Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_34_22
A. Nalado, H. Saidu
Context: Several large clinical trials on the use of medical therapy in the management of heart failure have shown angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), beta blockers (BBs), and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) to be of proven benefit and are recommended by guidelines. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the trend of prescription and dosing of evidence-based medications used for chronic heart failure (CHF) in our population. Settings and Design: This is a retrospective study on the pattern of prescription of evidence-based heart failure medications on 200 consecutive patients with CHF who attended the cardiology clinic or were admitted into the Medical wards from January 2020 to December 2020 at Murtala Muhammed Specialist Hospital, Kano, North-Western Nigeria. The data was obtained from patients' records. Statistical Analytics Used: Data obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 software. (SPSS Inc. Illinois, USA). Results: ACE inhibitors or ARBs were prescribed in 89 (44.5%), BBs in 76 (38%), and MRAs, in 192 (96%). None of the patients were prescribed angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNi) or sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2 inhibitors). Conclusion: Evidence-based heart failure medications are underutilized in patients with CHF in our population. Improved uptake and up-titration are needed for better patients' outcomes.
背景:几项关于药物治疗在心力衰竭管理中的应用的大型临床试验表明，血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)抑制剂或血管紧张素II受体阻滞剂(ARBs)、受体阻滞剂(BBs)和矿皮质激素受体拮抗剂(MRAs)已被证实有益，并被指南推荐使用。目的:本研究的目的是描述我国人群中用于慢性心力衰竭(CHF)的循证药物的处方和剂量趋势。背景和设计:这是一项回顾性研究，对2020年1月至2020年12月在尼日利亚西北部卡诺市穆尔塔拉穆罕默德专科医院心脏病科门诊或住院的200名连续CHF患者的循证心力衰竭药物处方模式进行研究。数据来自病人的记录。使用统计分析:获得的数据使用SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences)第23版软件进行分析。(SPSS . n:行情)。伊利诺斯州,美国)。结果:89例(44.5%)使用了ACE抑制剂或arb, 76例(38%)使用了BBs, 192例(96%)使用了MRAs。所有患者均未开血管紧张素受体-neprilysin抑制剂(ARNi)或钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白-2抑制剂(SGLT2抑制剂)。结论:在我国人群中，以证据为基础的心力衰竭药物在CHF患者中的应用不足。为了获得更好的患者预后，需要改进吸收和提高滴度。
{"title":"Prescription patterns of evidence-based heart failure medications in a Tertiary Hospital in North-Western Nigeria—A retrospective study","authors":"A. Nalado, H. Saidu","doi":"10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_34_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_34_22","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Several large clinical trials on the use of medical therapy in the management of heart failure have shown angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), beta blockers (BBs), and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) to be of proven benefit and are recommended by guidelines. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the trend of prescription and dosing of evidence-based medications used for chronic heart failure (CHF) in our population. Settings and Design: This is a retrospective study on the pattern of prescription of evidence-based heart failure medications on 200 consecutive patients with CHF who attended the cardiology clinic or were admitted into the Medical wards from January 2020 to December 2020 at Murtala Muhammed Specialist Hospital, Kano, North-Western Nigeria. The data was obtained from patients' records. Statistical Analytics Used: Data obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 software. (SPSS Inc. Illinois, USA). Results: ACE inhibitors or ARBs were prescribed in 89 (44.5%), BBs in 76 (38%), and MRAs, in 192 (96%). None of the patients were prescribed angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNi) or sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2 inhibitors). Conclusion: Evidence-based heart failure medications are underutilized in patients with CHF in our population. Improved uptake and up-titration are needed for better patients' outcomes.","PeriodicalId":19224,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"151 - 156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82776449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_17_22
K. Isezuo, U. Sani, U. Waziri, B. I. Garba, L. Coker, Abdulrasheed Folorunsho
Context: Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of mortality in the emergency pediatric unit (EPU). It is the usual presentation of many structural cardiac and non cardiac diseases. An audit of the causes of heart failure is necessary to ensure adequate management and prevention. Aim: We describe the pattern and outcome of children with HF admitted to an EPU of a tertiary hospital in Sokoto. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the EPU over 24 months (May 2019 to April 2021). Children aged 1 month to 15 years admitted with heart failure were recruited consecutively. The demographic characteristics, cause of heart failure, and outcome were entered into a proforma. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25. Results: One hundred and fifty-five out of 7158 children (2.2%) had HF. Majority of these 103 (66.5%) were aged 1 month to 5 years. The age range was 1–180 months with a mean of 55.4 (±53.7) months and a median of 36 (IQR: 86 months). Males accounted for 84 (54.2%) with a ratio of 1.18:1. The commonest causes of heart failure were congenital heart disease (CHD) 40: 25.8%; severe anemia 34: 21.9%; bronchopneumonia 30: 19.4%; rheumatic heart disease (RHD) 18: 11.6%; and dilated cardiomyopathy 16: 10.3%. There were 45(29.0%) deaths, of which CHD, RHD and severe anaemia accounted for the highest mortality. Conclusion: Structural heart diseases like CHD and RHD, in addition to severe anemia and bronchopneumonia, are significant causes of heart failure and mortality in this environment. A holistic approach to prevention is necessary to reduce the burden.
