Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2023.1310016
Heather A. Simmons, Kevin Johnson, Dane Schalk, Kevin Brunner, Puja Basu, Casey Fitz, Omar Fayez, Saverio Capuano III, Shanker Nesathurai
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury (TSCI) remains a significant cause of human suffering. The World Health Organization estimates that there are between 250,000 to 500,000 new cases every year. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been an important advancement in the diagnosis and management of TSCI. Nevertheless, there is a lack of literature correlating the radiological abnormalities and histopathological findings in the first hour (i.e., hyperacute period) after injury. The aim of this preliminary study is to elucidate the relationship between the MRI abnormalities and histopathological abnormalities in the hyperacute time period. In this study, a non-human primate model (NHP) primate model is used to characterize the histopathological and radiological features. Specifically, an experimental TSCI is created with an epidural catheter. This is followed by MRI imaging. The subject is then humanely euthanized and a post-mortem examination is completed. These results suggest that the noted radiological abnormalities are consistent with a combination of hemorrhage, edema as well as eosinophilic cellular matter in the central canal.
{"title":"Correlation of Pathological Findings with MRI Imaging in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in Hyperacute Time Period in Non Human Primate Model","authors":"Heather A. Simmons, Kevin Johnson, Dane Schalk, Kevin Brunner, Puja Basu, Casey Fitz, Omar Fayez, Saverio Capuano III, Shanker Nesathurai","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2023.1310016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2023.1310016","url":null,"abstract":"Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury (TSCI) remains a significant cause of human suffering. The World Health Organization estimates that there are between 250,000 to 500,000 new cases every year. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been an important advancement in the diagnosis and management of TSCI. Nevertheless, there is a lack of literature correlating the radiological abnormalities and histopathological findings in the first hour (i.e., hyperacute period) after injury. The aim of this preliminary study is to elucidate the relationship between the MRI abnormalities and histopathological abnormalities in the hyperacute time period. In this study, a non-human primate model (NHP) primate model is used to characterize the histopathological and radiological features. Specifically, an experimental TSCI is created with an epidural catheter. This is followed by MRI imaging. The subject is then humanely euthanized and a post-mortem examination is completed. These results suggest that the noted radiological abnormalities are consistent with a combination of hemorrhage, edema as well as eosinophilic cellular matter in the central canal.","PeriodicalId":19573,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"196 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135107710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2023.1310015
Pedro Hinojosa-Gómez, Sergio Fausto-Guerra, Guillermo Nolasco-Rodríguez, Lucia García-Delgado, Víctor Barragán-Cano, Manuel Rosales-Cortés, Esther Albarrán-Rodríguez, José Ricardo Cuéllar-Pérez
Objective: The present study consisted of challenging the extract of kombucha and the fungus Ganoderma reported as hypoglycemic and used as alternative treatments against diabetes on the number and morphology of islets of Langerhans. Material and Methods: 64 Wistar rats were used in 4 groups: one control, three experimental, streptozotocin, Kombucha y Ganoderma induced diabetes with streptozotocin. Divided into four post-induction stages at 2, 15, 30 and 45 days of treatment, sacrificing 4 rats at each stage, to perform the morphological analysis of the pancreas. Results: A decrease in the islets of Langerhans in size, volume and the number of cells within them was identified for the streptozotocin group from the second stage until almost disappearing due to diabetes, in the groups of Kombucha y Ganoderma the same was observed but they were recovered with the extract treatments and the average number of islets was similar in these groups, the group of Ganoderma. Conclusion: Under the conditions of this work, a protective and regenerative effect of both extracts is identified.
