Copyright 2019 by Sali K. This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which allows to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and reproduce in any medium or format, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited. 27 Review | Volume 4 | Issue 1| cc There is a diversified microbial ecosystem in the rumen for efficient utilization of diet by providing essential nutrient to their host. But there are different factors affecting rumen microbial protein synthesis which are physical factors, chemical factors, dietary factors, biological factors and endogenous factors. Among the details of factors, dietary factors and ruminal pH are the dominant factors influencing rumen microbial protein production. The effects of some dietary factors, on the amount and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, are discussed in this review. Specifically, these factors include forage quality diets, level of feed and types of feed. It seemed that diets containing a mixture of forages and concentrates increase the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis because of an improved rumen environment for the growth of more diverse bacterial species. This review describes physical and chemical factors which include: pH and buffer system, oxygen concentration, rumen outflow rate and synchronized release of nitrogen and energy from the diet, a nitrogen compound, energy spilling, vitamins and minerals and antimicrobials chemicals, respectively. Age, species, physiological status, sex, and stress are among endogenous factors that mostly affect microbial protein synthesis of a ruminant. Bacteriophages, protozoa predation and bacterial lysis are biological factors affecting the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. All these factors have a direct effect on the synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen. Therefore, the cumulative effects of the above factors are resulted in the depopulation of rumen microflora and finally reduction of animal product. So, improvement in quantitative aspect of microbial protein synthesis solves many problems from simple to complex so that, the quantitative aspect of rumen microbial biomass are invaluable for health and productivity of ruminants than qualitative aspect hence, maintain health rumen ecosystem means having healthy ruminant.
这是一篇根据知识共享署名4.0国际许可(CC by 4.0)发布的开放获取文章，允许以任何媒介或格式复制、再分发、再混合、转换和复制，即使是商业复制，前提是正确引用原始作品。瘤胃中存在着多样化的微生物生态系统，能够有效地利用饲粮，为宿主提供必需的营养物质。但影响瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成的因素有物理因素、化学因素、饲料因素、生物因素和内源因素。其中，饲粮因素和瘤胃pH值是影响瘤胃微生物蛋白产量的主导因素。本文就饲料中一些因素对微生物蛋白质合成量和效率的影响进行了综述。具体来说，这些因素包括饲料质量、饲料水平和饲料类型。饲粮中含有混合的牧草和精料似乎提高了微生物蛋白质的合成效率，因为改善了瘤胃环境，使更多种类的细菌生长。本文综述了理化因素，包括:pH和缓冲系统、氧浓度、瘤胃流出率和日粮中氮和能量的同步释放、氮化合物、能量溢出、维生素和矿物质以及抗菌化学物质。年龄、物种、生理状态、性别和应激是影响反刍动物微生物蛋白合成的主要内源性因素。噬菌体、原生动物捕食和细菌裂解是影响微生物蛋白质合成效率的生物学因素。这些因素对瘤胃微生物蛋白的合成有直接影响。因此，上述因素的累积效应导致瘤胃菌群数量减少，最终导致动物产品减少。因此，微生物蛋白质合成定量方面的提高解决了许多从简单到复杂的问题，因此，瘤胃微生物生物量的定量方面比定性方面对反刍动物的健康和生产力更有价值，因此，保持健康的瘤胃生态系统意味着拥有健康的反刍动物。
{"title":"Factors Affecting Rumen Microbial Protein Synthesis: A Review","authors":"A. Harun","doi":"10.17140/vmoj-4-133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17140/vmoj-4-133","url":null,"abstract":"Copyright 2019 by Sali K. This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which allows to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and reproduce in any medium or format, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited. 27 Review | Volume 4 | Issue 1| cc There is a diversified microbial ecosystem in the rumen for efficient utilization of diet by providing essential nutrient to their host. But there are different factors affecting rumen microbial protein synthesis which are physical factors, chemical factors, dietary factors, biological factors and endogenous factors. Among the details of factors, dietary factors and ruminal pH are the dominant factors influencing rumen microbial protein production. The effects of some dietary factors, on the amount and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, are discussed in this review. Specifically, these factors include forage quality diets, level of feed and types of feed. It seemed that diets containing a mixture of forages and concentrates increase the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis because of an improved rumen environment for the growth of more diverse bacterial species. This review describes physical and chemical factors which include: