Background: In Sub-Saharan Africa, with high rates of infant mortality, only 33% of infants are exclusively breastfed. Objective: This study investigated factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) practice among mothers working at a prominent teaching hospital in South West Nigeria. Materials and Methods: One hundred and sixty mothers comprising seven categories of staff were randomly selected from various departments at the teaching hospital in south-Western Nigeria. Demographic data and perceptions of the participants were obtained through the use of a self-structured questionnaire. Data were analysed with SPSS at a 5% level of significance. Results: Participants' mean age was 37.7 ± 5.6 years. Majority (96.3%) of the respondents were aware of EBF practice. Many participants (95%) opined that EBF is economical and the knowledge that it can reduce the risk of premenopausal breast cancer (80.6%) by 50% are the most important encouraging factors. Very busy work schedules and inadequate creche facilities in proximity to the hospital constituted the major constraints to EBF. The practice of EBF for the infants of respondents at the hospital was put at 53.1%. The study showed there is no (P = 0.219) significant relationship between the education level of the mothers and the practice of EBF. This is the same (P = 0.332) with respect to mothers' professions. However, a statistically significant (P = 0.008) relationship between respondents' level of awareness and EBF practice was found. Conclusions: Effective practice of EBF among mothers was mainly hindered by busy work schedules. The promotion of EBF should include programmes involving nursing mothers and other members of the public. Facilities such as crèche should be provided by government and private organisations at various workplaces to make EBF easily practicable.
{"title":"Analysis of factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding practice among mothers working at a tertiary health institution in South West Nigeria","authors":"FE Oyekunle, EU Ike, EO Oyekunle","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_49_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_49_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In Sub-Saharan Africa, with high rates of infant mortality, only 33% of infants are exclusively breastfed. Objective: This study investigated factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) practice among mothers working at a prominent teaching hospital in South West Nigeria. Materials and Methods: One hundred and sixty mothers comprising seven categories of staff were randomly selected from various departments at the teaching hospital in south-Western Nigeria. Demographic data and perceptions of the participants were obtained through the use of a self-structured questionnaire. Data were analysed with SPSS at a 5% level of significance. Results: Participants' mean age was 37.7 ± 5.6 years. Majority (96.3%) of the respondents were aware of EBF practice. Many participants (95%) opined that EBF is economical and the knowledge that it can reduce the risk of premenopausal breast cancer (80.6%) by 50% are the most important encouraging factors. Very busy work schedules and inadequate creche facilities in proximity to the hospital constituted the major constraints to EBF. The practice of EBF for the infants of respondents at the hospital was put at 53.1%. The study showed there is no (P = 0.219) significant relationship between the education level of the mothers and the practice of EBF. This is the same (P = 0.332) with respect to mothers' professions. However, a statistically significant (P = 0.008) relationship between respondents' level of awareness and EBF practice was found. Conclusions: Effective practice of EBF among mothers was mainly hindered by busy work schedules. The promotion of EBF should include programmes involving nursing mothers and other members of the public. Facilities such as crèche should be provided by government and private organisations at various workplaces to make EBF easily practicable.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"78 1","pages":"57 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86184217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Images in surgery challenge","authors":"A. Adisa","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_36_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_36_20","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"77 1 1","pages":"69 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80816835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Hassan, B. Omotoso, O. Okunola, A. Sanusi, F. Arogundade
Introduction: The occurrence of acute decompensation in patients with background chronic kidney disease (CKD) is very common and further worsens the patient's outcome. Because of the limited data on the risk factors and outcomes of acute-on-chronic kidney failure (ACKF), we sought to assess the common causes of acute decompensation in non-dialytic CKD patients necessitating emergency dialysis and to assess the relationship between these risk factors and outcomes. Materials and Methods: We analysed the data of adults ACKF patients admitted to the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife, between December 2009 and March 2011. One hundred and sixty-three CKD patients with AKI were recruited. Laboratory data, including complete blood count, biochemical and microbiological analyses, were documented. Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography was performed where indicated. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to analyse the association between the risk factors for ACKF and in-hospital mortality. Results: The median age was 39 (28–52) years, with male preponderance (76.7%). The common causes of acute decompensation of CKD identified were heart failure (41.7%), malignant hypertension (39.9%), sepsis (35.6%), nephrotoxins (20.9%) and hypovolemia (16. 9.8%). In-hospital mortality was recorded in 34.4% of the patients. Adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality were significantly increased in the presence of heart failure (odds ratio [OR], 2.93 [95%, 1.14–7.55]; P = 0.026) and malignant hypertension (OR, 3.69 [1.15–11.81]; P = 0.028). Conclusion: The risk factors for ACKF such as heart failure and malignant hypertension are also the independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. Given the high mortality rates, aggressive management of these precipitants could be life-saving.