目的:研究康普茶和灵芝提取物对朗格汉斯胰岛数量和形态的影响。材料与方法:选用Wistar大鼠64只，分为4组:对照组1只，试验组3只，链脲佐菌素组，康普茶灵芝诱导链脲佐菌素糖尿病组。诱导后分为治疗2、15、30、45 d 4个阶段，每个阶段处死4只大鼠，进行胰腺形态分析。结果:链脲佐菌素组朗格汉斯胰岛的大小、体积和细胞数量从第二阶段开始减少，直到因糖尿病而几乎消失，康普茶加灵芝组也有相同的观察结果，但经提取物处理后恢复，平均胰岛数量与灵芝组相似。结论:在本实验条件下，两种提取物均具有保护和再生作用。
{"title":"Protective and Regenerative Effect of the Extract of Kombucha and the Fungus <i>Ganoderma sichuanense</i> on the Islets of Langerhans of Diabetic Rats","authors":"Pedro Hinojosa-Gómez, Sergio Fausto-Guerra, Guillermo Nolasco-Rodríguez, Lucia García-Delgado, Víctor Barragán-Cano, Manuel Rosales-Cortés, Esther Albarrán-Rodríguez, José Ricardo Cuéllar-Pérez","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2023.1310015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2023.1310015","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The present study consisted of challenging the extract of kombucha and the fungus Ganoderma reported as hypoglycemic and used as alternative treatments against diabetes on the number and morphology of islets of Langerhans. Material and Methods: 64 Wistar rats were used in 4 groups: one control, three experimental, streptozotocin, Kombucha y Ganoderma induced diabetes with streptozotocin. Divided into four post-induction stages at 2, 15, 30 and 45 days of treatment, sacrificing 4 rats at each stage, to perform the morphological analysis of the pancreas. Results: A decrease in the islets of Langerhans in size, volume and the number of cells within them was identified for the streptozotocin group from the second stage until almost disappearing due to diabetes, in the groups of Kombucha y Ganoderma the same was observed but they were recovered with the extract treatments and the average number of islets was similar in these groups, the group of Ganoderma. Conclusion: Under the conditions of this work, a protective and regenerative effect of both extracts is identified.","PeriodicalId":19573,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135059428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2023.139014
Glenn Yeomans, Lindsay Penrose, Sam Prien
Cryopreservation is currently the only effective tool for long-term storage of semen in most species. However, it is well-recognized that, even in species that freeze well, some individuals resist cryopreservation. Work from this laboratory has demonstrated a relationship between maternal lipid content and the chemical constitution of the embryos they produce. The objective of the present study was to determine if a similar relationship might exist in paternal body chemistry and the animal’s semen sample and if such a difference could be determined with a simple weight test. Semen samples were obtained from cattle with known differences in body composition. The samples first underwent semen analysis and were then prepared as either cell-free (CF) or neat specimens (NS). Known volumes of each sample were weighed, and the remainder of the samples was analyzed for lipids, total proteins, and total carbohydrates using a series of spectrophotometric assays and blood chemistry techniques. As expected, weight differences were seen in the CF vs NS preparations of individual semen samples (p < 0.001). Differences were also found in triglycerides (p < 0.001), glucose (p < 0.001), total protein (p < 0.001), and fructose (p < 0.009) of individuals with differing body composition. Statistical analysis suggested a non-linear correlation between the observed weights and total protein (p < 0.047) as well as triglyceride levels (p < 0.003). Together, these data suggest it might be possible to develop an algorithm to allow adjustment in cryoprotectants based on a simple weight procedure, allowing modification of cryoprotectants on an individual basis and potentially improving outcomes for valuable animals currently classified as “poor freezers”.