背景:心衰(HF)是儿科急诊(EPU)死亡的主要原因。这是许多结构性心脏和非心脏疾病的常见表现。对心力衰竭原因的审计是必要的，以确保适当的管理和预防。目的:我们描述了在索科托一家三级医院的EPU收治的HF儿童的模式和结果。材料和方法:这是一项在EPU进行的为期24个月(2019年5月至2021年4月)的横断面研究。连续招募1个月至15岁的心力衰竭患儿。人口统计学特征，心力衰竭的原因和结果被输入到表格中。数据分析采用IBM SPSS version 25。结果:7158例患儿中155例(2.2%)发生HF。103例中，年龄在1个月至5岁的患儿占66.5%。年龄范围1 ~ 180个月，平均55.4(±53.7)个月，中位36个月(IQR: 86)。男性84例(54.2%)，比例为1.18:1。导致心力衰竭最常见的原因是先天性心脏病(CHD) 40.25.8%;重度贫血34:21.9%;支气管肺炎30:19 .4%;风湿性心脏病(RHD) 18.11.6%;扩张型心肌病16.10.3%。死亡45例(29.0%)，其中冠心病、RHD和严重贫血死亡率最高。结论:冠心病、RHD等结构性心脏病，除重度贫血和支气管肺炎外，是该环境下心力衰竭和死亡的重要原因。为了减轻负担，必须采取全面的预防办法。
{"title":"Pattern and outcome of heart failure amongst children admitted in an emergency pediatric unit of a Tertiary Hospital in Sokoto State, North-Western Nigeria","authors":"K. Isezuo, U. Sani, U. Waziri, B. I. Garba, L. Coker, Abdulrasheed Folorunsho","doi":"10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_17_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_17_22","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of mortality in the emergency pediatric unit (EPU). It is the usual presentation of many structural cardiac and non cardiac diseases. An audit of the causes of heart failure is necessary to ensure adequate management and prevention. Aim: We describe the pattern and outcome of children with HF admitted to an EPU of a tertiary hospital in Sokoto. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the EPU over 24 months (May 2019 to April 2021). Children aged 1 month to 15 years admitted with heart failure were recruited consecutively. The demographic characteristics, cause of heart failure, and outcome were entered into a proforma. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25. Results: One hundred and fifty-five out of 7158 children (2.2%) had HF. Majority of these 103 (66.5%) were aged 1 month to 5 years. The age range was 1–180 months with a mean of 55.4 (±53.7) months and a median of 36 (IQR: 86 months). Males accounted for 84 (54.2%) with a ratio of 1.18:1. The commonest causes of heart failure were congenital heart disease (CHD) 40: 25.8%; severe anemia 34: 21.9%; bronchopneumonia 30: 19.4%; rheumatic heart disease (RHD) 18: 11.6%; and dilated cardiomyopathy 16: 10.3%. There were 45(29.0%) deaths, of which CHD, RHD and severe anaemia accounted for the highest mortality. Conclusion: Structural heart diseases like CHD and RHD, in addition to severe anemia and bronchopneumonia, are significant causes of heart failure and mortality in this environment. A holistic approach to prevention is necessary to reduce the burden.","PeriodicalId":19224,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":"126 - 131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84265166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_28_21
M. Abdullahi, Muhammed Kura, M. Salihu
Background: Urolithiasis is the third most common affliction of the urinary tract that constitutes a significant burden on the practice of urology. The incidence and prevalence of urolithiasis are increasing globally. Objective: To assess the burden, presentation, and management of urolithiasis in our hospital. Materials and Methods: It was a retrospective descriptive study of patients who were managed for urolithiasis at the urology unit of our hospital between January 2015 and December 2019. Ethical approval was obtained. Patients' bio-data, clinical features, treatment, and complications were extracted from their medical records and entered into the proforma. The generated data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. Results: Complete medical records of 68 patients were retrieved. This constituted about 40.6% of urologic patients managed within the period. Their age ranged from 9 to 86 years with the mean age of 43.2 years ± 8.8 standard deviation (SD). The M F was 1.8:1. Students were predominant (29.4%). Others were traders, housewives, civil servants, and farmers. The majority of the patients presented with flank pain (64.7%) and mostly had renal pelvis stone (35.3%). Others had bladder stone (16.2%) and stag horn calculus (11.8%). Nearly all our patients were treated by open surgeries (98.5%) and most (72.1%) did not have any postoperative complication. Conclusion: Urolithiasis constitutes significant workload for urologists in our environment predominantly affecting young and middle-age males. The stones were predominantly in the upper urinary tract with a significant number of stag horn calculi. Despite the non-availability of uroendoscopic facilities, the majority of our patients had good outcome.