{"title":"Risk factors and outcomes of acute decompensation in patients with chronic kidney disease","authors":"M. Hassan, B. Omotoso, O. Okunola, A. Sanusi, F. Arogundade","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_28_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_28_20","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The occurrence of acute decompensation in patients with background chronic kidney disease (CKD) is very common and further worsens the patient's outcome. Because of the limited data on the risk factors and outcomes of acute-on-chronic kidney failure (ACKF), we sought to assess the common causes of acute decompensation in non-dialytic CKD patients necessitating emergency dialysis and to assess the relationship between these risk factors and outcomes. Materials and Methods: We analysed the data of adults ACKF patients admitted to the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife, between December 2009 and March 2011. One hundred and sixty-three CKD patients with AKI were recruited. Laboratory data, including complete blood count, biochemical and microbiological analyses, were documented. Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography was performed where indicated. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to analyse the association between the risk factors for ACKF and in-hospital mortality. Results: The median age was 39 (28–52) years, with male preponderance (76.7%). The common causes of acute decompensation of CKD identified were heart failure (41.7%), malignant hypertension (39.9%), sepsis (35.6%), nephrotoxins (20.9%) and hypovolemia (16. 9.8%). In-hospital mortality was recorded in 34.4% of the patients. Adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality were significantly increased in the presence of heart failure (odds ratio [OR], 2.93 [95%, 1.14–7.55]; P = 0.026) and malignant hypertension (OR, 3.69 [1.15–11.81]; P = 0.028). Conclusion: The risk factors for ACKF such as heart failure and malignant hypertension are also the independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. Given the high mortality rates, aggressive management of these precipitants could be life-saving.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"46 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89494935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-04DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-25987/v1
A. Adeomi, R. O. Akande, Chukwubueze Obiajunwa, Olajuwon Oduntan, Ebuka Ogbukwo
Background: Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) is increasingly being reported as a simple, but accurate measure of cardiometabolic risk (CMR). Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the CMR using WHtR, and its association with dietary diversity (DD), activity patterns and the nutritional status of workers in tertiary educational institutions in South-western Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out among 400 workers in three randomly selected tertiary educational institutions in Osun State, Nigeria. Only apparently healthy people (18 years and above) were recruited for the study. CMR was assessed using WHtR; DD was assessed using 24-h dietary recall with the 14-food groups, physical activity (PA) patterns using the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the nutritional status of the respondents using body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and neck circumference. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the significant predictors of CMR. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 45.8 ± 10.4 years, with a male: female ratio of 1:1.1. The mean WHtR among the respondents was 0.53 ± 0.08, and 63.5% had high CMR. At the bivariate level, there were statistically significant associations between CMR (WHtR) and DD (P = 0.027), PA patterns (P = 0.030) and the various indicators of nutritional status (P < 0.001). After multivariate analysis, DD and PA were no longer significantly associated with CMR (WHtR), whereas BMI (odd ratio [OR] = 1.481; confidence interval [CI] = 1.342–1.635; P < 0.001), neck circumference (OR = 1.214; CI = 0.078–1.366; P = 0.001) and raised WHR (OR = 1.949; CI = 0.107–3.431; P = 0.021) remained significantly associated with CMR (WHtR). Conclusion: The present study found a high prevalence of CMR using WHtR and also found a significant association with BMI, neck circumference and WHR. There is a need for the early screening for CMR using WHtR, and cardiometabolic health education of workers in tertiary educational institutions in Osun state.