pH and buffer system, oxygen concentration, rumen outflow rate and synchronized release of nitrogen and energy from the diet, a nitrogen compound, energy spilling, vitamins and minerals and antimicrobials chemicals, respectively. Age, species, physiological status, sex, and stress are among endogenous factors that mostly affect microbial protein synthesis of a ruminant. Bacteriophages, protozoa predation and bacterial lysis are biological factors affecting the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. All these factors have a direct effect on the synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen. Therefore, the cumulative effects of the above factors are resulted in the depopulation of rumen microflora and finally reduction of animal product. So, improvement in quantitative aspect of microbial protein synthesis solves many problems from simple to complex so that, the quantitative aspect of rumen microbial biomass are invaluable for health and productivity of ruminants than qualitative aspect hence, maintain health rumen ecosystem means having healthy ruminant.","PeriodicalId":19573,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81036113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Kebamo, T. Jergefa, J. Dugassa, A. Gizachew, T. Berhanu
Copyright 2019 by Kebamo M. This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which allows to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and reproduce in any medium or format, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 Retrospective Study | Volume 4 | Issue 1| cc Background and Aim The study was conducted at Dida Tuyura Cattle Breeding and Improvement Ranch in Borana zone, southern Ethiopia, with the aims of determining the mortality rate of Ethiopian Boran calves and assessment of the reproductive performance of heifers and cows. Materials and Methods The study was based on the retrospective record of calves, heifers, and cows. The data was taken from 1994-2010 on the calf survival rate and 1994-2005 on reproductive performance of the breed in the ranch were used for this study. The retrospective data collected over the years were used to identify factors associated with calf survival or death. Results The mortality rate of calves before weaning and after weaning was 13.3% and 11.2%, respectively. Age, sex and birth weight of calf had a significant effect on survival rate. The overall mean values age at first service, age at first calving, calving interval, days open and gestation length were 42.52, 51.67, 20.67, 11.30 and 9.30 months, respectively. Parity had a significant effect on both the calving interval and days open. Gestation length was not significantly affected by parity, sex, and birth weight of calf. Conclusion From the present study, it can be concluded that the obtained calf survival rate and reproductive performance are not sufficient to achieve the established objective of the ranch.
这是一篇根据知识共享署名4.0国际许可(CC by 4.0)发布的开放获取文章，允许以任何媒介或格式复制、再分发、再混合、转换和复制，即使是商业复制，前提是正确引用原始作品。背景与目的本研究在埃塞俄比亚南部Borana地区的Dida Tuyura牛养殖改良牧场进行，目的是确定埃塞俄比亚Boran小牛的死亡率，评估母牛和小母牛的繁殖性能。材料与方法本研究基于小牛、小母牛和奶牛的回顾性记录。本研究采用1994-2010年牧场小牛成活率和1994-2005年该品种繁殖性能的数据。多年来收集的回顾性数据用于确定与小牛生存或死亡相关的因素。结果犊牛断奶前和断奶后的死亡率分别为13.3%和11.2%。犊牛年龄、性别和初生体重对成活率有显著影响。初产龄、初产龄、产犊间隔、开胎天数和妊娠期的总体平均值分别为42.52、51.67、20.67、11.30和9.30个月。胎次对产犊间隔和开盘价均有显著影响。胎次、性别和小牛出生体重对妊娠期没有显著影响。结论本研究得出的结论是，获得的犊牛成活率和繁殖性能不足以达到牧场的既定目标。
{"title":"Survival Rate of Calves and Assessment Reproductive Performance of Heifers and Cows in Dida Tuyura Ranch, Borana Zone, Southern Ethiopia","authors":"M. Kebamo, T. Jergefa, J. Dugassa, A. Gizachew, T. Berhanu","doi":"10.17140/vmoj-4-130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17140/vmoj-4-130","url":null,"abstract":"Copyright 2019 by Kebamo M. This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which allows to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and reproduce in any medium or format, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 Retrospective Study | Volume 4 | Issue 1| cc Background and Aim The study was conducted at Dida Tuyura Cattle Breeding and Improvement Ranch in Borana zone, southern Ethiopia, with the aims of determining the mortality rate of Ethiopian Boran calves and assessment of the reproductive performance of heifers and cows. Materials and Methods The study was based on the retrospective record of calves, heifers, and cows. The data was taken from 1994-2010 on the calf survival rate and 1994-2005 