{"title":"Burden and management of urolithiasis in a newly established urology unit of a tertiary hospital","authors":"M. Abdullahi, Muhammed Kura, M. Salihu","doi":"10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_28_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_28_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Urolithiasis is the third most common affliction of the urinary tract that constitutes a significant burden on the practice of urology. The incidence and prevalence of urolithiasis are increasing globally. Objective: To assess the burden, presentation, and management of urolithiasis in our hospital. Materials and Methods: It was a retrospective descriptive study of patients who were managed for urolithiasis at the urology unit of our hospital between January 2015 and December 2019. Ethical approval was obtained. Patients' bio-data, clinical features, treatment, and complications were extracted from their medical records and entered into the proforma. The generated data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. Results: Complete medical records of 68 patients were retrieved. This constituted about 40.6% of urologic patients managed within the period. Their age ranged from 9 to 86 years with the mean age of 43.2 years ± 8.8 standard deviation (SD). The M F was 1.8:1. Students were predominant (29.4%). Others were traders, housewives, civil servants, and farmers. The majority of the patients presented with flank pain (64.7%) and mostly had renal pelvis stone (35.3%). Others had bladder stone (16.2%) and stag horn calculus (11.8%). Nearly all our patients were treated by open surgeries (98.5%) and most (72.1%) did not have any postoperative complication. Conclusion: Urolithiasis constitutes significant workload for urologists in our environment predominantly affecting young and middle-age males. The stones were predominantly in the upper urinary tract with a significant number of stag horn calculi. Despite the non-availability of uroendoscopic facilities, the majority of our patients had good outcome.","PeriodicalId":19224,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences","volume":"37 1","pages":"44 - 47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88440125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_21_21
M. Taingson, O. Ige, J. Adze, S. Bature, A. Durosinlorun, C. Mohammed, A. Abubakar, Lr Airede
Context: Candidal vulvovaginitis causes discomfort and increased HIV infectivity because viral shedding is increased among these women. Aim: To determine the prevalence of Candida infections among HIV seropositive women in the special treatment (STC) and the gynecological clinics of Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital and the antifungal susceptibility patterns of the isolates. Study Design: We conducted a cross-sectional study among HIV-positive women accessing care in our hospital. Methods and Materials: A total of 312 high vaginal swabs (HVS) were collected from HIV seropositive women with clinical features of vulvovaginitis between February and July 2019. Wet mount preparations in potassium hydroxide (KOH) and Gram stained smears were performed directly on specimens. Cultures for Candida species were performed using Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) (Oxoid, UK) at room temperature (28°C) and in the incubator at 37 °C. Antifungal susceptibility of the Candida species to amphotericin B, clotrimazole, fluconazole, and miconazole was assessed using the ATB FUNGUS 4 test kits (bioMerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). Statistical Analysis Used: Data collected were analyzed using SPSS, Version 23. Results: Out of the 312 HVS cultured, 40 yielded Candida species giving a point prevalence of 12.8% in the study population. Candida species isolated from HVS specimens were Candida tropicalis (n = 14, 4.5%), Candida glabrata (n = 13, 4.2%), Candida krusei (n = 11, 3.5%), Candida dubliniensis (n = 1, 0.3%), and others C. glabrata/C. tropicalis (n = 1, 0.3%). Susceptibility of the isolates to antifungal agents ranged from 27.5% to 52.5%. Amphotericin B was the best performing antifungal agent with a sensitivity of 52.5%. Conclusion: The prevalence from our study was low compared to other studies among HIV seropositive women.
