Pub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2021-09-28DOI: 10.1159/000519155
Margarita A Morozova, Tatyana V Lezheiko, Taissia A Lepilkina, Denis S Burminskiy, Sergey S Potanin, Allan G Beniashvili, George E Rupchev, Vera E Golimbet
Introduction: The pathophysiological mechanisms of acute schizophrenia are largely unknown, but it is widely accepted that dopamine D2 receptors (DRD2s) are involved in psychosis treatments for schizophrenic patients. We suggest that genetic variation in these receptors may play a role in patients' responses to commonly used antipsychotics, particularly D2-blockers.
Methods: This study included adult patients with ICD-10 diagnoses of schizophrenia and current acute psychosis who were treated with antipsychotics. All patients underwent genotyping for DRD2 rs2514218 polymorphism. The definition of overall treatment response was based on changes in treatment scheme: no changes indicated a good response, and changes indicated a limited response.
Results: There were 275 inpatients (38.1% of whom were female; mean age = 32.7 years, SD = 11.1 years) who met the inclusion criteria. Of the participants, 99 were good responders (34% of whom were female), and 176 were limited responders (40% of whom were female). No differences in demographic, premorbid, or disease characteristics were found. The number of patients that were homozygous for the risk allele was significantly greater in the limited response group than in the good response group.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the risk variant at the DRD2 locus can be used as an indicator for patients' responses to antipsychotics without direct DRD2-blocking, thereby shortening the time needed for drug selection.
{"title":"Treatment Response and GWAS Risk Allele rs2514218 (C) of the Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene in Inpatients with Schizophrenia.","authors":"Margarita A Morozova, Tatyana V Lezheiko, Taissia A Lepilkina, Denis S Burminskiy, Sergey S Potanin, Allan G Beniashvili, George E Rupchev, Vera E Golimbet","doi":"10.1159/000519155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000519155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The pathophysiological mechanisms of acute schizophrenia are largely unknown, but it is widely accepted that dopamine D2 receptors (DRD2s) are involved in psychosis treatments for schizophrenic patients. We suggest that genetic variation in these receptors may play a role in patients' responses to commonly used antipsychotics, particularly D2-blockers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included adult patients with ICD-10 diagnoses of schizophrenia and current acute psychosis who were treated with antipsychotics. All patients underwent genotyping for DRD2 rs2514218 polymorphism. The definition of overall treatment response was based on changes in treatment scheme: no changes indicated a good response, and changes indicated a limited response.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 275 inpatients (38.1% of whom were female; mean age = 32.7 years, SD = 11.1 years) who met the inclusion criteria. Of the participants, 99 were good responders (34% of whom were female), and 176 were limited responders (40% of whom were female). No differences in demographic, premorbid, or disease characteristics were found. The number of patients that were homozygous for the risk allele was significantly greater in the limited response group than in the good response group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that the risk variant at the DRD2 locus can be used as an indicator for patients' responses to antipsychotics without direct DRD2-blocking, thereby shortening the time needed for drug selection.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39468482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Theories of addiction posit a deficit in goal-directed behavior and an increased propensity toward habitual actions in individuals with substance use disorders. Control over drug intake is assumed to shift from goal-directed to automatic or habitual motivation as the disorder progresses. Several diagnostic criteria reflect the inability to pursue goals regarding reducing or controlling drug use and performing social or occupational functions. The current review gives an overview of the mechanisms underlying the goal-directed and habitual systems in humans, and the existing paradigms that aim to evaluate them. We further summarize the current state of research on habitual and goal-directed functioning in individuals with substance use disorders. Current evidence of alterations in addiction and substance use are mixed and need further investigation. Increased habitual responding has been observed in more severely affected groups with contingency degradation and some outcome devaluation tasks. Reduced model-based behavior has been mainly observed in alcohol use disorder and related to treatment outcomes. Motor sequence learning tasks might provide a promising new approach to examine the development of habitual behavior. In the final part of the review, we discuss possible implications and further developments regarding the influence of contextual factors, such as state and trait variations, and recent advances in task design.