on reproductive performance of the breed in the ranch were used for this study. The retrospective data collected over the years were used to identify factors associated with calf survival or death. Results The mortality rate of calves before weaning and after weaning was 13.3% and 11.2%, respectively. Age, sex and birth weight of calf had a significant effect on survival rate. The overall mean values age at first service, age at first calving, calving interval, days open and gestation length were 42.52, 51.67, 20.67, 11.30 and 9.30 months, respectively. Parity had a significant effect on both the calving interval and days open. Gestation length was not significantly affected by parity, sex, and birth weight of calf. Conclusion From the present study, it can be concluded that the obtained calf survival rate and reproductive performance are not sufficient to achieve the established objective of the ranch.","PeriodicalId":19573,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83538331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Fromsa, N. Saini, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary Radiology
Copyright 2019 by Formsa A. This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which allows to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and reproduce in any medium or format, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited. 18 Original Research | Volume 4 | Issue 1| cc Background Urocystoliths are difficult to palpate and physical examination findings, complete blood cell count (CBC) and serum biochemical analysis are usually normal and the clinical signs are not definitive. Thus diagnostic imaging is a crucial tool required to confirm the diagnosis of urolithiasis in dogs presented with non-specific clinical signs of urogenital affection.
这是一篇根据知识共享署名4.0国际许可(CC by 4.0)发布的开放获取文章，允许以任何媒介或格式复制、再分发、再混合、转换和复制，即使是商业复制，前提是正确引用原始作品。背景尿囊结石难以触诊和体检结果，全血细胞计数(CBC)和血清生化分析通常正常，临床症状不明确。因此，诊断成像是一个至关重要的工具，需要确认诊断尿石症的狗出现非特异性临床症状的泌尿生殖器的影响。
{"title":"Canine Urolithiasis and Concurrent Urinary Bladder Abnormalities: Symptoms, Haematology, Urinalysis and Comparative Radiographic and Ultrasonographic Diagnosis","authors":"A. Fromsa, N. Saini, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary Radiology","doi":"10.17140/vmoj-4-132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17140/vmoj-4-132","url":null,"abstract":"Copyright 2019 by Formsa A. This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which allows to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and reproduce in any medium or format, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited. 18 Original Research | Volume 4 | Issue 1| cc Background Urocystoliths are difficult to palpate and physical examination findings, complete blood cell count (CBC) and serum biochemical analysis are usually normal and the clinical signs are not definitive. Thus diagnostic imaging is a crucial tool required to confirm the diagnosis of urolithiasis in dogs presented with non-specific clinical signs of urogenital affection.","PeriodicalId":19573,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82047360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Copyright 2018 by Yimer N. This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which allows to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and reproduce in any medium or format, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 Original Research | Volume 3 | Number 1| cc Introduction: The present study investigated the occurrences of cystic ovarian diseases (COD) and abnormal ovarian cyclicity (AOC) in cows with delayed postpartum period and heifers with delayed age at first calving. Materials and Methods: A total of 102 cattle which comprised of open cows >90 days postpartum, and heifers with delayed age (>24 months) at first calving were enrolled in the study. Animals were divided into four groups according to their breeds [24 Friesian Sahiwal (FRS), 31 Bradford (BRF), 15 Brangus (BR) and 32 Kedah Kelantan (KK)]. Blood plasma samples for progesterone (P4) analysis using radioimmunoassay (RIA) were obtained twice weekly for about three months. Concurrently, the ovarian activity was also monitored for the development of dominant follicles, corpora lutea as well as any cystic ovarian condition, using a B-mode ultrasound scanner. Results: The highest incidence of AOC associated with either COD or inactive ovaries occurred in Brangus (BR; 53.3%), and the