blood donors in calabar","authors":"Godwin Ushie, K. Akaba, B. Nwogoh","doi":"10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_5_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_5_23","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Hepatitis E virus is one of the reemerging pathogens of global concern with an increased risk of transmission by transfusion of blood and blood products. However, this has not been studied in our environment. Aim: The aim is to study the seroprevalence of HEV transmission by potential blood donors in Calabar. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at the UCTH Calabar. A total of 187 potential donors were enrolled. Serum IgM and IgG HEV antibodies were done on 182 donors. IgM and IgG HEV antibodies were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data generated were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences IBM SPSS version 23. Results: One hundred and eighty-two participants in the study with a male-to-female ratio of 2.1:1; a mean age and standard deviation of 28.1 ± 5–7 years; 63.7%, 31.9%, and 4.4% of the study population were first-time, regular, and lapsed donors, respectively. Also, 57.1%, 41.8%, and 1.1% of the subject were voluntary, replacement, and remunerated donors; respectively. Fifty percent of the subjects were HEV seropositive, out of which 8.79% were positive for IgM-only anti-HEV antibodies, 86.81% were positive for IgG-only anti-HEV antibodies, and 7.69% were positive for both anti-HEV IgM/IgG antibodies. Conclusion: There is a high seroprevalence of HEV (IgM and IgG) among potential blood donors in Calabar. IgM antibodies reflect acute infections which may be subclinical as in our study population while IgG reflects past infection. The relatively high seroprevalence of IgM antibodies obtained in the index study has serious implications for transfusion safety, especially for the immunocompromised persons in the region.","PeriodicalId":19224,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":"131 - 134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139365262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_12_23
H. Galadanci, Isa Abubakar, Baba Musa, A. Adamu, M. Gadanya, F. Tsiga-Ahmed, A. Kwaku, R. Jalo, Usman Bashir, H. Abdullahi, Zubaida Farouk, Faisal Dankishiya, T. Amole, Muktar Aliyu
Context: The morbidity and mortality arising from the COVID-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries were further worsened by the disruption in health systems and diversion of strained health resources for emergency response. Aim: This study ascertained whether there was an increase in the number of deaths recorded in Kano, Nigeria, during the pandemic, compared to the preceding 3 years and identified the potential causes of these deaths. Materials and Methods: Using a retrospective design, data were collected from a tertiary hospital in Kano from January to June 2020. Data on number and date of deaths, as well as clinical information of the deceased, were retrieved from hospital records. Comparison data were collected on all deaths and admissions in the hospital within a similar period (January–June) of 2017–2019. Results: The age of the deceased ranged from one day to 115 years, with the majority being males (n = 414; 63.2%) and adults (n = 491; 75.0%). The majority did not have history of recent travel (n = 570; 87.0%), contact with COVID-19 suspected cases (n = 622; 95.0%), or confirmed COVID-19 (n = 625; 95.4%). Slightly less than half (n = 262; 46.2%) died within 24h of admission. The majority (n = 452; 79.7%) died within 7 days of admission. The most common cause of death recorded on admission was sepsis (n = 66; 10.1%), while 53 (8.1%) were brought in dead. SARS-CoV-2 infection was the documented cause of death in twelve patients (1.8%). More than half (n = 378; 57.7%) had underlying medical conditions, of which hypertension (n = 172; 45.5%) was the most common. The highest annual average deaths (178) and admissions (2179) were recorded in 2019, while 135 deaths and 1532 admissions were recorded in 2020. Most deaths occurred in April 2020 (208), while the highest number of admissions was recorded in March 2020. Mortality was higher in April of 2020 (14.1%, 95% CI: 12.4%–16.0%) compared to the same month in 2017 (7.6%, 95% CI: 5.9%–9.7%), 2018 (8.4%, 95% CI 7.0%–10.2%), and 2019 (8.5%, 95% CI 7.3–9.8%). Conclusion: In summary, we found excess mortality rates during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kano, Nigeria, consistent with prior studies.
