Peng Li, Yingru Liu, Rachael B. Rowswell-Turner, F. Esfahani
Thalamic glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a rare malignant primary central nervous system (CNS) tumor. Here we report a case of adult unilateral GBM involving the right thalamus. The diagnosis of GBM was first indicated by a region of irregular enhancement with central necrosis in the thalamus, visualized with traditional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), showing elevated lipid and lactate peaks, provided further evidence of GBM while rendering primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL), anaplastic glioma, or metastasis less likely. The final diagnosis of GBM was confirmed by pathological examination of the tumor specimen. This report highlights the utility of combining MRS with other imaging modalities to facilitate the diagnosis of CNS lesions. [N A J Med Sci. 2012;5(1):51-54.]
{"title":"Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Adult Thalamic Glioblastoma Multiforme","authors":"Peng Li, Yingru Liu, Rachael B. Rowswell-Turner, F. Esfahani","doi":"10.7156/V5I1P051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7156/V5I1P051","url":null,"abstract":"Thalamic glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a rare malignant primary central nervous system (CNS) tumor. Here we report a case of adult unilateral GBM involving the right thalamus. The diagnosis of GBM was first indicated by a region of irregular enhancement with central necrosis in the thalamus, visualized with traditional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), showing elevated lipid and lactate peaks, provided further evidence of GBM while rendering primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL), anaplastic glioma, or metastasis less likely. The final diagnosis of GBM was confirmed by pathological examination of the tumor specimen. This report highlights the utility of combining MRS with other imaging modalities to facilitate the diagnosis of CNS lesions. [N A J Med Sci. 2012;5(1):51-54.]","PeriodicalId":19338,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of medicine & science","volume":"231 1","pages":"051"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89240819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Bai, Z. Zuo, S. Cheong, B. Vo, E. Harper, D. Lovshe, Suxia Yang, C. Yin
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous group of diseases with a multitude of molecular genetic aberrations and variable clinical outcome. Clonal chromosomal abnormalities have been identified in over 50% of AML cases, and have been regarded as one of the most important prognostic markers. We present a case of a 28-year-old Caucasian woman with AML without maturation, diploid karyotype, that was resistant to multiple chemotherapies and relapsed after matched unrelated stem cell transplantation. Conventional cytogenetic analysis performed on bone marrow specimens revealed 46,XX,t(2;16)(p21;p11.2),t(11;14)(p13;p11.2). The t(11;14)(p13;p11.2) was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization using a whole chromosome paint probe for chromosome 11. Morphologically, the bone marrow was hypercellular with trilineage hypoplasia and 84% blasts. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the blasts were of myeloid immunophenotype. Molecular studies detected internal tandem duplication of the FLT3 gene and a mutation in exon 12 of the NPM1 gene. The patient then received monotherapy with AC220, achieved a brief remission, and died of relapsed disease 23 months after initial diagnosis. This is the first report of this novel clonal chromosome aberration as evidence of clonal evolution in AML. [N A J Med Sci. 2012;5(1):48-50.]