{"title":"Cardiometabolic risk and its association with dietary diversity, activity patterns and the nutritional status of workers in tertiary educational institutions in South-Western Nigeria","authors":"A. Adeomi, R. O. Akande, Chukwubueze Obiajunwa, Olajuwon Oduntan, Ebuka Ogbukwo","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-25987/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-25987/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) is increasingly being reported as a simple, but accurate measure of cardiometabolic risk (CMR). Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the CMR using WHtR, and its association with dietary diversity (DD), activity patterns and the nutritional status of workers in tertiary educational institutions in South-western Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out among 400 workers in three randomly selected tertiary educational institutions in Osun State, Nigeria. Only apparently healthy people (18 years and above) were recruited for the study. CMR was assessed using WHtR; DD was assessed using 24-h dietary recall with the 14-food groups, physical activity (PA) patterns using the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the nutritional status of the respondents using body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and neck circumference. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the significant predictors of CMR. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 45.8 ± 10.4 years, with a male: female ratio of 1:1.1. The mean WHtR among the respondents was 0.53 ± 0.08, and 63.5% had high CMR. At the bivariate level, there were statistically significant associations between CMR (WHtR) and DD (P = 0.027), PA patterns (P = 0.030) and the various indicators of nutritional status (P < 0.001). After multivariate analysis, DD and PA were no longer significantly associated with CMR (WHtR), whereas BMI (odd ratio [OR] = 1.481; confidence interval [CI] = 1.342–1.635; P < 0.001), neck circumference (OR = 1.214; CI = 0.078–1.366; P = 0.001) and raised WHR (OR = 1.949; CI = 0.107–3.431; P = 0.021) remained significantly associated with CMR (WHtR). Conclusion: The present study found a high prevalence of CMR using WHtR and also found a significant association with BMI, neck circumference and WHR. There is a need for the early screening for CMR using WHtR, and cardiometabolic health education of workers in tertiary educational institutions in Osun state.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"104 1","pages":"13 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79922084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Komolafe, A. Adefidipe, I. Olorunsola, H. Akinyemi, O. Ogunrinde, O. Alade, A. Soremekun
Background: Mass casualties are frequent occurrences in low income societies where multiple factors result in premature deaths. The pathologist has a crucial role in the effective management of the corpses of victims of mass casualties. This role must be attended to with the engagement of the minimum standards of forensic medicine that would allow revisits to the cases without losing vital records. Aims and Objectives: The study reviewed the autopsies conducted on mass casualties at OAUTHC, Ile-Ife; for the most vulnerable gender, methods of preservation, pattern of injuries, circumstances of death, mechanisms of death, cause of death, challenges encountered in the management of the corpses, and results of toxicology studies. Materials and Methods: There was a review of the reports of autopsies conducted on mass casualties by anatomical pathologists at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife and their jurisdiction of practice over a period of January 2010 - December 2017. Results: A total of 52 cases were analyzed, all homicidal deaths consisting of 46 cases of deaths due to communal crisis and 6 cases of poison related deaths. The homicidal deaths resulted from blunt force to the head in 32 cases, sharp force in 9 cases, severe burns in 3 cases and strangulation in 2 cases. Most of the deaths was due to raised intracranial pressure complicating severe head injury. The cases of suspected poisoning at autopsy showed severe anatomic and pathological changes which were the basis of pathophysiological basis of death but toxicology was unhelpful in the detecting the poison, perhaps due to preservation technique. Conclusions: The role of the forensic pathology is pivotal in the management of deaths in mass casualties. Forensic pathology practitioners in resource limited must at least keep to minimum standards to ensure basic documentation are not compromised.