{"title":"Goal-Directed and Habitual Control in Human Substance Use: State of the Art and Future Directions.","authors":"Nuria Doñamayor, Claudia Ebrahimi, Viktoria A Arndt, Franziska Weiss, Florian Schlagenhauf, Tanja Endrass","doi":"10.1159/000527663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000527663","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Theories of addiction posit a deficit in goal-directed behavior and an increased propensity toward habitual actions in individuals with substance use disorders. Control over drug intake is assumed to shift from goal-directed to automatic or habitual motivation as the disorder progresses. Several diagnostic criteria reflect the inability to pursue goals regarding reducing or controlling drug use and performing social or occupational functions. The current review gives an overview of the mechanisms underlying the goal-directed and habitual systems in humans, and the existing paradigms that aim to evaluate them. We further summarize the current state of research on habitual and goal-directed functioning in individuals with substance use disorders. Current evidence of alterations in addiction and substance use are mixed and need further investigation. Increased habitual responding has been observed in more severely affected groups with contingency degradation and some outcome devaluation tasks. Reduced model-based behavior has been mainly observed in alcohol use disorder and related to treatment outcomes. Motor sequence learning tasks might provide a promising new approach to examine the development of habitual behavior. In the final part of the review, we discuss possible implications and further developments regarding the influence of contextual factors, such as state and trait variations, and recent advances in task design.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40452709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2021-04-29DOI: 10.1159/000515929
Iris Cristina Maia Oliveira, Auriana Serra Vasconcelos Mallmann, Francisco Adelvane de Paula Rodrigues, Laura Maria Teodorio Vidal, Iardja Stéfane Lopes Sales, Gabriel Carvalho Rodrigues, Natalia Ferreira de Oliveira, Raquell de Castro Chaves, Victor Celso Cavalcanti Capibaribe, Alyne Mara Rodrigues de Carvalho, Marta Maria de França Fonteles, Stanley Juan Chavez Gutierrez, José Maria Barbosa-Filho, Francisca Cléa Florenço de Sousa
Background: Depression is a common, chronic, and often recurrent serious mood disorder. Conventional antidepressants present limitations that stimulate the search for new drugs. Antioxidant and neuroprotective substances are potential antidepressant agents. In this context, riparin I (RIP I) has presented promising results, emerging as a potential source of a new therapeutic drug. In this study, the antidepressant effect of RIP I was evaluated in an animal model of depression induced by corticosterone (CORT). The involvement of neuroprotective and antioxidant mechanisms in the generation of this effect was also assessed.
Methods: Female mice were submitted to CORT for 21 days and treated with RIP I in the last 7 days. Behavioral and neurochemical analyses were performed.
Results: The administration of RIP I reversed the depressive and psychotic-like behavior, as well as the cognitive impairment caused by CORT, in addition to regulating oxidative stress parameters and BDNF levels in depression-related brain areas.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that RIP I can be a strong candidate for drugs in the treatment of depression.
{"title":"Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Effects of Riparin I in a Model of Depression Induced by Corticosterone in Female Mice.","authors":"Iris Cristina Maia Oliveira, Auriana Serra Vasconcelos Mallmann, Francisco Adelvane de Paula Rodrigues, Laura Maria Teodorio Vidal, Iardja Stéfane Lopes Sales, Gabriel Carvalho Rodrigues, Natalia Ferreira de Oliveira, Raquell de Castro Chaves, Victor Celso Cavalcanti Capibaribe, Alyne Mara Rodrigues de Carvalho, Marta Maria de França Fonteles, Stanley Juan Chavez Gutierrez, José Maria Barbosa-Filho, Francisca Cléa Florenço de Sousa","doi":"10.1159/000515929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000515929","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Depression is a common, chronic, and often recurrent serious mood disorder. Conventional antidepressants present limitations that stimulate the search for new drugs. Antioxidant and neuroprotective substances are potential antidepressant agents. In this context, riparin I (RIP I) has presented promising results, emerging as a potential source of a new therapeutic drug. In this study, the antidepressant effect of RIP I was evaluated in an animal model of depression induced by corticosterone (CORT). The involvement of neuroprotective and antioxidant mechanisms in the generation of this effect was also assessed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Female mice were submitted to CORT for 21 days and treated with RIP I in the last 7 days. Behavioral and neurochemical analyses were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The administration of RIP I reversed the depressive and psychotic-like behavior, as well as the cognitive impairment caused by CORT, in addition to regulating oxidative stress parameters and BDNF levels in depression-related brain areas.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that RIP I can be a strong candidate for drugs in the treatment of depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000515929","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38854774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2022-11-14DOI: 10.1159/000526774
Matthew J Belanger, Hao Chen, Angela Hentschel, Maria Garbusow, Claudia Ebrahimi, Felix G Knorr, Hilmar G Zech, Maximilian Pilhatsch, Andreas Heinz, Michael N Smolka
Introduction: The emergence of Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) research in the human neurobehavioral domain has been met with increased interest over the past two decades. A variety of PIT tasks were developed during this time; while successful in demonstrating transfer phenomena, existing tasks have limitations that should be addressed. Herein, we introduce two PIT paradigms designed to assess outcome-specific and general PIT within the context of addiction.