{"title":"A Simple Test of Seminal Fluid Chemistry and Its Potential Impact on Cryopreservation","authors":"Glenn Yeomans, Lindsay Penrose, Sam Prien","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2023.139014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2023.139014","url":null,"abstract":"Cryopreservation is currently the only effective tool for long-term storage of semen in most species. However, it is well-recognized that, even in species that freeze well, some individuals resist cryopreservation. Work from this laboratory has demonstrated a relationship between maternal lipid content and the chemical constitution of the embryos they produce. The objective of the present study was to determine if a similar relationship might exist in paternal body chemistry and the animal’s semen sample and if such a difference could be determined with a simple weight test. Semen samples were obtained from cattle with known differences in body composition. The samples first underwent semen analysis and were then prepared as either cell-free (CF) or neat specimens (NS). Known volumes of each sample were weighed, and the remainder of the samples was analyzed for lipids, total proteins, and total carbohydrates using a series of spectrophotometric assays and blood chemistry techniques. As expected, weight differences were seen in the CF vs NS preparations of individual semen samples (p < 0.001). Differences were also found in triglycerides (p < 0.001), glucose (p < 0.001), total protein (p < 0.001), and fructose (p < 0.009) of individuals with differing body composition. Statistical analysis suggested a non-linear correlation between the observed weights and total protein (p < 0.047) as well as triglyceride levels (p < 0.003). Together, these data suggest it might be possible to develop an algorithm to allow adjustment in cryoprotectants based on a simple weight procedure, allowing modification of cryoprotectants on an individual basis and potentially improving outcomes for valuable animals currently classified as “poor freezers”.","PeriodicalId":19573,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135441345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction Trypanosomosis is a bottleneck on the livelihood of farmers in the study area and the Ethiopian government has been using 0.4% Delthamethrine impregnated targets and 1% pour-on to reduce the impact of this disease on food security. However, there was no information on the effect of this chemical on the prevalence of Trypanosomiasis. Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of Deltamethrine in controlling trypanosomiasis. Methods Cross-sectional study was conducted on cattle of two districts of Buno Bedele Zone in April 2020 and 2022. Paired samples “t” test statistic was used to summarize data by using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) statistics version 21. The approach followed to complete the study was implementing a pre-intervention phase to know the status of trypanosoma before using a chemical in April 2020 and an intervention phase using deltamethrine chemical on cattle at a rate of 1 mL/10 kg body weight and 0.4% Delthamethrine impregnated targets from October 2021 to March 2022. The post-intervention was done in April 2022 to evaluate the prevalence difference. Results Out of 576 cattle during pre-intervention 159 (27.60%) cattle were positive with a mean packed cell volume (PCV) of 20.68%. During post-intervention out of 576 cattle, 27 (4.70%) cattle were positive with a mean PCV of 26.10%. For the study, there was strong evidence at a 95% confidence interval (t=3.035, p<0.05). Delthamethrine chemical application reduces the prevalence of the trypanosoma parasite by ten estimated mean. Also, there was strong evidence at a 95% confidence interval (t=-84.66, p<0.05) that Delthamethrine chemical application increased the PCV of cattle by five estimated mean. Conclusion In both districts, there was strong evidence that deltamethrin chemical application reduces the prevalence of trypanosome parasites. Deltamethrin chemical application increased cattle’s PCV, which showed that an intervention was encouraging to suppress trypanosomosis and should be continually implemented to keep the intervention difference.
{"title":"Evaluating the Effect of Delthamethrine on the Prevalence of Trypanosomiasis in Two Districts of Buno Bedelle Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"Moti Wakgari","doi":"10.17140/vmoj-7-170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17140/vmoj-7-170","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Trypanosomosis is a bottleneck on the livelihood of farmers in the study area and the Ethiopian government has been using 0.4% Delthamethrine impregnated targets and 1% pour-on to reduce the impact of this disease on food security. However, there was no information on the effect of this chemical on the prevalence of Trypanosomiasis. Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of Deltamethrine in controlling trypanosomiasis. Methods Cross-sectional study was conducted on cattle of two districts of Buno Bedele Zone in April 2020 and 2022. Paired samples “t” test statistic was used to summarize data by using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) statistics version 21. The approach followed to complete the study was implementing a pre-intervention phase to know the status of trypanosoma before using a chemical in April 2020 and an intervention phase using deltamethrine chemical on cattle at a rate of 1 mL/10 kg body weight and 0.4% Delthamethrine impregnated targets from October 2021 to March 2022. The post-intervention was done in April 2022 to evaluate the prevalence difference. Results Out of 576 cattle during pre-intervention 159 (27.60%) cattle were positive with a mean packed cell volume (PCV) of 20.68%. During post-intervention out of 576 cattle, 27 (4.70%) cattle were positive with a mean PCV of 26.10%. For the study, there was strong evidence at a 95% confidence interval (t=3.035, p<0.05). Delthamethrine chemical application reduces the prevalence of the trypanosoma parasite by ten estimated mean. Also, there was strong evidence at a 95% confidence interval (t=-84.66, p<0.05) that Delthamethrine chemical application increased the PCV of cattle by five estimated mean. Conclusion In both districts, there was strong evidence that deltamethrin chemical application reduces the prevalence of trypanosome parasites. Deltamethrin chemical application increased cattle’s PCV, which showed that an intervention was encouraging to suppress trypanosomosis and should be continually implemented to keep the intervention difference.","PeriodicalId":19573,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"124 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77596650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dystocia means difficulty in parturition to the point of needing human intervention and it is a major cause of lamb loss in the flock and may result in great economic loss to the farmers. Two local breed adult ewes of different age and causes of dystocia were presented to Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) with the history of full-term gestation and three-month gestation in case 1 and 2, respectively. Clinical and physical examination finding revealed that there were weak and unable to stand, and straining in case 1 and anorexia, lethargy, recumbent with attempt to stand, abdominal distension and granting sound in case 2. Live fetus in case 1 and died fetus in case 2 was dictated up on abdominal palpation and ultrasonography findings. Vaginal examination also has undergone and revealed that incomplete dilation of cervix in case 1. Depending on diagnostic finding caesarian section were admitted and a single live fetus and a twin died fetuses were removed from case 1 and 2, respectively under line infiltration anaesthesia in case 1 and inverted “L” blocks in case 2. Following the successful caesarian section the dam of case 1 was died after 18-hours of post-surgery but the dam of case 2 was recovered uneventfully without any complications in period of 15 post-operative days.
{"title":"Surgical Management of Dystocia in Local Breed Sheep: A Case Series","authors":"Zerihun Mulatu, D. Kefyalew","doi":"10.17140/vmoj-7-166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17140/vmoj-7-166","url":null,"abstract":"Dystocia means difficulty in parturition to the point of needing human intervention and it is a major cause of lamb loss in the flock and may result in great economic loss to the farmers. Two local breed adult ewes of different age and causes of dystocia were presented to Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) with the history of full-term gestation and three-month gestation in case 1 and 2, respectively. Clinical and physical examination finding revealed that there were weak and unable to stand, and straining in case 1 and anorexia, lethargy, recumbent with attempt to stand, abdominal distension and granting sound in case 2. Live fetus in case 1 and died fetus in case 2 was dictated up on abdominal palpation and ultrasonography findings. Vaginal examination also has undergone and revealed that incomplete dilation of cervix in case 1. Depending on diagnostic finding caesarian section were admitted and a single live fetus and a twin died fetuses were removed from case 1 and 2, respectively under line infiltration anaesthesia in case 1 and inverted “L” blocks in case 2. Following the successful caesarian section the dam of case 1 was died after 18-hours of post-surgery but the dam of case 2 was recovered uneventfully without any complications in period of 15 post-operative days.","PeriodicalId":19573,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"11 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73389105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Narrow pelvis is characterized as an insufficient maternal bony pelvis that does not allow for fetal transit due to a variety of factors. Animal immaturity is one of these reasons. This communication was written with the goal of documenting surgical management of dystocia and its impact on a two-year-old heifer who was with a full-term pregnancy. A vaginal delivery was tried but failed due to the narrow maternal pelvis. To avoid any post-operative problems, the surgical management was carried out under strict aseptically. A volume of 30 ml 2% Lidocaine Hydrochloride was infiltrated on left flank with inverted L-block techniques. While the cow was on her right lateral recumbency. The uterus was emptied of a deceased fetus but fetal membrane with the intact umbilical cord was returned back to the womb. Suturing was done using standard surgical procedures, and post-surgical care was followed-up for ten-days. The heifer was successfully rehabilitated.