{"title":"Evaluation of excess deaths in a tertiary hospital in Urban Northern Nigeria during the COVID-19 pandemic (EDiK-2020 Study)","authors":"H. Galadanci, Isa Abubakar, Baba Musa, A. Adamu, M. Gadanya, F. Tsiga-Ahmed, A. Kwaku, R. Jalo, Usman Bashir, H. Abdullahi, Zubaida Farouk, Faisal Dankishiya, T. Amole, Muktar Aliyu","doi":"10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_12_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_12_23","url":null,"abstract":"Context: The morbidity and mortality arising from the COVID-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries were further worsened by the disruption in health systems and diversion of strained health resources for emergency response. Aim: This study ascertained whether there was an increase in the number of deaths recorded in Kano, Nigeria, during the pandemic, compared to the preceding 3 years and identified the potential causes of these deaths. Materials and Methods: Using a retrospective design, data were collected from a tertiary hospital in Kano from January to June 2020. Data on number and date of deaths, as well as clinical information of the deceased, were retrieved from hospital records. Comparison data were collected on all deaths and admissions in the hospital within a similar period (January–June) of 2017–2019. Results: The age of the deceased ranged from one day to 115 years, with the majority being males (n = 414; 63.2%) and adults (n = 491; 75.0%). The majority did not have history of recent travel (n = 570; 87.0%), contact with COVID-19 suspected cases (n = 622; 95.0%), or confirmed COVID-19 (n = 625; 95.4%). Slightly less than half (n = 262; 46.2%) died within 24h of admission. The majority (n = 452; 79.7%) died within 7 days of admission. The most common cause of death recorded on admission was sepsis (n = 66; 10.1%), while 53 (8.1%) were brought in dead. SARS-CoV-2 infection was the documented cause of death in twelve patients (1.8%). More than half (n = 378; 57.7%) had underlying medical conditions, of which hypertension (n = 172; 45.5%) was the most common. The highest annual average deaths (178) and admissions (2179) were recorded in 2019, while 135 deaths and 1532 admissions were recorded in 2020. Most deaths occurred in April 2020 (208), while the highest number of admissions was recorded in March 2020. Mortality was higher in April of 2020 (14.1%, 95% CI: 12.4%–16.0%) compared to the same month in 2017 (7.6%, 95% CI: 5.9%–9.7%), 2018 (8.4%, 95% CI 7.0%–10.2%), and 2019 (8.5%, 95% CI 7.3–9.8%). Conclusion: In summary, we found excess mortality rates during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kano, Nigeria, consistent with prior studies.","PeriodicalId":19224,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences","volume":"181 1","pages":"109 - 113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139366019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_27_23
Saurabh Satyarth, S. Subramani, S. Ganesan, B. Swathika, Vandana Sadananda, Meenakumari Chikkanna, J. Babu, C. Swarnalatha, AbhishekSingh Nayyar
Context and Aim: A plethora of chemicals have been used for gutta-percha decontamination, though none of these methods have proven to be fully effective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of triphala, aloe vera, and Morinda citrifolia (M. citrifolia) as potential root canal irrigants and their effectiveness in decontaminating gutta-percha cones against Escherichia coli (E. coli), Escherichia faecalis (E. faecalis), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial efficacy of different herbal extracts against the reference strains of the test pathogens was assessed based on the zones of inhibition created, while for testing decontamination of gutta-percha cones, sterile gutta-percha cones were incubated in thioglycollate broth (THIO) followed by the evaluation of the turbidity values of the broth (in formazin turbidity units (FTU)) through digital photo-colorimeter. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) post hoc analysis were used for comparison between different groups. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results of this study revealed that for E. faecalis and E. coli, 90% ethanolic extracts of aloe vera had maximum efficacy with the diameter of the zone of inhibition achieved being 23.0 mm and 17.0 mm, respectively, while for S. aureus, both aloe vera and M. citrifolia showed equal zones of inhibition of diameter of 22.0 mm at 10-1 concentration. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study suggested that all three tested herbal extracts were found to have optimal antimicrobial activity against the test pathogens.