lowest incidence was observed in Kedah Kelantan (KK) cows (12.5%). The difference in AOC was significant (p<0.05) between KK and the other three breeds. In cows, the incidence of COD was highest in FRS (30%), followed by BRF (13.3%), BR (14.3%), and KK (8.7%). Overall, the incidence of COD was higher in beef heifers than in cows. Prolonged luteal phase due to luteal cysts was the predominant type of AOC in the case of FRS (66.7%) while cessation of cyclicity due to follicular cysts was the primary abnormality observed in BR (75%), and BRF (76.9%). Conclusion: This study showed that AOC and COD were the major causes of reproductive failure in both dairy and beef cattle such that the KK cows were the least affected. Moreover, differentiation among the various types of COD was possible by the combined use of P4 data and ultrasonograms.
{"title":"Determination of Ovarian Cysts in Cattle with Poor Reproductive Performance Using Ultrasound and Plasma Progesterone Profile","authors":"N. Yimer, A. Haron, R. Yusoff","doi":"10.17140/VMOJ-3-126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17140/VMOJ-3-126","url":null,"abstract":"Copyright 2018 by Yimer N. This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which allows to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and reproduce in any medium or format, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 Original Research | Volume 3 | Number 1| cc Introduction: The present study investigated the occurrences of cystic ovarian diseases (COD) and abnormal ovarian cyclicity (AOC) in cows with delayed postpartum period and heifers with delayed age at first calving. Materials and Methods: A total of 102 cattle which comprised of open cows >90 days postpartum, and heifers with delayed age (>24 months) at first calving were enrolled in the study. Animals were divided into four groups according to their breeds [24 Friesian Sahiwal (FRS), 31 Bradford (BRF), 15 Brangus (BR) and 32 Kedah Kelantan (KK)]. Blood plasma samples for progesterone (P4) analysis using radioimmunoassay (RIA) were obtained twice weekly for about three months. Concurrently, the ovarian activity was also monitored for the development of dominant follicles, corpora lutea as well as any cystic ovarian condition, using a B-mode ultrasound scanner. Results: The highest incidence of AOC associated with either COD or inactive ovaries occurred in Brangus (BR; 53.3%), and the lowest incidence was observed in Kedah Kelantan (KK) cows (12.5%). The difference in AOC was significant (p<0.05) between KK and the other three breeds. In cows, the incidence of COD was highest in FRS (30%), followed by BRF (13.3%), BR (14.3%), and KK (8.7%). Overall, the incidence of COD was higher in beef heifers than in cows. Prolonged luteal phase due to luteal cysts was the predominant type of AOC in the case of FRS (66.7%) while cessation of cyclicity due to follicular cysts was the primary abnormality observed in BR (75%), and BRF (76.9%). Conclusion: This study showed that AOC and COD were the major causes of reproductive failure in both dairy and beef cattle such that the KK cows were the least affected. Moreover, differentiation among the various types of COD was possible by the combined use of P4 data and ultrasonograms.","PeriodicalId":19573,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81941008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Sofi, Madhumeet Singh, Cskhpkv Palampur India Obstetrics
Copyright 2018 by Sofi KA. This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which allows to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and reproduce in any medium or format, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited. 10 Review | Volume 3 | Issue 1| cc Laparoscopy is a procedure of examining the abdominal cavity and its contents with an illuminated telescope. Diagnostic laparoscopy is at present being utilized on a large scale in humans as well as in animals and has led to considerable advances in the diagnosis and management of fertility. For exploration and evaluation of infertility, laparoscopy is considered an essential step and a standard procedure and offers an excellent way through direct visualization to clarify the hidden pathology. Laparoscopy is used as a gold standard method for quite a variety of gynecological conditions especially in humans. The present review was written to record the use of laparoscopy as a diagnostic tool especially in bovine reproduction.