窄骨盆的特征是由于多种因素，产妇骨骨盆不足，不允许胎儿运输。动物不成熟是其中一个原因。这篇文章的目的是记录难产的手术治疗及其对一个足月妊娠的两岁小母牛的影响。尝试阴道分娩，但由于产妇骨盆狭窄而失败。为避免术后并发症，手术在严格的无菌条件下进行。取体积30 ml 2%盐酸利多卡因用倒l -阻滞技术浸润左侧。当奶牛右侧侧卧时。子宫被清空了一个死亡的胎儿，但胎儿膜与完整的脐带返回子宫。采用标准手术程序进行缝合，术后随访10天。这头小母牛成功地康复了。
{"title":"A Case Report on Surgical Management of Dystocia in Heifers Due to Narrow Pelvis and Immaturity","authors":"Endale Mekoria, Jabessa Dhaba, M. M. Ame","doi":"10.17140/vmoj-7-162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17140/vmoj-7-162","url":null,"abstract":"Narrow pelvis is characterized as an insufficient maternal bony pelvis that does not allow for fetal transit due to a variety of factors. Animal immaturity is one of these reasons. This communication was written with the goal of documenting surgical management of dystocia and its impact on a two-year-old heifer who was with a full-term pregnancy. A vaginal delivery was tried but failed due to the narrow maternal pelvis. To avoid any post-operative problems, the surgical management was carried out under strict aseptically. A volume of 30 ml 2% Lidocaine Hydrochloride was infiltrated on left flank with inverted L-block techniques. While the cow was on her right lateral recumbency. The uterus was emptied of a deceased fetus but fetal membrane with the intact umbilical cord was returned back to the womb. Suturing was done using standard surgical procedures, and post-surgical care was followed-up for ten-days. The heifer was successfully rehabilitated.","PeriodicalId":19573,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90729426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Infectious bursal disease, also known as Gumboro disease, is a highly contagious and acute viral disease of poultry characterised by the destruction of lymphoid cells. Diagnosis of infectious bursal disease involves consideration of the flocks’ history, clinical signs, and lesions. The objectives of this paper are to highlight various commonly used diagnostic methods for infectious bursal disease and to review advances made in diagnostic methods and vaccination strategies for infectious bursal disease, with special emphasis on the strengths and weaknesses of each of those techniques. Isolation of infectious bursal disease virus followed by its serological assay and histopathological examination of the bursa is regarded as the gold standard method of infectious bursal disease diagnosis. Serological tests such as agar gel, immune diffusion, enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay, and viral neutralisation tests are commonly used laboratory assays in diagnosing infectious bursal disease viruses. Recently, the most accurate and relatively fast diagnostic method, the molecular technique, is widely used. The molecular diagnostic technique is the simplest and most sensitive of the diagnostic techniques reviewed. The virus causes immunosuppression, so the infected chicken recovers from the acute disease but becomes more susceptible to infections by other pathogens. Therefore, prevention is important and vaccination has become the principal control measure of infectious bursal disease virus infection in chickens. Conventional attenuated live and killed vaccines are the most commonly used vaccines. With the advancement of knowledge and technology, new generation or genetically-engineered vaccines like deoxyribonucleic acid and subunit vaccines have been used. Various vaccination strategies, such as in ovo, at hatch, and post hatch vaccination, are used. Hatchery vaccination is becoming a common practice. Based on this review paper, more affordable and effective infectious bursal disease vaccines that are affordable and readily available must be identified with further cost-benefit analysis.