Materials and methods: The single-lever PIT task, based on an established paradigm, replaced button presses with joystick motion to better assess avoidance behavior. The full transfer task uses alcohol and nonalcohol rewards associated with Pavlovian cues and instrumental responses, along with other gustatory and monetary rewards. We constructed mixed-effects models with the addition of other statistical analyses as needed to interpret various behavioral measures.
Results: Single-lever PIT: both versions were successful in eliciting a PIT effect (joystick: p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.36, button-box: p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.30). Full transfer task: it was determined that the alcohol and nonalcoholic reward cues selectively primed their respective reward-associated responses (gustatory version: p < 0.001, r = 0.59, and monetary version: p < 0.001, r = 0.84). The appetitive/aversive cues resulted in a general transfer effect (gustatory: p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.09, and monetary: p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.17).
Discussion/conclusion: Single-lever PIT: PIT was observed in both task versions. We posit that the use of a joystick is more advantageous for the analysis of avoidance behavior. It evenly distributes movement between approach and avoid trials, which is relevant to analyzing fMRI data. Full transfer task: While gustatory conditioning has been used in the past to elicit transfer effects, we present the first paradigm that successfully elicits both specific and general transfers in humans with gustatory alcohol rewards.
{"title":"Development of Novel Tasks to Assess Outcome-Specific and General Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer in Humans.","authors":"Matthew J Belanger, Hao Chen, Angela Hentschel, Maria Garbusow, Claudia Ebrahimi, Felix G Knorr, Hilmar G Zech, Maximilian Pilhatsch, Andreas Heinz, Michael N Smolka","doi":"10.1159/000526774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000526774","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The emergence of Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) research in the human neurobehavioral domain has been met with increased interest over the past two decades. A variety of PIT tasks were developed during this time; while successful in demonstrating transfer phenomena, existing tasks have limitations that should be addressed. Herein, we introduce two PIT paradigms designed to assess outcome-specific and general PIT within the context of addiction.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The single-lever PIT task, based on an established paradigm, replaced button presses with joystick motion to better assess avoidance behavior. The full transfer task uses alcohol and nonalcohol rewards associated with Pavlovian cues and instrumental responses, along with other gustatory and monetary rewards. We constructed mixed-effects models with the addition of other statistical analyses as needed to interpret various behavioral measures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Single-lever PIT: both versions were successful in eliciting a PIT effect (joystick: p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.36, button-box: p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.30). Full transfer task: it was determined that the alcohol and nonalcoholic reward cues selectively primed their respective reward-associated responses (gustatory version: p < 0.001, r = 0.59, and monetary version: p < 0.001, r = 0.84). The appetitive/aversive cues resulted in a general transfer effect (gustatory: p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.09, and monetary: p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.17).</p><p><strong>Discussion/conclusion: </strong>Single-lever PIT: PIT was observed in both task versions. We posit that the use of a joystick is more advantageous for the analysis of avoidance behavior. It evenly distributes movement between approach and avoid trials, which is relevant to analyzing fMRI data. Full transfer task: While gustatory conditioning has been used in the past to elicit transfer effects, we present the first paradigm that successfully elicits both specific and general transfers in humans with gustatory alcohol rewards.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40468019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dahlia Mukherjee, J Dylan Weissenkampen, Emily Wasserman, Venkatesh Basappa Krishnamurthy, Caitlin E Millett, Stephen Conway, Erika F H Saunders
Introduction: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation may contribute to the symptom burden in bipolar disorder (BD). Further characterization of cortisol secretion is needed to improve understanding of the connection between mood, sleep, and the HPA axis. Here, we observe diurnal cortisol patterns in individuals with BD and healthy controls (HCs) to determine time points where differences may occur.