{"title":"Evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of triphala, aloe vera, and morinda citrifolia (M. Citrifolia) as potential root canal irrigants and their effectiveness in decontaminating gutta-percha cones: An In vitro disk diffusion and digital photo-colorimeter-based study","authors":"Saurabh Satyarth, S. Subramani, S. Ganesan, B. Swathika, Vandana Sadananda, Meenakumari Chikkanna, J. Babu, C. Swarnalatha, AbhishekSingh Nayyar","doi":"10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_27_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_27_23","url":null,"abstract":"Context and Aim: A plethora of chemicals have been used for gutta-percha decontamination, though none of these methods have proven to be fully effective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of triphala, aloe vera, and Morinda citrifolia (M. citrifolia) as potential root canal irrigants and their effectiveness in decontaminating gutta-percha cones against Escherichia coli (E. coli), Escherichia faecalis (E. faecalis), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial efficacy of different herbal extracts against the reference strains of the test pathogens was assessed based on the zones of inhibition created, while for testing decontamination of gutta-percha cones, sterile gutta-percha cones were incubated in thioglycollate broth (THIO) followed by the evaluation of the turbidity values of the broth (in formazin turbidity units (FTU)) through digital photo-colorimeter. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) post hoc analysis were used for comparison between different groups. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results of this study revealed that for E. faecalis and E. coli, 90% ethanolic extracts of aloe vera had maximum efficacy with the diameter of the zone of inhibition achieved being 23.0 mm and 17.0 mm, respectively, while for S. aureus, both aloe vera and M. citrifolia showed equal zones of inhibition of diameter of 22.0 mm at 10-1 concentration. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study suggested that all three tested herbal extracts were found to have optimal antimicrobial activity against the test pathogens.","PeriodicalId":19224,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"142 - 149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139364579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_72_21
Umar Also, G. Gwarzo
Context: Under-five mortality rate in Nigeria is still high. Majority of the death are due to preventable diseases. Aim: To identify the causes of morbidity and mortality and mortality rate among children admitted to the Emergency Pediatrics Unit. Setting and Design: The study was a retrospective. Medical records of children admitted to Emergency Pediatric Unit of state specialist hospital in north-western Nigeria from January 2017 to December 2018 were retrieved. Material and Method: A designed proforma was used to extract information from medical records. Ethical clearance was obtained from the hospital. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: Records of 1,126 children admitted were analyzed. Their ages were 1 month to 13 years. Severe malaria (45.6%) and sepsis (13.9%) were the common reasons for admission. Majority (60.0%) were discharged home, 29.0% were transferred to the ward, and 0.5% discharged against medical advice. Mortality rate was 10.5%. Majority (50.3%) of the mortalities occurred less than 24 hours of admission. Under-five children had highest mortality (66.9%). Conclusion: Infectious diseases especially malaria and sepsis are still common causes of morbidity and mortality in children admitted to emergency unit.
{"title":"Causes of childhood morbidity and mortality in emergency pediatrics unit of rasheed shekoni specialist hospital, Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria","authors":"Umar Also, G. Gwarzo","doi":"10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_72_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_72_21","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Under-five mortality rate in Nigeria is still high. Majority of the death are due to preventable diseases. Aim: To identify the causes of morbidity and mortality and mortality rate among children admitted to the Emergency Pediatrics Unit. Setting and Design: The study was a retrospective. Medical records of children admitted to Emergency Pediatric Unit of state specialist hospital in north-western Nigeria from January 2017 to December 2018 were retrieved. Material and Method: A designed proforma was used to extract information from medical records. Ethical clearance was obtained from the hospital. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: Records of 1,126 children admitted were analyzed. Their ages were 1 month to 13 years. Severe malaria (45.6%) and sepsis (13.9%) were the common reasons for admission. Majority (60.0%) were discharged home, 29.0% were transferred to the ward, and 0.5% discharged against medical advice. Mortality rate was 10.5%. Majority (50.3%) of the mortalities occurred less than 24 hours of admission. Under-five children had highest mortality (66.9%). Conclusion: Infectious diseases especially malaria and sepsis are still common causes of morbidity and mortality in children admitted to emergency unit.","PeriodicalId":19224,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences","volume":"12 1","pages":"114 - 117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139365655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_3_23
Emmanuel S Adebayo, A. Olumide, Halimat Olaniyan, Babatunde Oluwagbayela
Context: Adolescents with hearing impairment are generally neglected in the design and implementation of most HIV information interventions. However, this group of adolescents significantly contributes to the rising incidence of HIV among adolescents. Aim: This study presents the protocol for a study that pilots an intervention to provide Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) and HIV information for adolescents with hearing impairment. Settings and Design: The study will be a cluster randomized control trial. The study will be conducted in two phases. Materials and Methods: Phase one will include information gathering about the current services available to adolescents generally and adolescents with hearing impairment across selected primary healthcare centers. The information obtained during this will be used to design the intervention. Phase two will be a pilot of the intervention to increase the comprehensive knowledge of HIV among adolescents with hearing impairment and link them to existing services. A pre-post intervention survey will be conducted to measure knowledge of SRH and HIV among the participants. Post-intervention surveys will occur immediately after and one-month post-intervention. Conclusion: This study will provide baseline information for a more robust study on improving access to information and services among adolescents with hearing impairment.