{"title":"Review of Diagnostic and Vaccination Approaches of Infectious Bursal Disease of Poultry","authors":"Guta W. Adino, M. D. Bayu","doi":"10.17140/vmoj-7-164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17140/vmoj-7-164","url":null,"abstract":"Infectious bursal disease, also known as Gumboro disease, is a highly contagious and acute viral disease of poultry characterised by the destruction of lymphoid cells. Diagnosis of infectious bursal disease involves consideration of the flocks’ history, clinical signs, and lesions. The objectives of this paper are to highlight various commonly used diagnostic methods for infectious bursal disease and to review advances made in diagnostic methods and vaccination strategies for infectious bursal disease, with special emphasis on the strengths and weaknesses of each of those techniques. Isolation of infectious bursal disease virus followed by its serological assay and histopathological examination of the bursa is regarded as the gold standard method of infectious bursal disease diagnosis. Serological tests such as agar gel, immune diffusion, enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay, and viral neutralisation tests are commonly used laboratory assays in diagnosing infectious bursal disease viruses. Recently, the most accurate and relatively fast diagnostic method, the molecular technique, is widely used. The molecular diagnostic technique is the simplest and most sensitive of the diagnostic techniques reviewed. The virus causes immunosuppression, so the infected chicken recovers from the acute disease but becomes more susceptible to infections by other pathogens. Therefore, prevention is important and vaccination has become the principal control measure of infectious bursal disease virus infection in chickens. Conventional attenuated live and killed vaccines are the most commonly used vaccines. With the advancement of knowledge and technology, new generation or genetically-engineered vaccines like deoxyribonucleic acid and subunit vaccines have been used. Various vaccination strategies, such as in ovo, at hatch, and post hatch vaccination, are used. Hatchery vaccination is becoming a common practice. Based on this review paper, more affordable and effective infectious bursal disease vaccines that are affordable and readily available must be identified with further cost-benefit analysis.","PeriodicalId":19573,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90849760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim This study was conducted using the questionnaire method to assess the effect of breed and factors affecting conception rate on artificial insemination in dairy cows in Tullo district, Western Haraghe, Ethiopia. Methods A follow-up study design was conducted from December 2018 to June 2019 to determine the effect of breed and factors affecting conception rate to artificial insemination in dairy cows, taking breed, age, parity, body condition and timing of insemination as risk factors. The demographic factors were recorded by interviewing the owners. Most of the cows were examined for pregnancy diagnosis by rectal palpation of the genital tract at 60-80-days post-artificial insemination. Results Out of 114 artificially inseminated cows/heifers, 59 became pregnant, giving an overall first service conception rate of 51.8%. Although the breed, age, parity and body condition score did not affect the conception rate significantly, the pregnancy rate was better in the cross-breed (62.5%), in cows of 5-7-years of age (54.6%), in cows of parity 2-3 (59.2%) and in cows of good body condition score (57.7%). The conception rate in cows inseminated at 12-18-hours after the onset of estrus was significantly higher (62.3%) than those inseminated after 18-hours (31.2%) and before 12-hours (52.4%) after the onset of estrus. Therefore, cows with good body condition score (BCS) and artificial insemination (AI) service at 12-18-hours after the onset of estrus are the best choice of selection for obtaining the best result in the first service conception rate to AI in dairy cows/heifers. Conclusion This study reveals that the conception rate was influenced by the time of AI, so awareness should be given to cattle owners, as they should give AI for their cattle at optimum time within 12-18-hours after onset of heat sign.