Methods: Salivary cortisol was measured at 6 time points (wake, 15, 30, and 45 min after wake, between 2:00 and 4:00 p.m. and 10:00 p.m.) for 3 consecutive days in individuals with symptomatic BD (N = 27) and HC participants (N = 31). A general linear model with correlated errors was utilized to determine if salivary cortisol changed differently throughout the day between the 2 study groups.
Results: A significant interaction (F = 2.74, df = 5, and p = 0.02) was observed between the time of day and the study group (BD vs. HC) when modeling salivary cortisol over time, indicating that salivary cortisol levels throughout the day significantly differed between the study groups. Specifically, salivary cortisol in BD was elevated compared to HCs at the 10:00 p.m. time point (p = 0.01).
Conclusion: Significantly higher levels of cortisol in participants with BD in the night-time suggest that the attenuation of cortisol observed in healthy individuals may be impaired in those with BD. Reregulation of cortisol levels may be a target of further study and treatment intervention for individuals with BD.
下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)轴失调可能导致双相情感障碍(BD)的症状负担。为了更好地理解情绪、睡眠和下丘脑轴之间的联系,需要进一步表征皮质醇分泌。在这里,我们观察了双相障碍患者和健康对照(hc)的皮质醇昼夜模式,以确定可能发生差异的时间点。方法:连续3天,在6个时间点(醒来后15、30和45分钟,下午2点至4点和晚上10点)测量有症状的BD患者(N = 27)和HC参与者(N = 31)的唾液皮质醇。采用具有相关误差的一般线性模型来确定两个研究组之间的唾液皮质醇全天变化是否不同。结果:在模拟唾液皮质醇随时间变化时,观察到一天中的时间与研究组(BD vs. HC)之间存在显著的相互作用(F = 2.74, df = 5, p = 0.02),表明全天的唾液皮质醇水平在研究组之间存在显著差异。具体而言,在晚上10:00时,BD患者的唾液皮质醇与hc患者相比升高(p = 0.01)。结论:夜间BD患者皮质醇水平明显升高,提示健康个体皮质醇的衰减可能在BD患者中受损,皮质醇水平的再调节可能是BD患者进一步研究和治疗干预的目标。
{"title":"Dysregulated Diurnal Cortisol Pattern and Heightened Night-Time Cortisol in Individuals with Bipolar Disorder.","authors":"Dahlia Mukherjee, J Dylan Weissenkampen, Emily Wasserman, Venkatesh Basappa Krishnamurthy, Caitlin E Millett, Stephen Conway, Erika F H Saunders","doi":"10.1159/000517343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000517343","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation may contribute to the symptom burden in bipolar disorder (BD). Further characterization of cortisol secretion is needed to improve understanding of the connection between mood, sleep, and the HPA axis. Here, we observe diurnal cortisol patterns in individuals with BD and healthy controls (HCs) to determine time points where differences may occur.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Salivary cortisol was measured at 6 time points (wake, 15, 30, and 45 min after wake, between 2:00 and 4:00 p.m. and 10:00 p.m.) for 3 consecutive days in individuals with symptomatic BD (N = 27) and HC participants (N = 31). A general linear model with correlated errors was utilized to determine if salivary cortisol changed differently throughout the day between the 2 study groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant interaction (F = 2.74, df = 5, and p = 0.02) was observed between the time of day and the study group (BD vs. HC) when modeling salivary cortisol over time, indicating that salivary cortisol levels throughout the day significantly differed between the study groups. Specifically, salivary cortisol in BD was elevated compared to HCs at the 10:00 p.m. time point (p = 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Significantly higher levels of cortisol in participants with BD in the night-time suggest that the attenuation of cortisol observed in healthy individuals may be impaired in those with BD. Reregulation of cortisol levels may be a target of further study and treatment intervention for individuals with BD.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000517343","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10804687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2021-08-05DOI: 10.1159/000517860
Kristin Koller-Schlaud, Andreas Ströhle, Joachim Behr, Elisabeth Bärwolf Dreysse, Johannes Rentzsch
Introduction: Asymmetrical alpha and frontal theta activity have been discussed as neurobiological markers for antidepressant treatment response. While most studies focus on resting-state EEG, there is evidence that task-related activity assessed at multiple time points might be superior in detecting subtle early differences.