{"title":"Medicolegal autopsies and causes of death in mass casualties in a developing country and challenges encountered","authors":"A. Komolafe, A. Adefidipe, I. Olorunsola, H. Akinyemi, O. Ogunrinde, O. Alade, A. Soremekun","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_25_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_25_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Mass casualties are frequent occurrences in low income societies where multiple factors result in premature deaths. The pathologist has a crucial role in the effective management of the corpses of victims of mass casualties. This role must be attended to with the engagement of the minimum standards of forensic medicine that would allow revisits to the cases without losing vital records. Aims and Objectives: The study reviewed the autopsies conducted on mass casualties at OAUTHC, Ile-Ife; for the most vulnerable gender, methods of preservation, pattern of injuries, circumstances of death, mechanisms of death, cause of death, challenges encountered in the management of the corpses, and results of toxicology studies. Materials and Methods: There was a review of the reports of autopsies conducted on mass casualties by anatomical pathologists at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife and their jurisdiction of practice over a period of January 2010 - December 2017. Results: A total of 52 cases were analyzed, all homicidal deaths consisting of 46 cases of deaths due to communal crisis and 6 cases of poison related deaths. The homicidal deaths resulted from blunt force to the head in 32 cases, sharp force in 9 cases, severe burns in 3 cases and strangulation in 2 cases. Most of the deaths was due to raised intracranial pressure complicating severe head injury. The cases of suspected poisoning at autopsy showed severe anatomic and pathological changes which were the basis of pathophysiological basis of death but toxicology was unhelpful in the detecting the poison, perhaps due to preservation technique. Conclusions: The role of the forensic pathology is pivotal in the management of deaths in mass casualties. Forensic pathology practitioners in resource limited must at least keep to minimum standards to ensure basic documentation are not compromised.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"35 1","pages":"17 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75272193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Older people face challenges in the overburdened health-care services in Nigeria, especially when hospitalised. Few available studies on mortality were retrospective, oftentimes with incomplete data which may affect the establishment of the outcome. Objectives: This study determined the 30-day all-cause mortality rate (MR) and associated factors amongst older patients in the medical wards of University College Hospital, Ibadan. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study of 417 patients (>60 years) from the 1st day of admission to death or discharge at the end of 30th day of admission. Data were collected with a semi-structured questionnaire. Information obtained included respondents' sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, frailty and functional status. Others were morbidity profile, quality of life, cognition, nutrition, anxiety and depression. Data were analysed using SPSS version 24 at a level of significance P < 0.05. Results: The mean age was 71.6 ± 8.1 years and 216 (51.8%) were females. Eighty-seven (20.9%) deaths were recorded. The unadjusted 30-day all-cause MR was 13.7 deaths (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.0–16.9/1000 patient-days). This was significantly higher amongst males than females with a MR ratio (MRR) of 1.93 ([95% CI: 1.23–3.05]; P = 0.01). Factors significantly associated with mortality were being financially self-supporting (MRR = 2.82; 95% CI: 1.01–6.41), having a cognitive impairment (MRR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.12–3.20), frailty (MRR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.01–2.84), ischemic heart disease (MRR = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.18–3.07) and acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma (MRR = 3.92; 95% CI: 1.04–9.42). Conclusion: The 30-day MR was high amongst older patients, especially the males. Modifiable factors contributing to hospital mortality should be addressed at admission.