Sofi KA版权所有2018。这是一篇在知识共享署名4.0国际许可(CC BY 4.0)下发布的开放获取文章，允许在任何媒介或格式下复制、再分发、再混合、转换和复制，甚至是商业复制，只要正确引用原始作品。腹腔镜检查是一种用照明望远镜检查腹腔及其内容物的手术。诊断腹腔镜目前在人类和动物中被大规模使用，并在生育的诊断和管理方面取得了相当大的进步。对于不孕症的探查和评估，腹腔镜检查被认为是必不可少的一步和标准程序，并提供了一种通过直接可视化来阐明隐藏病理的极好方法。腹腔镜检查是一种金标准方法，用于治疗各种妇科疾病，尤其是人类。本综述的目的是记录腹腔镜作为一种诊断工具的使用，特别是在牛生殖方面。
{"title":"Laparoscopy as a Diagnostic Tool in Bovine Reproduction: A Review","authors":"K. Sofi, Madhumeet Singh, Cskhpkv Palampur India Obstetrics","doi":"10.17140/VMOJ-3-127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17140/VMOJ-3-127","url":null,"abstract":"Copyright 2018 by Sofi KA. This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which allows to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and reproduce in any medium or format, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited. 10 Review | Volume 3 | Issue 1| cc Laparoscopy is a procedure of examining the abdominal cavity and its contents with an illuminated telescope. Diagnostic laparoscopy is at present being utilized on a large scale in humans as well as in animals and has led to considerable advances in the diagnosis and management of fertility. For exploration and evaluation of infertility, laparoscopy is considered an essential step and a standard procedure and offers an excellent way through direct visualization to clarify the hidden pathology. Laparoscopy is used as a gold standard method for quite a variety of gynecological conditions especially in humans. The present review was written to record the use of laparoscopy as a diagnostic tool especially in bovine reproduction.","PeriodicalId":19573,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86477887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Copyright 2018 by Dugassa J. This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which allows to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and reproduce in any medium or format, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited. 21 Review | Volume 3 | Issue 1| cc Background Dissociative anesthesia is a form of anesthesia characterized by catalepsy, catatonia, analgesia, and amnesia. Although some reviews and research findings are conducted regarding dissociative anaesthetics and its combination with other compatible drugs as clinical use, the information is highly scattered, not well compiled and presented for commercialization specially in Veterinary Medicine. Aim To review on importance of dissociative anaesthetics and its clinical relevance, and to review on combination of dissociative anaesthetics with other compatible drugs and its application in veterinary practices. Conclusion Dissociative anesthetic combinations are effective anesthetic induction regimens and can be used both to induce and maintain anesthesia in surgical procedures of mild to moderate intensity and short duration. Dissociative anesthesia resembles a cataleptic state in which the patient appears to be asleep, but does not respond to external stimuli. Ketamine and tiletemine is the common drug of this group mainly used in animals effectively. These drugs are mainly characterized by analgesia and superficial sleep with good somatic analgesia but poor visceral analgesia and muscle relaxation.