Methods: This was a naturalistic study design assessing participants in a psychiatric in- and outpatient hospital setting. We investigated stimulus-related EEG asymmetry (frontal and occipital alpha-1 and alpha-2) and power (frontal midline theta) assessed at baseline and 1 week after initiation of pharmacological depression treatment while presenting affective stimuli. We then compared week 4 responders and nonresponders to antidepressant treatment.
Results: Follow-up analyses of a significant group × emotion × time interaction (p < 0.04) for alpha-1 asymmetry showed that responders differed significantly at baseline in their asymmetry scores in response to sad compared to happy faces with a change in this pattern 1 week later. Nonresponders did not show this pattern. No significant results were found for alpha-2, occipital alpha-1, and occipital alpha-2 asymmetry or frontal midline theta power.
Discussion: Our study addresses the gap in comparisons of task-related EEG activity changes measured at two time points and supports the potential value of this approach in detecting early differences in responders versus nonresponders to pharmacological treatment. Important limitations include the small sample size and the noncontrolled study design.
{"title":"Changes in Electric Brain Response to Affective Stimuli in the First Week of Antidepressant Treatment: An Exploratory Study.","authors":"Kristin Koller-Schlaud, Andreas Ströhle, Joachim Behr, Elisabeth Bärwolf Dreysse, Johannes Rentzsch","doi":"10.1159/000517860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000517860","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Asymmetrical alpha and frontal theta activity have been discussed as neurobiological markers for antidepressant treatment response. While most studies focus on resting-state EEG, there is evidence that task-related activity assessed at multiple time points might be superior in detecting subtle early differences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a naturalistic study design assessing participants in a psychiatric in- and outpatient hospital setting. We investigated stimulus-related EEG asymmetry (frontal and occipital alpha-1 and alpha-2) and power (frontal midline theta) assessed at baseline and 1 week after initiation of pharmacological depression treatment while presenting affective stimuli. We then compared week 4 responders and nonresponders to antidepressant treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Follow-up analyses of a significant group × emotion × time interaction (p < 0.04) for alpha-1 asymmetry showed that responders differed significantly at baseline in their asymmetry scores in response to sad compared to happy faces with a change in this pattern 1 week later. Nonresponders did not show this pattern. No significant results were found for alpha-2, occipital alpha-1, and occipital alpha-2 asymmetry or frontal midline theta power.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Our study addresses the gap in comparisons of task-related EEG activity changes measured at two time points and supports the potential value of this approach in detecting early differences in responders versus nonresponders to pharmacological treatment. Important limitations include the small sample size and the noncontrolled study design.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000517860","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39410837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2021-11-03DOI: 10.1159/000518867
Claudia Cornelis, Livia J De Picker, Violette Coppens, Anne Morsel, Maarten Timmers, Glenn Dumont, Bernard G C Sabbe, Manuel Morrens, Wouter Hulstijn
Background: The "cognitive dysmetria hypothesis" of schizophrenia proposes a disrupted communication between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, resulting in sensorimotor and cognitive symptoms. Sensorimotor adaptation relies strongly on the function of the cerebellum.
Objectives: This study investigated whether sensorimotor adaptation is reduced in schizophrenia compared with age-matched and elderly healthy controls.
Methods: Twenty-nine stably treated patients with schizophrenia, 30 age-matched, and 30 elderly controls were tested in three motor adaptation tasks in which visual movement feedback was unexpectedly altered. In the "rotation adaptation task" the perturbation consisted of a rotation (30° clockwise), in the "gain adaptation task" the extent of the movement feedback was reduced (by a factor of 0.7) and in the "vertical reversal task," up- and downward pen movements were reversed by 180°.
Results: Patients with schizophrenia adapted to the perturbations, but their movement times and errors were substantially larger than controls. Unexpectedly, the magnitude of adaptation was significantly smaller in schizophrenia than elderly participants. The impairment already occurred during the first adaptation trials, pointing to a decline in explicit strategy use. Additionally, post-adaptation aftereffects provided strong evidence for impaired implicit adaptation learning. Both negative and positive schizophrenia symptom severities were correlated with indices of the amount of adaptation and its aftereffects.