{"title":"30-day all-cause mortality rate amongst older patients admitted to the medical ward of a tertiary hospital in Nigeria","authors":"L. Adebusoye, E. Cadmus","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_33_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_33_20","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Older people face challenges in the overburdened health-care services in Nigeria, especially when hospitalised. Few available studies on mortality were retrospective, oftentimes with incomplete data which may affect the establishment of the outcome. Objectives: This study determined the 30-day all-cause mortality rate (MR) and associated factors amongst older patients in the medical wards of University College Hospital, Ibadan. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study of 417 patients (>60 years) from the 1st day of admission to death or discharge at the end of 30th day of admission. Data were collected with a semi-structured questionnaire. Information obtained included respondents' sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, frailty and functional status. Others were morbidity profile, quality of life, cognition, nutrition, anxiety and depression. Data were analysed using SPSS version 24 at a level of significance P < 0.05. Results: The mean age was 71.6 ± 8.1 years and 216 (51.8%) were females. Eighty-seven (20.9%) deaths were recorded. The unadjusted 30-day all-cause MR was 13.7 deaths (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.0–16.9/1000 patient-days). This was significantly higher amongst males than females with a MR ratio (MRR) of 1.93 ([95% CI: 1.23–3.05]; P = 0.01). Factors significantly associated with mortality were being financially self-supporting (MRR = 2.82; 95% CI: 1.01–6.41), having a cognitive impairment (MRR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.12–3.20), frailty (MRR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.01–2.84), ischemic heart disease (MRR = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.18–3.07) and acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma (MRR = 3.92; 95% CI: 1.04–9.42). Conclusion: The 30-day MR was high amongst older patients, especially the males. Modifiable factors contributing to hospital mortality should be addressed at admission.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"65 1","pages":"10 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80934130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Challenges and control of drug abuse among youths in Nigeria","authors":"P. Onifade","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_13_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_13_22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"40 6 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83133212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neurocognitive impairment is a major challenge globally because of the increasing proportion of older persons who are at risk. The condition is classified as either minor when one or more domains of cognition is/are affected without compromise of functional ability or major when both cognition and functioning are impaired. The important clinical types are mild cognitive impairment (MCI), vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and dementia. In the sub-Saharan Africa, MCI affects between 7% and 39% of older persons, while the age-adjusted prevalence of dementia is 4.7%. About 50% of stroke survivors develop VCI and between 8% and 15% of these progress to vascular dementia. The risk factors include old age, vascular risk factors, frailty and stress. Suggested preventive strategies aimed at reducing the burden of dementia are based on the recommendations of the Lancet Commission on Dementia.
{"title":"Burden and risk factors of neurocognitive disorders in community-dwelling older persons in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"A. Ogunniyi","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_24_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_24_20","url":null,"abstract":"Neurocognitive impairment is a major challenge globally because of the increasing proportion of older persons who are at risk. The condition is classified as either minor when one or more domains of cognition is/are affected without compromise of functional ability or major when both cognition and functioning are impaired. The important clinical types are mild cognitive impairment (MCI), vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and dementia. In the sub-Saharan Africa, MCI affects between 7% and 39% of older persons, while the age-adjusted prevalence of dementia is 4.7%. About 50% of stroke survivors develop VCI and between 8% and 15% of these progress to vascular dementia. The risk factors include old age, vascular risk factors, frailty and stress. Suggested preventive strategies aimed at reducing the burden of dementia are based on the recommendations of the Lancet Commission on Dementia.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"46 1","pages":"3 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85810197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Olaoye, T. Onabanjo, A. Jejelaye, A. Adejumobi, K. Olagunju
Background: This study compared the relationship between substance use, self-esteem, and academic performance among undergraduates in private- and public-owned universities. Methods: Using a stratified random sampling technique, undergraduates from Oduduwa University, Ipetumodu; a private university (PrU) and Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Ile-Ife; a public university (PuU) responded to a structured, self-administered questionnaire in this cross-sectional survey. The procedure was explained to respondents and data were subsequently obtained. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: An 81.9% response rate from 400 undergraduates with an overall mean age of 20.7 ± 2.14 years was recorded in this study. Over 20% of the respondents were observed to have either substantially or severely abused drugs with higher rates occurring among undergraduates in the PrU (14.2%) compared with PuU (6.5%). Overall mean drug abuse score was 5.95 ± 5.78 with a higher score occurring among undergraduates in PrU (t = −4.37; P = 0.001). More than half of the respondents indicated that drug use negatively affected their self-rated academic performance after its use. Respondents' self-rated academic performance after drug use (SAPAD) was weakly and moderately correlated with self-esteem (PrU: ρ = 0.15, P = 0.003; PuU: ρ = 0.20, P = 0.004) and drug use (PrU: ρ =−0.61, P = 0.000; PuU: ρ =−0.52, P = 0.000), respectively. A negative weak correlation existed between respondents' self-esteem and drug use (PrU: R = −0.18, P = 0.009; PuU: R = −0.27, P = 0.000) across the universities. Conclusion: Undergraduates in the selected Nigerian universities have a low level of substance abuse with high self-esteem. Substance abuse among students attending PrU is higher compared to PuU. In addition, the self-esteem of undergraduates as an independent correlate of self-rated academic performance can be used to check substance abuse among university students.