{"title":"Effect of Breed and Risk Factors Affecting Conception Rate to Artificial Insemination in Dairy Cows of Tullo District Western Haraghe, Ethiopia","authors":"Abas M. Abdula, Ziyad M. Bilal","doi":"10.17140/vmoj-7-163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17140/vmoj-7-163","url":null,"abstract":"Aim This study was conducted using the questionnaire method to assess the effect of breed and factors affecting conception rate on artificial insemination in dairy cows in Tullo district, Western Haraghe, Ethiopia. Methods A follow-up study design was conducted from December 2018 to June 2019 to determine the effect of breed and factors affecting conception rate to artificial insemination in dairy cows, taking breed, age, parity, body condition and timing of insemination as risk factors. The demographic factors were recorded by interviewing the owners. Most of the cows were examined for pregnancy diagnosis by rectal palpation of the genital tract at 60-80-days post-artificial insemination. Results Out of 114 artificially inseminated cows/heifers, 59 became pregnant, giving an overall first service conception rate of 51.8%. Although the breed, age, parity and body condition score did not affect the conception rate significantly, the pregnancy rate was better in the cross-breed (62.5%), in cows of 5-7-years of age (54.6%), in cows of parity 2-3 (59.2%) and in cows of good body condition score (57.7%). The conception rate in cows inseminated at 12-18-hours after the onset of estrus was significantly higher (62.3%) than those inseminated after 18-hours (31.2%) and before 12-hours (52.4%) after the onset of estrus. Therefore, cows with good body condition score (BCS) and artificial insemination (AI) service at 12-18-hours after the onset of estrus are the best choice of selection for obtaining the best result in the first service conception rate to AI in dairy cows/heifers. Conclusion This study reveals that the conception rate was influenced by the time of AI, so awareness should be given to cattle owners, as they should give AI for their cattle at optimum time within 12-18-hours after onset of heat sign.","PeriodicalId":19573,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87683452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urinary and bowel dysfunction is a condition that encompasses loss of bladder and bowel control which is characterized by partial or complete loss of defecation and urination. Urinary and bowel dysfunction is multifactorial and mainly caused by spinal cord injury at the lumbosacral level or more cranial. The present case report was aimed to show techniques and outcomes of colotomy to resolve constipation secondary to bowel dysfunction in a cat. A 1-year-old female cat weighing 1.3 kg was presented to Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a history of anorexia dullness, abdominal distension, and absence of defecation for the last 8-days. Clinical examination revealed stunted growth, poor body condition, very weak anal and pedal reflex, distended abdomen, dehydration, and lateral recumbency. Based on the history and clinical findings the case was diagnosed as constipation and exploratory laparotomy was indicated after sufficient stabilization. The caudal ventral midline was used to perform colotomy to remove accumulated feces. Post-operatively fluid therapy, antibiotics, laxative, and vitamins were administered accordingly. Upon 52-days follow-up; the patient was able to pass her feces completely, while urine retention and incontinence remains unresolved. Therefore, the owner was advised how to apply gentle external compression of the bladder to assist urination.
{"title":"Colotomy to Resolve Constipation Secondary to Spinal Cord Injury: A Case Report","authors":"Cheru Telila, J. Dugassa, Zerihun Mulatu","doi":"10.17140/vmoj-7-160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17140/vmoj-7-160","url":null,"abstract":"Urinary and bowel dysfunction is a condition that encompasses loss of bladder and bowel control which is characterized by partial or complete loss of defecation and urination. Urinary and bowel dysfunction is multifactorial and mainly caused by spinal cord injury at the lumbosacral level or more cranial. The present case report was aimed to show techniques and outcomes of colotomy to resolve constipation secondary to bowel dysfunction in a cat. A 1-year-old female cat weighing 1.3 kg was presented to Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a history of anorexia dullness, abdominal distension, and absence of defecation for the last 8-days. Clinical examination revealed stunted growth, poor body condition, very weak anal and pedal reflex, distended abdomen, dehydration, and lateral recumbency. Based on the history and clinical findings the case was diagnosed as constipation and exploratory laparotomy was indicated after sufficient stabilization. The caudal ventral midline was used to perform colotomy to remove accumulated feces. Post-operatively fluid therapy, antibiotics, laxative, and vitamins were administered accordingly. Upon 52-days follow-up; the patient was able to pass her feces completely, while urine retention and incontinence remains unresolved. Therefore, the