{"title":"Prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from HIV seropositive women attending gynecological clinic in Kaduna, Nigeria","authors":"M. Taingson, O. Ige, J. Adze, S. Bature, A. Durosinlorun, C. Mohammed, A. Abubakar, Lr Airede","doi":"10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_21_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_21_21","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Candidal vulvovaginitis causes discomfort and increased HIV infectivity because viral shedding is increased among these women. Aim: To determine the prevalence of Candida infections among HIV seropositive women in the special treatment (STC) and the gynecological clinics of Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital and the antifungal susceptibility patterns of the isolates. Study Design: We conducted a cross-sectional study among HIV-positive women accessing care in our hospital. Methods and Materials: A total of 312 high vaginal swabs (HVS) were collected from HIV seropositive women with clinical features of vulvovaginitis between February and July 2019. Wet mount preparations in potassium hydroxide (KOH) and Gram stained smears were performed directly on specimens. Cultures for Candida species were performed using Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) (Oxoid, UK) at room temperature (28°C) and in the incubator at 37 °C. Antifungal susceptibility of the Candida species to amphotericin B, clotrimazole, fluconazole, and miconazole was assessed using the ATB FUNGUS 4 test kits (bioMerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). Statistical Analysis Used: Data collected were analyzed using SPSS, Version 23. Results: Out of the 312 HVS cultured, 40 yielded Candida species giving a point prevalence of 12.8% in the study population. Candida species isolated from HVS specimens were Candida tropicalis (n = 14, 4.5%), Candida glabrata (n = 13, 4.2%), Candida krusei (n = 11, 3.5%), Candida dubliniensis (n = 1, 0.3%), and others C. glabrata/C. tropicalis (n = 1, 0.3%). Susceptibility of the isolates to antifungal agents ranged from 27.5% to 52.5%. Amphotericin B was the best performing antifungal agent with a sensitivity of 52.5%. Conclusion: The prevalence from our study was low compared to other studies among HIV seropositive women.","PeriodicalId":19224,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences","volume":"94 1","pages":"79 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85700256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_34_21
Habiba Saidu, M. Mohammed, Naimatu T. Abdullahi, Mohammed El habeeb, Fatai Salihu, H. Ibrahim, M. Suwaid, M. Hikima, Abubakar M. Sunusi, M. Haruna, A. Umar, M. Hamza, A. Sani, Murtala Abdulwaheed, S. Abdulrasheed, S. Abubakar
Context: Hysterosalpingography (HSG), is the radiographic evaluation of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes after the administration of a contrast medium through the cervical canal. Aims: To determine the pattern of infertility, the risk factors for infertility in women presenting for HSG, and the findings among women with infertility at Federal Medical Centre Katsina. Study Design: Cross-sectional, descriptive study design. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of HSG findings done at the federal medical center Katsina over a 12-month period. Information on the patients was obtained from the Picture Archiving Communication System (PACS) system which includes the presenting clinical history, the age, and the outcome of HSG. Statistical Analysis: Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 23.0. Results: A total of one hundred and forty-four (144) women were examined. Their age ranged from 17 48 years with a mean of 31.2 ± 6.3 years. The most common indication for the procedure was infertility, accounting for 89.6% of all cases. The most common Radiological finding was tubal occlusion (factor), which was seen in 40 patients constituting 28% of the radiological findings. The right tubal occlusion was seen at 11.8% while the left tubal occlusion was seen at 6.9%. Bilateral tubal occlusion was seen in 9.0%. Conclusions: The frequent indication for HSG is infertility and the common finding on HSG was a tubal factor with hydrosalpinx being the frequent cause of infertility in our environment. The right tubal occlusion constitutes a higher percentage than the left. Secondary infertility was more common than primary infertility
{"title":"Evaluation of radiological pattern of HSG in female patients with infertility in Katsina Northwestern Nigeria","authors":"Habiba Saidu, M. Mohammed, Naimatu T. Abdullahi, Mohammed El habeeb, Fatai Salihu, H. Ibrahim, M. Suwaid, M. Hikima, Abubakar M. Sunusi, M. Haruna, A. Umar, M. Hamza, A. Sani, Murtala Abdulwaheed, S. Abdulrasheed, S. Abubakar","doi":"10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_34_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_34_21","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Hysterosalpingography (HSG), is the radiographic evaluation of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes after the administration of a contrast medium through the cervical canal. Aims: To determine the pattern of infertility, the risk factors for infertility in women presenting for HSG, and the findings among women with infertility at Federal Medical Centre Katsina. Study Design: Cross-sectional, descriptive study design. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of HSG findings done at the federal medical center Katsina over a 12-month period. Information on the patients was obtained from the Picture Archiving Communication System (PACS) system which includes the presenting clinical history, the age, and the outcome of HSG. Statistical Analysis: Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 23.0. Results: A total of one hundred and forty-four (144) women were examined. Their age ranged from 17 48 years with a mean of 31.2 ± 6.3 years. The most common indication for the procedure was infertility, accounting for 89.6% of all cases. The most common Radiological finding was tubal occlusion (factor), which was seen in 40 patients constituting 28% of the radiological findings. The right tubal occlusion was seen at 11.8% while the left tubal occlusion was seen at 6.9%. Bilateral tubal occlusion was seen in 9.0%. Conclusions: The frequent indication for HSG is infertility and the common finding on HSG was a tubal factor with hydrosalpinx being the frequent cause of infertility in our environment. The right tubal occlusion constitutes a higher percentage than the left. Secondary infertility was more common than primary infertility","PeriodicalId":19224,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"15 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83167233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_43_21
Sanni Musa, Zainab F Ibrahim, I. Isah, K. Abdulsalam
Context: Available information indicates that substance abuse poses a major political, social, and health challenge worldwide. Availability of drugs, negative peer pressure, poverty, and frustration are among the factors that increase the burden of substance abuse. Urine drug testing (UDT) is a reliable laboratory method of analyzing substances of abuse because many drugs and their metabolites remain detectable in the urine for longer periods. Aims: To detect the laboratory pattern of substance abuse among youths in North-Western Nigeria and to make recommendations based on the overall pattern to curtail the effect on society. Settings and Design: A retrospective cross-sectional survey of secondary data of patients who presented to a clinical laboratory for urine drug tests. Methods and Material: Trained personnel carried out a supervised collection of fresh urine samples, which were analyzed using a qualitative immunoassay technique. The presence of a drug was determined by reaching the drug's limit of detection. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using a Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 2 software. Results: The screen prevalence of substance abuse was 60.9%. Among those who tested positive, 97% were males, whereas 3% were females. The majority of participants were youths below 30 years of age. The observed pattern revealed a few of the participants (26.48%) had only one drug substance present in their urine, whereas 73.53% tested positive for multiple substances ranging from two to five drugs in a urine sample. Conclusion: A high prevalence of substance abuse was observed and most of the participants were multidrug users.
{"title":"Pattern of substance abuse in Northwestern Nigeria: A laboratory survey in an urban community","authors":"Sanni Musa, Zainab F Ibrahim, I. Isah, K. Abdulsalam","doi":"10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_43_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_43_21","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Available information indicates that substance abuse poses a major political, social, and health challenge worldwide. Availability of drugs, negative peer pressure, poverty, and frustration are among the factors that increase the burden of substance abuse. Urine drug testing (UDT) is a reliable laboratory method of analyzing substances of abuse because many drugs and their metabolites remain detectable in the urine for longer periods. Aims: To detect the laboratory pattern of substance abuse among youths in North-Western Nigeria and to make recommendations based on the overall pattern to curtail the effect on society. Settings and Design: A retrospective cross-sectional survey of secondary data of patients who presented to a clinical laboratory for urine drug tests. Methods and Material: Trained personnel carried out a supervised collection of fresh urine samples, which were analyzed using a qualitative immunoassay technique. The presence of a drug was determined by reaching the drug's limit of detection. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using a Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 2 software. Results: The screen prevalence of substance abuse was 60.9%. Among those who tested positive, 97% were males, whereas 3% were females. The majority of participants were youths below 30 years of age. The observed pattern revealed a few of the participants (26.48%) had only one drug substance present in their urine, whereas 73.53% tested positive for multiple substances ranging from two to five drugs in a urine sample. Conclusion: A high prevalence of substance abuse was observed and most of the participants were multidrug users.","PeriodicalId":19224,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":"48 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87867217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_7_21