背景:本研究比较了私立和公立大学本科生的物质使用、自尊和学习成绩之间的关系。方法:采用分层随机抽样方法，对伊佩图莫杜奥杜瓦大学本科生进行调查;一所私立大学(PrU)和奥巴费米·阿沃洛沃大学(非统组织)，Ile-Ife;一所公立大学(PuU)在横断面调查中回答了一份结构化的、自我管理的问卷。向答复者解释了程序并随后获得了数据。数据分析采用描述性和推断性统计。结果:400名大学生总平均年龄20.7±2.14岁，有效率为81.9%。超过20%的受访者被观察到严重或严重滥用药物，PrU的大学生发生率(14.2%)高于PuU(6.5%)。总体平均药物滥用得分为5.95±5.78分，PrU的大学生得分较高(t = - 4.37;P = 0.001)。超过一半的受访者表示，吸毒后对他们自评的学业成绩产生了负面影响。被调查者吸毒后学业成绩自评(SAPAD)与自尊呈弱、中度相关(PrU: ρ = 0.15, P = 0.003;PuU: ρ = 0.20, P = 0.004)和药物使用(PrU: ρ = - 0.61, P = 0.000;PuU: ρ =−0.52,P = 0.000)。被调查者自尊与吸毒呈弱负相关(PrU: R = - 0.18, P = 0.009;PuU: R = - 0.27, P = 0.000)。结论:尼日利亚大学大学生药物滥用水平低，自尊水平高。PrU学生的药物滥用比例高于PuU学生。此外，大学生自尊作为学业成绩自评的独立相关，可用于检查大学生药物滥用。
{"title":"Substance Abuse, Self-Esteem and Self-Rated Academic Performance among Undergraduates in a Nigerian Private and Public University: A Comparative Study","authors":"O. Olaoye, T. Onabanjo, A. Jejelaye, A. Adejumobi, K. Olagunju","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_21_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_21_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This study compared the relationship between substance use, self-esteem, and academic performance among undergraduates in private- and public-owned universities. Methods: Using a stratified random sampling technique, undergraduates from Oduduwa University, Ipetumodu; a private university (PrU) and Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Ile-Ife; a public university (PuU) responded to a structured, self-administered questionnaire in this cross-sectional survey. The procedure was explained to respondents and data were subsequently obtained. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: An 81.9% response rate from 400 undergraduates with an overall mean age of 20.7 ± 2.14 years was recorded in this study. Over 20% of the respondents were observed to have either substantially or severely abused drugs with higher rates occurring among undergraduates in the PrU (14.2%) compared with PuU (6.5%). Overall mean drug abuse score was 5.95 ± 5.78 with a higher score occurring among undergraduates in PrU (t = −4.37; P = 0.001). More than half of the respondents indicated that drug use negatively affected their self-rated academic performance after its use. Respondents' self-rated academic performance after drug use (SAPAD) was weakly and moderately correlated with self-esteem (PrU: ρ = 0.15, P = 0.003; PuU: ρ = 0.20, P = 0.004) and drug use (PrU: ρ =−0.61, P = 0.000; PuU: ρ =−0.52, P = 0.000), respectively. A negative weak correlation existed between respondents' self-esteem and drug use (PrU: R = −0.18, P = 0.009; PuU: R = −0.27, P = 0.000) across the universities. Conclusion: Undergraduates in the selected Nigerian universities have a low level of substance abuse with high self-esteem. Substance abuse among students attending PrU is higher compared to PuU. In addition, the self-esteem of undergraduates as an independent correlate of self-rated academic performance can be used to check substance abuse among university students.