{"title":"Novel Chromosomal Aberration as Evidence of Clonal Evolution in a Case of Relapsed Acute Myeloid Leukemia","authors":"B. Bai, Z. Zuo, S. Cheong, B. Vo, E. Harper, D. Lovshe, Suxia Yang, C. Yin","doi":"10.7156/V5I1P048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7156/V5I1P048","url":null,"abstract":"Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous group of diseases with a multitude of molecular genetic aberrations and variable clinical outcome. Clonal chromosomal abnormalities have been identified in over 50% of AML cases, and have been regarded as one of the most important prognostic markers. We present a case of a 28-year-old Caucasian woman with AML without maturation, diploid karyotype, that was resistant to multiple chemotherapies and relapsed after matched unrelated stem cell transplantation. Conventional cytogenetic analysis performed on bone marrow specimens revealed 46,XX,t(2;16)(p21;p11.2),t(11;14)(p13;p11.2). The t(11;14)(p13;p11.2) was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization using a whole chromosome paint probe for chromosome 11. Morphologically, the bone marrow was hypercellular with trilineage hypoplasia and 84% blasts. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the blasts were of myeloid immunophenotype. Molecular studies detected internal tandem duplication of the FLT3 gene and a mutation in exon 12 of the NPM1 gene. The patient then received monotherapy with AC220, achieved a brief remission, and died of relapsed disease 23 months after initial diagnosis. This is the first report of this novel clonal chromosome aberration as evidence of clonal evolution in AML. [N A J Med Sci. 2012;5(1):48-50.]","PeriodicalId":19338,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of medicine & science","volume":"360 1","pages":"048"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82637400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Primary adrenal leiomyosarcomas are rare and usually symptomatic at presentation. The presentation of a large adrenal mass should raise suspicion of adrenal leiomyosarcoma as a differential diagnosis. To our knowledge, primary adrenal leiomyosarcoma has been reported in 20 cases in the English literature. Here we describe a case of primary adrenal leiomyosarcoma in a 76-year-old Caucasian female. The patient complained of right upper quadrant abdominal pain for 2 months. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging showed a heterogeneous 10.5 cm adrenal mass with a suspected inferior vena cava tumor thrombus without lymph node enlargement or distant metastasis. The patient underwent a right adrenalectomy, partial resection of the inferior vena cava and reconstruction of the inferior vena cava with a pericardial patch. Histopathologic examination was consistent with leiomyosarcoma. At 3 months postoperatively, a follow-up computed tomography scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis without intravenous contrast was done that showed multiple bilateral pulmonary metastatic lesions, bilateral hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy, liver metastasis, a new mass at the head of the pancreas, and a new mass at the lower pole of the right kidney. The patient was deemed to be unfit for systemic chemotherapy, and was referred to the hospice service for palliative care. The patient died 4 months after surgery.
{"title":"Primary Adrenal Leiomyosarcoma: Case Report and Review of Literature","authors":"F. Azzouni, G. Azabdaftari, M. Safwat, T. Schwaab","doi":"10.7156/V5I1P058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7156/V5I1P058","url":null,"abstract":"Primary adrenal leiomyosarcomas are rare and usually symptomatic at presentation. The presentation of a large adrenal mass should raise suspicion of adrenal leiomyosarcoma as a differential diagnosis. To our knowledge, primary adrenal leiomyosarcoma has been reported in 20 cases in the English literature. Here we describe a case of primary adrenal leiomyosarcoma in a 76-year-old Caucasian female. The patient complained of right upper quadrant abdominal pain for 2 months. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging showed a heterogeneous 10.5 cm adrenal mass with a suspected inferior vena cava tumor thrombus without lymph node enlargement or distant metastasis. The patient underwent a right adrenalectomy, partial resection of the inferior vena cava and reconstruction of the inferior vena cava with a pericardial patch. Histopathologic examination was consistent with leiomyosarcoma. At 3 months postoperatively, a follow-up computed tomography scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis without intravenous contrast was done that showed multiple bilateral pulmonary metastatic lesions, bilateral hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy, liver metastasis, a new mass at the head of the pancreas, and a new mass at the lower pole of the right kidney. The patient was deemed to be unfit for systemic chemotherapy, and was referred to the hospice service for palliative care. The patient died 4 months after surgery.","PeriodicalId":19338,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of medicine & science","volume":"03 1","pages":"58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86090098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clinically and pathogenetically heterogeneous group of hematopoietic malignancies. Diagnosis, treatment choices and prognosis of AML have evolved from depending on evaluation of morphological and cytochemical features to relying heavily on cytogenetic profiling of leukemic cells by chromosome karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). However, given that at least 40% of all adult patients with AML lack identifiable cytogenetical abnormalities, there is a strong interest clinically in refining risk assessment as well as defining possible new targets for treatment. We review here some of the well studied molecular markers employed in the stratification of AML with normal cytogenetics, including the Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 (FLT3), nucleophosmin-1 (NPM1) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (CEBPA) genes. We discuss other factors of potential interest, but less well characterized in the context of AML, including miRNA expression signatures. Technical aspects of molecular testing are also discussed. [N A J Med Sci. 2012;5(1):29-37.]