M. Sidi, Ahmad Idris, A. Hassan, U. Mansur, H. Muhammad, A. Yakubu
Context: Establishing normal liver size is critical in the diagnosis and determining the treatment method for the underlying liver pathology. Aims: This study aimed at evaluating liver dimensions of apparently healthy pediatrics using ultrasonography in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. Settings and Design: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria, from May 2020 to August 2020. Materials and Methods: Four hundred and twenty-six apparently healthy pediatric subjects; 213 males and 213 females. The liver was examined with the patient in the supine position, the anteroposterior liver dimension was obtained in a transverse plane through the mid clavicular line from the hepatic dome to the inferior angle. Cranio-caudal liver dimension was obtained in a longitudinal plane with an oblique beam at the level where the widest diameter was demonstrated. Statistical Analysis: Both descriptive inferential statistics were employed for the data analysis. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 23.0 was used for the data analysis and P < 0.05 was considered significant. Result: The mean cranio-caudal liver dimension for male and female subjects were 9.28 ± 2.18 cm and 9.17 ± 2.19 cm, respectively, while the mean antero-posterior liver dimension for male and female subjects was 6.87 ± 1.92 cm and 6.74 ± 1.90 cm, respectively. A statistically significant difference between pediatric age groups was observed (p ≤ 0.001). However, there was no statistically significant difference in cranio-caudal and antero-posterior liver dimensions between male and female subjects (p ≥ 0.10, 0.24, 0.66, 0.30, 0.92, 0.33, and P ≥ 0.11, 0.79, 0.69, 0.45, 0.81, 0.29 for the respective pediatric age groups), respectively. Conclusion: References values for pediatric cranio-caudal and antero-posterior liver dimensions were established.
背景:建立正常的肝脏大小对于诊断和确定潜在肝脏病理的治疗方法至关重要。目的:本研究旨在利用超声技术评估尼日利亚卡诺大都市表面健康的儿科肝脏尺寸。环境和设计:本横断面研究于2020年5月至2020年8月在尼日利亚卡诺大都会进行。材料与方法:426名表面健康的儿童受试者;213名男性和213名女性。取患者仰卧位，经锁骨中线从肝穹窿至下角在横切面上测肝脏正位尺寸。颅尾肝尺寸在纵向平面上获得，斜梁在最宽直径处显示。统计分析:采用描述性推理统计两种方法进行数据分析。使用Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 23.0进行数据分析，P < 0.05被认为是显著的。结果:男性和女性受试者的肝颅尾平均尺寸分别为9.28±2.18 cm和9.17±2.19 cm，男性和女性受试者的肝前后平均尺寸分别为6.87±1.92 cm和6.74±1.90 cm。不同儿童年龄组间差异有统计学意义(p≤0.001)。然而，男性和女性受试者的颅尾和前后肝尺寸差异无统计学意义(p≥0.10、0.24、0.66、0.30、0.92、0.33，各儿科年龄组p≥0.11、0.79、0.69、0.45、0.81、0.29)。结论:建立了小儿颅尾及前后肝尺寸的参考价值。
{"title":"Sonographic evaluation of liver dimension among apparently healthy pediatrics in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria","authors":"M. Sidi, Ahmad Idris, A. Hassan, U. Mansur, H. Muhammad, A. Yakubu","doi":"10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_7_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_7_21","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Establishing normal liver size is critical in the diagnosis and determining the treatment method for the underlying liver pathology. Aims: This study aimed at evaluating liver dimensions of apparently healthy pediatrics using ultrasonography in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. Settings and Design: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria, from May 2020 to August 2020. Materials and Methods: Four hundred and twenty-six apparently healthy pediatric subjects; 213 males and 213 females. The liver was examined with the patient in the supine position, the anteroposterior liver dimension was obtained in a transverse plane through the mid clavicular line from the hepatic dome to the inferior angle. Cranio-caudal liver dimension was obtained in a longitudinal plane with an oblique beam at the level where the widest diameter was demonstrated. Statistical Analysis: Both descriptive inferential statistics were employed for the data analysis. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 23.0 was used for the data analysis and P < 0.05 was considered significant. Result: The mean cranio-caudal liver dimension for male and female subjects were 9.28 ± 2.18 cm and 9.17 ± 2.19 cm, respectively, while the mean antero-posterior liver dimension for male and female subjects was 6.87 ± 1.92 cm and 6.74 ± 1.90 cm, respectively. A statistically significant difference between pediatric age groups was observed (p ≤ 0.001). However, there was no statistically significant difference in cranio-caudal and antero-posterior liver dimensions between male and female subjects (p ≥ 0.10, 0.24, 0.66, 0.30, 0.92, 0.33, and P ≥ 0.11, 0.79, 0.69, 0.45, 0.81, 0.29 for the respective pediatric age groups), respectively. Conclusion: References values for pediatric cranio-caudal and antero-posterior liver dimensions were established.","PeriodicalId":19224,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"53 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88591779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_5_21
Y. Adamu, M. Hassan, M. Abba, O. Amole, I. Garba, A. Dare