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"92 1","pages":"28 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83842494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Quality assurance (QA) is indispensable to assure safety and quality in radiation medicine practices. This study performed an in-depth analysis of reject radiographic films to assess the contributory factors and the related implications as a form of audit. Materials and Methods: Data on radiographic films were obtained from the archives of two reputable hospitals in South-Western Nigeria. Information such as type of examination, reasons for rejection, film size and number of rejects were recorded on a purposely designed data collection form. The analysis of data was performed using Microsoft Excel 2016. Results: Reject analysis (RA) performed indicated 4.54% and 3.34% reject rates at Centre 1, and 8.94% and 5.55% reject rates at Centre 2 for 2016 and 2017, respectively. The major factors contributing to film reject at Centre 1 were found to be under-exposure, 21.13%; over-exposure, 20.07%; and fog, 21.30% in 2016 while in 2017, corresponding values were 20.87%, 16.69% and 16.86%. A similar trend was obtained at Centre 2 where the same factors accounted for reject rates at 20.60%, 25.13% and 18.59%, respectively, as above in 2016 and 24.29%, 26.91% and 17.07% in 2017. This study has shown a loss in yearly productive time of up to 150 working hours per machine. Conclusions: Repeating X-ray examinations engender wastage of time and finance as well as additional radiation exposures to the attendants. RA serves as a form of QA audit for monitoring and improving imaging services and the cost-effectiveness of diagnostic practice.
{"title":"A 2-year comparative assessment of film reject analysis and economic implications at two hospitals in South-Western Nigeria","authors":"C. Nwankwo, E. Oyekunle, C. Eneja","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_44_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_44_20","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Quality assurance (QA) is indispensable to assure safety and quality in radiation medicine practices. This study performed an in-depth analysis of reject radiographic films to assess the contributory factors and the related implications as a form of audit. Materials and Methods: Data on radiographic films were obtained from the archives of two reputable hospitals in South-Western Nigeria. Information such as type of examination, reasons for rejection, film size and number of rejects were recorded on a purposely designed data collection form. The analysis of data was performed using Microsoft Excel 2016. Results: Reject analysis (RA) performed indicated 4.54% and 3.34% reject rates at Centre 1, and 8.94% and 5.55% reject rates at Centre 2 for 2016 and 2017, respectively. The major factors contributing to film reject at Centre 1 were found to be under-exposure, 21.13%; over-exposure, 20.07%; and fog, 21.30% in 2016 while in 2017, corresponding values were 20.87%, 16.69% and 16.86%. A similar trend was obtained at Centre 2 where the same factors accounted for reject rates at 20.60%, 25.13% and 18.59%, respectively, as above in 2016 and 24.29%, 26.91% and 17.07% in 2017. This study has shown a loss in yearly productive time of up to 150 working hours per machine. Conclusions: Repeating X-ray examinations engender wastage of time and finance as well as additional radiation exposures to the attendants. RA serves as a form of QA audit for monitoring and improving imaging services and the cost-effectiveness of diagnostic practice.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"21 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78240206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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