{"title":"Molecular Diagnostics in Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia","authors":"A. Svensson, Youjun Hu","doi":"10.7156/V5I1P029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7156/V5I1P029","url":null,"abstract":"Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clinically and pathogenetically heterogeneous group of hematopoietic malignancies. Diagnosis, treatment choices and prognosis of AML have evolved from depending on evaluation of morphological and cytochemical features to relying heavily on cytogenetic profiling of leukemic cells by chromosome karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). However, given that at least 40% of all adult patients with AML lack identifiable cytogenetical abnormalities, there is a strong interest clinically in refining risk assessment as well as defining possible new targets for treatment. We review here some of the well studied molecular markers employed in the stratification of AML with normal cytogenetics, including the Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 (FLT3), nucleophosmin-1 (NPM1) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (CEBPA) genes. We discuss other factors of potential interest, but less well characterized in the context of AML, including miRNA expression signatures. Technical aspects of molecular testing are also discussed. [N A J Med Sci. 2012;5(1):29-37.]","PeriodicalId":19338,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of medicine & science","volume":"25 1","pages":"029"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81795800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a DNA virus with a human-only reservoir, is a worldwide public health problem. Hepatitis B is transmitted through parenteral or mucosal exposure to infected blood and body fluids. The mode of transmission is usually vertical or horizontal in highly endemic areas early in life, resulting in a high chronicity rate. In low endemic countries, transmission is usually in adulthood with self-limiting infection in most. The prevalence of chronic HBV infection is highly variable, ranging from 0.1% in the United States to 20-30% in some Pacific Island nations. There are an estimated 360 million people who are chronically infected, of whom almost one million people die annually of HBV-related liver disease. Chronic hepatitis B is the major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma in the world. Safe and effective HBV vaccines have been available since 1982. The implementation of effective vaccination programs has resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of chronic hepatitis B infection. Nevertheless, hepatitis B remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among the chronic carriers worldwide. Understanding the epidemiology of the disease is essential in developing programs to prevent and treat this global infection. [N A J Med Sci. 2011;4(1):7-13.]
{"title":"Global Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection","authors":"E. Hwang, R. Cheung","doi":"10.7156/V4I1P007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7156/V4I1P007","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a DNA virus with a human-only reservoir, is a worldwide public health problem. Hepatitis B is transmitted through parenteral or mucosal exposure to infected blood and body fluids. The mode of transmission is usually vertical or horizontal in highly endemic areas early in life, resulting in a high chronicity rate. In low endemic countries, transmission is usually in adulthood with self-limiting infection in most. The prevalence of chronic HBV infection is highly variable, ranging from 0.1% in the United States to 20-30% in some Pacific Island nations. There are an estimated 360 million people who are chronically infected, of whom almost one million people die annually of HBV-related liver disease. Chronic hepatitis B is the major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma in the world. Safe and effective HBV vaccines have been available since 1982. The implementation of effective vaccination programs has resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of chronic hepatitis B infection. Nevertheless, hepatitis B remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among the chronic carriers worldwide. Understanding the epidemiology of the disease is essential in developing programs to prevent and treat this global infection. [N A J Med Sci. 2011;4(1):7-13.]","PeriodicalId":19338,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of medicine & science","volume":"10 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86851609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-01-01DOI: 10.7156/NAJMS.2012.054208
Hervé Huang, Frank Chen
Ductal adenocarcinoma is an uncommon variant of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Most cases are mixed with acinar adenocarcionoma component. Pure ductal morphology is rare. Histologically, the ductal adenocarcinoma shows distinctive columnar cells in papillary or cribriform architectures. The impact of ductal component on pathological behavior is still controversial. In this study, we identified three cases with ductal adenocarcinoma morphology from over 250 prostatic adenocarcinoma cases diagnosed in our institute from 2007-2012. One case was graded as Gleason 9, and two other cases were graded as Gleason 7. Histopathological examinations on these cases showed that tumors with ductal adenocarcinoma component showed higher percentage of extraprostatic extension and/or seminal vesicle invasion, comparing with the acinar adenocarcinomas that have similar Gleason scores. These findings were in support of recent reports which suggested that ductal adenocarcinoma associated with more advanced clinicopathology features. [N A J Med Sci. 2012;5(4):208-211.]