owner was advised how to apply gentle external compression of the bladder to assist urination.","PeriodicalId":19573,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"244 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78351285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim This study was conducted by using the protocols of post-mortem examinations of meat (visual inspection) to determine the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis in the cattle slaughtered at Haramaya Municipal Abattoir, Eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia and to determine zoonotic significance of taeniasis. Method A cross-section study design was conducted from November 2020 to March 2021, based on routine meat inspection on simple randomly selected cattle slaughtered at the abattoir. Visual inspection of all exposed surface was made in all active organs. They are shoulder muscles, hearts, masseters (cheek muscle), diaphragms, tongues and livers. This is followed by incision of all those organs to be examined for Cysticercus bovis cysts. Results Twenty-one (21) of the 384 cattle examined utilizing the post-mortem examinations meat inspection methodology were positive for C. bovis, resulting in a prevalence of 5.5 %. The masseter muscle (11.5 %) had the highest prevalence of cysts, followed by the triceps (8.3%), heart (5.8%), liver (4.8 %), and tongue (2.9 %). The sex-based prevalence rates were 10 (3.4%) and 11 (12.1%), respectively. The predominance of bodily condition was found to be good (1.3%), medium (11.1%), and bad (50 %). The prevalence male and female e differed substantially by organ, sex, and bodily condition (p>0.05), but not statistically significant by age of the animals (young 2.8% vs. adult 6.1%) (p>0.05). Eight (20%) of the total 40 interviewees had contracted Taenia saginata infection at least once in their lives. Religion showed a significant difference (p>0.05) (Christian 66.7% and Muslim 6.5%). However, there was no statistically significant difference in meat consumption habits (raw 31.6% vs. cooked 9.5%), sex (male 26.5% vs. female 11.8%), age (young 33.3% vs. adult 17.7%), educational status (illiterate 22.2% vs. elementary 14.3% vs. high school 27.3% vs. college 16.7%) or latrine use (proper users 19.4% and non-proper users 25%). Conclusion This study to increasing public awareness of the disease, as well as strict routine meat inspections, should be prioritized in order to decrease the parasite's impact.
{"title":"Prevalence and Public Health importance of Bovine Cysticercosis in Haramaya Municipal Abattoir, East Hararghe Zone of Oromia Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia","authors":"Mohammed Abdella, M. M. Ame","doi":"10.17140/vmoj-7-161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17140/vmoj-7-161","url":null,"abstract":"Aim This study was conducted by using the protocols of post-mortem examinations of meat (visual inspection) to determine the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis in the cattle slaughtered at Haramaya Municipal Abattoir, Eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia and to determine zoonotic significance of taeniasis. Method A cross-section study design was conducted from November 2020 to March 2021, based on routine meat inspection on simple randomly selected cattle slaughtered at the abattoir. Visual inspection of all exposed surface was made in all active organs. They are shoulder muscles, hearts, masseters (cheek muscle), diaphragms, tongues and livers. This is followed by incision of all those organs to be examined for Cysticercus bovis cysts. Results Twenty-one (21) of the 384 cattle examined utilizing the post-mortem examinations meat inspection methodology were positive for C. bovis, resulting in a prevalence of 5.5 %. The masseter muscle (11.5 %) had the highest prevalence of cysts, followed by the triceps (8.3%), heart (5.8%), liver (4.8 %), and tongue (2.9 %). The sex-based prevalence rates were 10 (3.4%) and 11 (12.1%), respectively. The predominance of bodily condition was found to be good (1.3%), medium (11.1%), and bad (50 %). The prevalence male and female e differed substantially by organ, sex, and bodily condition (p>0.05), but not statistically significant by age of the animals (young 2.8% vs. adult 6.1%) (p>0.05). Eight (20%) of the total 40 interviewees had contracted Taenia saginata infection at least once in their lives. Religion showed a significant difference (p>0.05) (Christian 66.7% and Muslim 6.5%). However, there was no statistically significant difference in meat consumption habits (raw 31.6% vs. cooked 9.5%), sex (male 26.5% vs. female 11.8%), age (young 33.3% vs. adult 17.7%), educational status (illiterate 22.2% vs. elementary 14.3% vs. high school 27.3% vs. college 16.7%) or latrine use (proper users 19.4% and non-proper users 25%). Conclusion This study to increasing public awareness of the disease, as well as strict routine meat inspections, should be prioritized in order to decrease the parasite's impact.","PeriodicalId":19573,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87009921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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