Context: Ultrasonography as an imaging modality in dentistry has been explored in recent years. It is particularly useful in the examination of superficial structures where the use of a high frequency linear transducer produces clearer sonographic images. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound when compared with other known diagnostic examinations. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study involving patients with maxillofacial swellings in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital. They were classified as malignant neoplasms, benign cysts, abscesses and infections and lymphoma, according to clinical, radiographic and ultrasound and diagnosis independently. The findings from these methods were then compared to the gold standard histologic findings. Chi-square test, Pearson contingency coefficient, and 2 x 2 contingency table were used in evaluating the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity as well as the specificity of the examinations. Results: A total of 36 patients comprising 21 males and 15 females with mean age of 34.97 years were recruited. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound was 50% in the diagnosis of malignant tumors, 95.8% in benign cystic swellings, 50% in abscesses and infections, and 100% in lymphoma. Significant relationship exists between ultrasonography with histology, clinical and radiographic diagnosis with a contingency coefficient of 0.833, 0.759, and 0.798, respectively. Overall, the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound was 86.1%, 90.3%, and 60%, respectively. Conclusion: Ultrasonography provides accurate imaging of the maxillofacial region and provides information about the pathological characteristic of lesion, its extent, and relationship with the surrounding structures. Inclusion of ultrasonography to the clinical and histopathological examinations increases the accuracy of orofacial swelling diagnosis.
{"title":"Efficacy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of dento-maxillofacial swellings among an urban population in Nigeria","authors":"Y. Adamu, M. Hassan, M. Abba, O. Amole, I. Garba, A. Dare","doi":"10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_5_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_5_21","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Ultrasonography as an imaging modality in dentistry has been explored in recent years. It is particularly useful in the examination of superficial structures where the use of a high frequency linear transducer produces clearer sonographic images. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound when compared with other known diagnostic examinations. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study involving patients with maxillofacial swellings in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital. They were classified as malignant neoplasms, benign cysts, abscesses and infections and lymphoma, according to clinical, radiographic and ultrasound and diagnosis independently. The findings from these methods were then compared to the gold standard histologic findings. Chi-square test, Pearson contingency coefficient, and 2 x 2 contingency table were used in evaluating the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity as well as the specificity of the examinations. Results: A total of 36 patients comprising 21 males and 15 females with mean age of 34.97 years were recruited. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound was 50% in the diagnosis of malignant tumors, 95.8% in benign cystic swellings, 50% in abscesses and infections, and 100% in lymphoma. Significant relationship exists between ultrasonography with histology, clinical and radiographic diagnosis with a contingency coefficient of 0.833, 0.759, and 0.798, respectively. Overall, the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound was 86.1%, 90.3%, and 60%, respectively. Conclusion: Ultrasonography provides accurate imaging of the maxillofacial region and provides information about the pathological characteristic of lesion, its extent, and relationship with the surrounding structures. Inclusion of ultrasonography to the clinical and histopathological examinations increases the accuracy of orofacial swelling diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":19224,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences","volume":"20 1","pages":"66 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75151046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4103/0331-8540.350719
H. Adamu, A. Zaidu, U. Sabo, L. Bashir, U. Umar
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents is an emerging challenge and has been described as a new dangerous childhood disease that is temporally associated with COVID-19. An 8-month-old infant presented with unrelenting fever of 2 weeks, associated non-purulent conjunctivitis, redness of the lips and tongue, as well as tenderness, swelling and desquamation of the palms and digits and diarrhoea. She also had associated irritability, refusal to feed and poor sleep. She had positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) COVID-19 test 3 months earlier. However, a repeat PCR test was negative at presentation. She had raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 85 mn/h, good systolic function on echocardiogram with normal rhythm electrocardiogram. She was diagnosed with post-COVID-19 paediatric multisystemic inflammatory syndrome and treated with intravenous immunoglobulin, oral prednisolone and aspirin. Patient symptoms improved significantly after 72 h of treatment. Therefore, a high index of suspicion is required in all children presenting with unexplained fever.