{"title":"Prostatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Exhibits More Advanced Histopathological Features than Acinar Adenocarcinoma","authors":"Hervé Huang, Frank Chen","doi":"10.7156/NAJMS.2012.054208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7156/NAJMS.2012.054208","url":null,"abstract":"Ductal adenocarcinoma is an uncommon variant of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Most cases are mixed with acinar adenocarcionoma component. Pure ductal morphology is rare. Histologically, the ductal adenocarcinoma shows distinctive columnar cells in papillary or cribriform architectures. The impact of ductal component on pathological behavior is still controversial. In this study, we identified three cases with ductal adenocarcinoma morphology from over 250 prostatic adenocarcinoma cases diagnosed in our institute from 2007-2012. One case was graded as Gleason 9, and two other cases were graded as Gleason 7. Histopathological examinations on these cases showed that tumors with ductal adenocarcinoma component showed higher percentage of extraprostatic extension and/or seminal vesicle invasion, comparing with the acinar adenocarcinomas that have similar Gleason scores. These findings were in support of recent reports which suggested that ductal adenocarcinoma associated with more advanced clinicopathology features. [N A J Med Sci. 2012;5(4):208-211.]","PeriodicalId":19338,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of medicine & science","volume":"7 1","pages":"208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78791033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grace X Ma, Min Qi Wang, Jamil Toubbeh, Yin Tan, Steven Shive, Dunli Wu
The purpose of this community-based participatory study was to identify factors associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) screening compliance and non-compliance among Cambodians, Vietnamese, Koreans and Chinese men and women 50 years and older living in the United States. A cross-sectional design was used in the study. The completed sample included 815 Asian Americans which included Cambodians (N=215), Vietnamese (N=195), Koreans (N=94) and Chinese (N=311). A 95-item questionnaire was developed and pilot tested for content validity and reliability. An in-person data collection approach was utilized and participants were given choice in responding in English or their native language. Of the 815 participants, 79.1% (N=645) reported never-screened, 7.9% (N=64), non-compliance, and 13.0% (N=106) compliance. Education was significantly associated with never-screened for CRC for Vietnamese and Chinese; employment status for Cambodians and Koreans; lack of health insurance for Cambodians, Korean and Chinese; English fluency and years lived in the U.S. for Vietnamese, Koreans, and Chinese. Less acculturated Asian Americans were more likely to be never screened, but differentially across ethnic subgroups. Barriers to screening included lack of knowledge, language, transportation, and time. Increased culturally-targeted public awareness and education programs are needed to improve CRC screening and compliance among high risk Asian American ethnic subgroups.
{"title":"Factors Associated with Colorectal Cancer Screening Among Cambodians, Vietnamese, Koreans and Chinese Living in the United States.","authors":"Grace X Ma, Min Qi Wang, Jamil Toubbeh, Yin Tan, Steven Shive, Dunli Wu","doi":"10.7156/v5i1p001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7156/v5i1p001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this community-based participatory study was to identify factors associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) screening compliance and non-compliance among Cambodians, Vietnamese, Koreans and Chinese men and women 50 years and older living in the United States. A cross-sectional design was used in the study. The completed sample included 815 Asian Americans which included Cambodians (N=215), Vietnamese (N=195), Koreans (N=94) and Chinese (N=311). A 95-item questionnaire was developed and pilot tested for content validity and reliability. An in-person data collection approach was utilized and participants were given choice in responding in English or their native language. Of the 815 participants, 79.1% (N=645) reported never-screened, 7.9% (N=64), non-compliance, and 13.0% (N=106) compliance. Education was significantly associated with never-screened for CRC for Vietnamese and Chinese; employment status for Cambodians and Koreans; lack of health insurance for Cambodians, Korean and Chinese; English fluency and years lived in the U.S. for Vietnamese, Koreans, and Chinese. Less acculturated Asian Americans were more likely to be never screened, but differentially across ethnic subgroups. Barriers to screening included lack of knowledge, language, transportation, and time. Increased culturally-targeted public awareness and education programs are needed to improve CRC screening and compliance among high risk Asian American ethnic subgroups.</p>","PeriodicalId":19338,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of medicine & science","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3521597/pdf/nihms360419.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31125972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The consumption of fruits and vegetables (FV household factors are marital status, number of family members, number of children in the family and parenting practices; and environmental factors consist of food prices, food access i bility and availability, social interaction and seasonal factors. All of these factors may positively or negatively affect F&V consumption among different population groups. Our study will help future researchers and policy makers to gain a more comprehensive understanding of this complex issue and develop more effect ideas for addressing it.