Conclusions: Both explicit and implicit components of sensorimotor adaptation learning were reduced in patients with schizophrenia, adding to the evidence for a role of the cerebellum in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Elderly individuals outperformed schizophrenia patients in the adaptation learning tasks.
{"title":"Impaired Sensorimotor Adaption in Schizophrenia in Comparison to Age-Matched and Elderly Controls.","authors":"Claudia Cornelis, Livia J De Picker, Violette Coppens, Anne Morsel, Maarten Timmers, Glenn Dumont, Bernard G C Sabbe, Manuel Morrens, Wouter Hulstijn","doi":"10.1159/000518867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000518867","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The \"cognitive dysmetria hypothesis\" of schizophrenia proposes a disrupted communication between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, resulting in sensorimotor and cognitive symptoms. Sensorimotor adaptation relies strongly on the function of the cerebellum.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study investigated whether sensorimotor adaptation is reduced in schizophrenia compared with age-matched and elderly healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-nine stably treated patients with schizophrenia, 30 age-matched, and 30 elderly controls were tested in three motor adaptation tasks in which visual movement feedback was unexpectedly altered. In the \"rotation adaptation task\" the perturbation consisted of a rotation (30° clockwise), in the \"gain adaptation task\" the extent of the movement feedback was reduced (by a factor of 0.7) and in the \"vertical reversal task,\" up- and downward pen movements were reversed by 180°.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with schizophrenia adapted to the perturbations, but their movement times and errors were substantially larger than controls. Unexpectedly, the magnitude of adaptation was significantly smaller in schizophrenia than elderly participants. The impairment already occurred during the first adaptation trials, pointing to a decline in explicit strategy use. Additionally, post-adaptation aftereffects provided strong evidence for impaired implicit adaptation learning. Both negative and positive schizophrenia symptom severities were correlated with indices of the amount of adaptation and its aftereffects.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both explicit and implicit components of sensorimotor adaptation learning were reduced in patients with schizophrenia, adding to the evidence for a role of the cerebellum in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Elderly individuals outperformed schizophrenia patients in the adaptation learning tasks.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39853978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2022-06-20DOI: 10.1159/000525268
Annika Rosenthal, Claudia Ebrahimi, Friederike Wedemeyer, Nina Romanczuk-Seiferth, Anne Beck
Substance-related disorders are complex psychiatric disorders that are characterized by continued consumption in spite of harmful consequences. Addiction affects various brain networks critically involved in learning, reward, and motivation, as well as inhibitory control. Currently applied therapeutic approaches aim at modification of behavior that ultimately leads to decrease of consumption or abstinence in individuals with substance use disorders. However, traditional treatment methods might benefit from recent neurobiological and cognitive neuroscientific research findings. Novel cognitive-behavioral approaches in the treatment of addictive behavior aim at enhancement of strategies to cope with stressful conditions as well as craving-inducing cues and target erroneous learning mechanisms, including cognitive bias modification, reconsolidation-based interventions, mindfulness-based interventions, virtual-reality-based cue exposure therapy as well as pharmacological augmentation strategies. This review discusses therapeutic strategies that target dysregulated neurocognitive processes associated with the development and maintenance of disordered substance use and may hold promise as effective treatments for substance-related disorders.
{"title":"The Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: Recent Developments and New Perspectives.","authors":"Annika Rosenthal, Claudia Ebrahimi, Friederike Wedemeyer, Nina Romanczuk-Seiferth, Anne Beck","doi":"10.1159/000525268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000525268","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Substance-related disorders are complex psychiatric disorders that are characterized by continued consumption in spite of harmful consequences. Addiction affects various brain networks critically involved in learning, reward, and motivation, as well as inhibitory control. Currently applied therapeutic approaches aim at modification of behavior that ultimately leads to decrease of consumption or abstinence in individuals with substance use disorders. However, traditional treatment methods might benefit from recent neurobiological and cognitive neuroscientific research findings. Novel cognitive-behavioral approaches in the treatment of addictive behavior aim at enhancement of strategies to cope with stressful conditions as well as craving-inducing cues and target erroneous learning mechanisms, including cognitive bias modification, reconsolidation-based interventions, mindfulness-based interventions, virtual-reality-based cue exposure therapy as well as pharmacological augmentation strategies. This review discusses therapeutic strategies that target dysregulated neurocognitive processes associated with the development and maintenance of disordered substance use and may hold promise as effective treatments for substance-related disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40087057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robert Christian Wolf, Reham Fahmy, Maha Wasfi, Rania Mamdouh, Kareem Moussa, Mike M Schmitgen, Nadine D Wolf, Dusan Hirjak, Fabio Sambataro, Katharina M Kubera
Introduction: Recently, several mindfulness-based programs showed promising clinical effects in the treatment of psychiatric disorders including substance use disorders. However, very little is known about the effects of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) on brain structure in such patients.