{"title":"Improving access to HIV/AIDS and sexual and reproductive health information and services among adolescents with hearing impairment in Ibadan, Nigeria: Protocol for a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial","authors":"Emmanuel S Adebayo, A. Olumide, Halimat Olaniyan, Babatunde Oluwagbayela","doi":"10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_3_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_3_23","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Adolescents with hearing impairment are generally neglected in the design and implementation of most HIV information interventions. However, this group of adolescents significantly contributes to the rising incidence of HIV among adolescents. Aim: This study presents the protocol for a study that pilots an intervention to provide Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) and HIV information for adolescents with hearing impairment. Settings and Design: The study will be a cluster randomized control trial. The study will be conducted in two phases. Materials and Methods: Phase one will include information gathering about the current services available to adolescents generally and adolescents with hearing impairment across selected primary healthcare centers. The information obtained during this will be used to design the intervention. Phase two will be a pilot of the intervention to increase the comprehensive knowledge of HIV among adolescents with hearing impairment and link them to existing services. A pre-post intervention survey will be conducted to measure knowledge of SRH and HIV among the participants. Post-intervention surveys will occur immediately after and one-month post-intervention. Conclusion: This study will provide baseline information for a more robust study on improving access to information and services among adolescents with hearing impairment.","PeriodicalId":19224,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"150 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139366216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_23_23
Aisha Suleiman, Anisah Yahya, Adekunle Oguntayo
Context: Menstruation may be associated with somatic and psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. Aims: We determined the awareness, prevalence, and pattern of premenstrual syndrome among female students in secondary schools in Kaduna state. Association of premenstrual syndrome with sociodemographic profile of respondents and healthcare evaluation and intervention sought by students with premenstrual syndromes were also explored. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional observational study conducted on 300 students enrolled in secondary schools in Sabon Gari Local Government Area in Kaduna state. A pretested questionnaire was used to obtain data. The data were analysed using SPSS 20 with P < .05 considered as significant. Results: The mean age of participants was 16.2 ± 1.6 years. The prevalence of premenstrual syndrome was 226 (75.3%). Dysmenorrhea was the most common physical manifestation of premenstrual syndrome and occurred in 183 (81.0%) of the respondents with premenstrual syndrome with a median pain score of 3.0, while mood swings were the most common emotional manifestation of premenstrual syndrome present among respondents 132 (58.4%). Healthcare evaluation was sought by only 15.4% of those affected; however, a good number (42.5%) sought for some form of intervention for their symptoms. There was no significant association between the occurrence of premenstrual syndrome and the sociodemographic profile of the respondents. Conclusion: The self-reported prevalence rate of premenstrual syndrome among the study population is high with dysmenorrhea being the most common symptom. There was no association found between the occurrence of premenstrual syndrome and sociodemographic profile of those affected. Most of the students affected did not seek for any form of healthcare evaluation.
{"title":"Prevalence and Pattern of Premenstrual Syndrome among Secondary School Students in Kaduna State","authors":"Aisha Suleiman, Anisah Yahya, Adekunle Oguntayo","doi":"10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_23_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_23_23","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Menstruation may be associated with somatic and psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. Aims: We determined the awareness, prevalence, and pattern of premenstrual syndrome among female students in secondary schools in Kaduna state. Association of premenstrual syndrome with sociodemographic profile of respondents and healthcare evaluation and intervention sought by students with premenstrual syndromes were also explored. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional observational study conducted on 300 students enrolled in secondary schools in Sabon Gari Local Government Area in Kaduna state. A pretested questionnaire was used to obtain data. The data were analysed using SPSS 20 with P < .05 considered as significant. Results: The mean age of participants was 16.2 ± 1.6 years. The prevalence of premenstrual syndrome was 226 (75.3%). Dysmenorrhea was the most common physical manifestation of premenstrual syndrome and occurred in 183 (81.0%) of the respondents with premenstrual syndrome with a median pain score of 3.0, while mood swings were the most common emotional manifestation of premenstrual syndrome present among respondents 132 (58.4%). Healthcare evaluation was sought by only 15.4% of those affected; however, a good number (42.5%) sought for some form of intervention for their symptoms. There was no significant association between the occurrence of premenstrual syndrome and the sociodemographic profile of the respondents. Conclusion: The self-reported prevalence rate of premenstrual syndrome among the study population is high with dysmenorrhea being the most common symptom. There was no association found between the occurrence of premenstrual syndrome and sociodemographic profile of those affected. Most of the students affected did not seek for any form of healthcare evaluation.","PeriodicalId":19224,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences","volume":"396 1","pages":"167 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139364945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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