{"title":"Review of the Multi-Level Factors Contributing to Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in the US","authors":"Qi Zhang, B. L. Fu","doi":"10.7156/V4I4P232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7156/V4I4P232","url":null,"abstract":"The consumption of fruits and vegetables (FV household factors are marital status, number of family members, number of children in the family and parenting practices; and environmental factors consist of food prices, food access i bility and availability, social interaction and seasonal factors. All of these factors may positively or negatively affect F&V consumption among different population groups. Our study will help future researchers and policy makers to gain a more comprehensive understanding of this complex issue and develop more effect ideas for addressing it.","PeriodicalId":19338,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of medicine & science","volume":"41 1","pages":"232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77560376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhuxia Shen, Mingxing Lu, S. Duan, Shengzhong Duan
Classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2) are induced by Th1 and Th2 cytokines respectively. These macrophages are phenotypically and functionally different. Polarized macrophages are important players in inflammation because of the pro-inflammatory properties of M1 and the anti-inflammatory properties of M2. Under metabolic stress, interactions between polarized macrophages and adipocytes, hepatocytes, and skeletal myocytes mediate the inflammatory response that ultimately contributes to metabolic diseases. The crosstalk between polarized macrophages and endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and possibly cardiomyocytes is important in the progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Moreover, inflammation and macrophage polarization present as critical links between metabolism and CVDs. [N A J Med Sci. 2011;4(4):191-195.]
{"title":"Macrophage Polarization and Inflammation at the Interface of Cardiovascular Disease and Metabolism","authors":"Zhuxia Shen, Mingxing Lu, S. Duan, Shengzhong Duan","doi":"10.7156/V4I4P191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7156/V4I4P191","url":null,"abstract":"Classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2) are induced by Th1 and Th2 cytokines respectively. These macrophages are phenotypically and functionally different. Polarized macrophages are important players in inflammation because of the pro-inflammatory properties of M1 and the anti-inflammatory properties of M2. Under metabolic stress, interactions between polarized macrophages and adipocytes, hepatocytes, and skeletal myocytes mediate the inflammatory response that ultimately contributes to metabolic diseases. The crosstalk between polarized macrophages and endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and possibly cardiomyocytes is important in the progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Moreover, inflammation and macrophage polarization present as critical links between metabolism and CVDs. [N A J Med Sci. 2011;4(4):191-195.]","PeriodicalId":19338,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of medicine & science","volume":"20 1","pages":"191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78000401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gestational diabetes is a common pregnancy complication whose prevalence is increasing among women of reproductive age and results in both short-and long-term adverse outcomes for the offspring. Hyperglycemia or other consequences of adverse maternal metabolic profiles in pregnancy may contribute to autism risk through several potential mediating mechanisms, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and epigenetics. The present review aims to summarize recent studies exploring the association between maternal pre-gestational diabetes, gestational diabetes, obesity and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in the offspring. We will also explore potential biologic mechanisms to explain the association between in utero exposure to a hyperglycemic environment and risk for ASD, including inflammation, oxidative stress and epigenetics. Considering the concurrent rise in obesity and diabetes in pregnancy, as well as the modifiable nature of these disorders, their associations with ASD and the underlying molecular mechanisms should be explored further.
{"title":"Maternal Diabetes and Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Offspring: A Review of Epidemiological Evidence and Potential Biologic Mechanisms","authors":"K. Bowers, Cuilin Zhang","doi":"10.7156/V4I4P217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7156/V4I4P217","url":null,"abstract":"Gestational diabetes is a common pregnancy complication whose prevalence is increasing among women of reproductive age and results in both short-and long-term adverse outcomes for the offspring. Hyperglycemia or other consequences of adverse maternal metabolic profiles in pregnancy may contribute to autism risk through several potential mediating mechanisms, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and epigenetics. The present review aims to summarize recent studies exploring the association between maternal pre-gestational diabetes, gestational diabetes, obesity and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in the offspring. We will also explore potential biologic mechanisms to explain the association between in utero exposure to a hyperglycemic environment and risk for ASD, including inflammation, oxidative stress and epigenetics. Considering the concurrent rise in obesity and diabetes in pregnancy, as well as the modifiable nature of these disorders, their associations with ASD and the underlying molecular mechanisms should be explored further.","PeriodicalId":19338,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of medicine & science","volume":"59 9 1","pages":"217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86331753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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