Methods: This study aimed to detect changes in gray matter volume (GMV) in opioid-dependent patients receiving MBI during their first month of treatment. Thirty patients were assigned to either 3 weeks of MBI (n = 16) or treatment as usual (TAU, n = 14) and were investigated using structural magnetic resonance imaging before and after treatment. Longitudinal pipeline of the Computational Anatomy Toolbox for SPM (CAT12) was used to detect significant treatment-related changes over time. The identified GMV changes following treatment were related to clinically relevant measures such as impulsivity, distress tolerance, and mindfulness.
Results: After treatment, increased mindfulness scores were found in individuals receiving MBI compared to TAU. In the MBI group, there were also significant differences with respect to distress tolerance and impulsivity. Effects on mindfulness, distress tolerance, and impulsivity were also found in the TAU group. Longitudinal within-group analysis revealed increased left anterior insula GMV in individuals receiving MBI. Anterior insula volume increase was associated with decreased impulsivity levels. In the TAU group, significant GMV changes were found in the right lingual gyrus and right entorhinal cortex.
Discussion/conclusion: MBI can yield significant clinical effects during early abstinence from opioid dependence. MBI is particularly associated with increased insula GMV, supporting an important role of this region in the context of MBI-induced neural changes.
最近,几个基于正念的项目在治疗精神疾病包括物质使用障碍方面显示出有希望的临床效果。然而,我们对正念干预(MBIs)对这类患者大脑结构的影响知之甚少。方法:本研究旨在检测阿片类药物依赖患者在接受MBI治疗的第一个月内灰质体积(GMV)的变化。30例患者被分配到3周的MBI (n = 16)或正常治疗(TAU, n = 14),并在治疗前后使用结构磁共振成像进行调查。SPM计算解剖工具箱(CAT12)的纵向管道用于检测随时间推移的显著治疗相关变化。治疗后确定的GMV变化与冲动性、痛苦耐受性和正念等临床相关指标有关。结果:治疗后,与TAU相比,接受MBI的个体正念得分增加。在MBI组中,在痛苦容忍和冲动方面也存在显著差异。在TAU组中也发现了对正念、痛苦耐受力和冲动的影响。纵向组内分析显示,接受MBI的个体左岛前部GMV增加。脑岛前部体积增加与冲动水平降低有关。在TAU组中,右侧舌回和右侧鼻内皮层出现了显著的GMV变化。讨论/结论:MBI在阿片类药物依赖早期戒断中能产生显著的临床效果。MBI特别与脑岛GMV增加相关,支持该区域在MBI诱导的神经变化中发挥重要作用。
{"title":"Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Gray Matter Volume in Patients with Opioid Dependence.","authors":"Robert Christian Wolf, Reham Fahmy, Maha Wasfi, Rania Mamdouh, Kareem Moussa, Mike M Schmitgen, Nadine D Wolf, Dusan Hirjak, Fabio Sambataro, Katharina M Kubera","doi":"10.1159/000526952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000526952","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Recently, several mindfulness-based programs showed promising clinical effects in the treatment of psychiatric disorders including substance use disorders. However, very little is known about the effects of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) on brain structure in such patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study aimed to detect changes in gray matter volume (GMV) in opioid-dependent patients receiving MBI during their first month of treatment. Thirty patients were assigned to either 3 weeks of MBI (n = 16) or treatment as usual (TAU, n = 14) and were investigated using structural magnetic resonance imaging before and after treatment. Longitudinal pipeline of the Computational Anatomy Toolbox for SPM (CAT12) was used to detect significant treatment-related changes over time. The identified GMV changes following treatment were related to clinically relevant measures such as impulsivity, distress tolerance, and mindfulness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After treatment, increased mindfulness scores were found in individuals receiving MBI compared to TAU. In the MBI group, there were also significant differences with respect to distress tolerance and impulsivity. Effects on mindfulness, distress tolerance, and impulsivity were also found in the TAU group. Longitudinal within-group analysis revealed increased left anterior insula GMV in individuals receiving MBI. Anterior insula volume increase was associated with decreased impulsivity levels. In the TAU group, significant GMV changes were found in the right lingual gyrus and right entorhinal cortex.</p><p><strong>Discussion/conclusion: </strong>MBI can yield significant clinical effects during early abstinence from opioid dependence. MBI is particularly associated with increased insula GMV, supporting an important role of this region in the context of MBI-induced neural changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10396388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shuquan Rao, Ancha Baranova, Yao Yao, Jun Wang, Fuquan Zhang
Introduction: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) commonly co-occur; both traits exert an influence on intelligence scores. Genetic relationships between these three traits are far from being clear.