{"title":"Post-COVID-19 infection; paediatric multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in an 8-month-old infant","authors":"H. Adamu, A. Zaidu, U. Sabo, L. Bashir, U. Umar","doi":"10.4103/0331-8540.350719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0331-8540.350719","url":null,"abstract":"The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents is an emerging challenge and has been described as a new dangerous childhood disease that is temporally associated with COVID-19. An 8-month-old infant presented with unrelenting fever of 2 weeks, associated non-purulent conjunctivitis, redness of the lips and tongue, as well as tenderness, swelling and desquamation of the palms and digits and diarrhoea. She also had associated irritability, refusal to feed and poor sleep. She had positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) COVID-19 test 3 months earlier. However, a repeat PCR test was negative at presentation. She had raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 85 mn/h, good systolic function on echocardiogram with normal rhythm electrocardiogram. She was diagnosed with post-COVID-19 paediatric multisystemic inflammatory syndrome and treated with intravenous immunoglobulin, oral prednisolone and aspirin. Patient symptoms improved significantly after 72 h of treatment. Therefore, a high index of suspicion is required in all children presenting with unexplained fever.","PeriodicalId":19224,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences","volume":"60 1","pages":"90 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88515653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_33_21
Madinat Hassan, S. Bala, A. Gadanya
Context: Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures. Several antiepileptic drugs have been used over the years and these drugs have shown serious side effects, thereby prompting the use of medicinal plants to avert the resultant side effects of anti-epileptic drugs. Aim: To evaluate the anticonvulsant effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction (FRF) of Ficus platyphylla stem bark (FPSB) on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures in mice. Study Design: Experimental cohort study. Subjects and Methods: We evaluated the anticonvulsant effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction (FRF) of Ficus platyphylla stem bark (FPSB) on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures in mice by measuring its antioxidant activity in vivo and in vitro and identify possible flavonoids present via Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (LC MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Statistical Analysis: One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the level of significance at a 95% confidence interval followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test using SPSS software. Result: The FRF of FPSB exhibited weak anticonvulsant activity against PTZ-induced seizure in mice. Maximum anticonvulsant activity (25% protection) was observed at a dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg with a delay in the meantime of onset of myoclonic jerks and latency to tonic seizure. The effect of the fraction was found to be dose-independent. The FRF contains a flavanone Astilbin (flavonoid 3 O glycosides) which may have effectuated the high antioxidant activity against 2,2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) while increasing brain glutathione content and decrease in malondialdehyde content. Conclusion: Although the anticonvulsant capacity of FRF on PTZ-induced mice was minimal, this further requires an exploration of other seizure models to ascertain its mechanism of action.
{"title":"Anticonvulsant effect of flavonoid-rich fraction of ficus platyphylla stem bark on pentylenetetrazole induced seizure in mice","authors":"Madinat Hassan, S. Bala, A. Gadanya","doi":"10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_33_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_33_21","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures. Several antiepileptic drugs have been used over the years and these drugs have shown serious side effects, thereby prompting the use of medicinal plants to avert the resultant side effects of anti-epileptic drugs. Aim: To evaluate the anticonvulsant effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction (FRF) of Ficus platyphylla stem bark (FPSB) on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures in mice. Study Design: Experimental cohort study. Subjects and Methods: We evaluated the anticonvulsant effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction (FRF) of Ficus platyphylla stem bark (FPSB) on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures in mice by measuring its antioxidant activity in vivo and in vitro and identify possible flavonoids present via Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (LC MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Statistical Analysis: One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the level of significance at a 95% confidence interval followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test using SPSS software. Result: The FRF of FPSB exhibited weak anticonvulsant activity against PTZ-induced seizure in mice. Maximum anticonvulsant activity (25% protection) was observed at a dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg with a delay in the meantime of onset of myoclonic jerks and latency to tonic seizure. The effect of the fraction was found to be dose-independent. The FRF contains a flavanone Astilbin (flavonoid 3 O glycosides) which may have effectuated the high antioxidant activity against 2,2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) while increasing brain glutathione content and decrease in malondialdehyde content. Conclusion: Although the anticonvulsant capacity of FRF on PTZ-induced mice was minimal, this further requires an exploration of other seizure models to ascertain its mechanism of action.","PeriodicalId":19224,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"20 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91074876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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