Methods: The summary results of genome-wide association studies of ADHD (20,183 cases and 35,191 controls), ASD (18,381 cases and 27,969 controls), and intelligence (269,867 participants) were used for the analyses. Local genetic correlation analysis and polygenic overlap analysis were used to explore the shared genetic components between ADHD, ASD, and intelligence. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was used to examine the causal associations between ADHD, ASD, and intelligence. A cross-trait meta-analysis was performed to identify pleiotropic genetic variants across the three traits.
Results: Our results showed that intelligence has a positive and negative genetic correlation with ASD and ADHD, respectively, including three hub genomic regions showing correlated genetic effects across the three traits. Polygenic overlap analysis indicated that all the risk variants contributing to ADHD are overlapped with half of those for intelligence, and the majority of the shared variants have opposite effect directions between them. The majority of risk variants (80%) of ASD are overlapped with almost all the risk variants of intelligence (97%). Notably, some ASD/intelligence overlapping variants displayed opposing effects on these two conditions. MR analysis showed that the genetic liability to higher intelligence was associated with an increased risk for ASD (OR = 1.12) and a decreased risk for ADHD (OR = 0.78). Cross-trait meta-analyses identified 170 pleiotropic genomic loci across the three traits, including 12 novel loci. Functional analyses of the novel genes support their potential involvement in neurodevelopment.
Conclusion: Our results suggest that ADHD is associated with inheriting a reduced set of low-intelligence alleles, whereas ASD results from incongruous effects from a mixture of high-intelligence and low-intelligence contributing alleles summed up with additional, ASD-specific risk variants not associated with intelligence.
{"title":"Genetic Relationships between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Intelligence.","authors":"Shuquan Rao, Ancha Baranova, Yao Yao, Jun Wang, Fuquan Zhang","doi":"10.1159/000525411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000525411","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) commonly co-occur; both traits exert an influence on intelligence scores. Genetic relationships between these three traits are far from being clear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The summary results of genome-wide association studies of ADHD (20,183 cases and 35,191 controls), ASD (18,381 cases and 27,969 controls), and intelligence (269,867 participants) were used for the analyses. Local genetic correlation analysis and polygenic overlap analysis were used to explore the shared genetic components between ADHD, ASD, and intelligence. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was used to examine the causal associations between ADHD, ASD, and intelligence. A cross-trait meta-analysis was performed to identify pleiotropic genetic variants across the three traits.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results showed that intelligence has a positive and negative genetic correlation with ASD and ADHD, respectively, including three hub genomic regions showing correlated genetic effects across the three traits. Polygenic overlap analysis indicated that all the risk variants contributing to ADHD are overlapped with half of those for intelligence, and the majority of the shared variants have opposite effect directions between them. The majority of risk variants (80%) of ASD are overlapped with almost all the risk variants of intelligence (97%). Notably, some ASD/intelligence overlapping variants displayed opposing effects on these two conditions. MR analysis showed that the genetic liability to higher intelligence was associated with an increased risk for ASD (OR = 1.12) and a decreased risk for ADHD (OR = 0.78). Cross-trait meta-analyses identified 170 pleiotropic genomic loci across the three traits, including 12 novel loci. Functional analyses of the novel genes support their potential involvement in neurodevelopment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results suggest that ADHD is associated with inheriting a reduced set of low-intelligence alleles, whereas ASD results from incongruous effects from a mixture of high-intelligence and low-intelligence contributing alleles summed up with additional, ASD-specific risk variants not associated with intelligence.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10408822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}