这是一篇基于知识共享署名4.0国际许可(CC by 4.0)的开放获取文章，允许以任何媒介或格式复制、再分发、再混合、转换和复制，即使是商业复制，前提是正确引用原始作品。背景游离性麻醉是一种以猝睡、紧张症、镇痛和健忘症为特征的麻醉形式。虽然对游离麻醉及其与其他配伍药物的临床应用进行了一些综述和研究，但这些信息高度分散，没有很好地整理和呈现，特别是在兽医学上的商业化。目的综述游离麻醉的重要性及其临床意义，综述游离麻醉与其他配伍药物的联合应用及其在兽医实践中的应用。结论游离联合麻醉是一种有效的麻醉诱导方案，可用于轻、中强度、短时间的外科手术中诱导和维持麻醉。游离麻醉类似于一种催眠状态，在这种状态下，患者似乎处于睡眠状态，但对外界刺激没有反应。氯胺酮和替利胺是该组常用药物，主要用于动物。这些药物的主要特点是镇痛和浅表睡眠，躯体镇痛效果好，内脏镇痛和肌肉松弛效果差。
{"title":"Review on Dissociative Anaesthetics and Compatible Drug Combinations in Veterinary Clinical Practice","authors":"J. Dugassa, A. Fromsa","doi":"10.17140/vmoj-3-129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17140/vmoj-3-129","url":null,"abstract":"Copyright 2018 by Dugassa J. This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which allows to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and reproduce in any medium or format, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited. 21 Review | Volume 3 | Issue 1| cc Background Dissociative anesthesia is a form of anesthesia characterized by catalepsy, catatonia, analgesia, and amnesia. Although some reviews and research findings are conducted regarding dissociative anaesthetics and its combination with other compatible drugs as clinical use, the information is highly scattered, not well compiled and presented for commercialization specially in Veterinary Medicine. Aim To review on importance of dissociative anaesthetics and its clinical relevance, and to review on combination of dissociative anaesthetics with other compatible drugs and its application in veterinary practices. Conclusion Dissociative anesthetic combinations are effective anesthetic induction regimens and can be used both to induce and maintain anesthesia in surgical procedures of mild to moderate intensity and short duration. Dissociative anesthesia resembles a cataleptic state in which the patient appears to be asleep, but does not respond to external stimuli. Ketamine and tiletemine is the common drug of this group mainly used in animals effectively. These drugs are mainly characterized by analgesia and superficial sleep with good somatic analgesia but poor visceral analgesia and muscle relaxation.","PeriodicalId":19573,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81099131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of Non-Genetic Factors on Pooled Productive and Reproductive Traits in Sahiwal Cattle","authors":"Jaswant Singh, C. Singh","doi":"10.17140/vmoj-3-128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17140/vmoj-3-128","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19573,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79389373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeffrey F Comstock, Jennifer L Wardlaw, Erin L Brinkman-Ferguson, Dennis E Rowe
Obesity has not been linked to causing intervertebral disc degeneration, but has been shown to influence time to ambulation, a strong long-term prognostic indicator in dogs with intervertebral disc disease. However, monitoring obesity to date is imprecise and subjective in the clinical setting. Having an objective formula based on morphometric measurements would potentially be more precise to track our patients' weights. Dogs have been shown to gain weight along their lumbar spine more rapidly than other areas. Varying body conformations make extrapolation from nonchondrodystrophic dogs to Dachshunds difficult. This study aimed to establish the region of fat accumulation along the thoracolumbar spine in Dachshunds. Retrospective computed tomographic (CT) analysis was performed on healthy Dachshunds that presented for intervertebral disc disease (IVDD). Fat area measured at L3 and L5 using attenuation ranges -135/-105 Hounsfield units (HU) was the most dependent on body weight (p = 0.05). There appeared to be no difference between subcutaneous, visceral or total percent body fat with weight agreement. T13, L3 and L5 all had linear relationships with patient weight and will likely be helpful for body mass index (BMI) formula creation (p < 0.01). This study indicates that any consistent location between L3 and L5 will give an accurate representation of the abdominal circumference and most obese area of the Dachshund with the umbilicus used as a landmark.
{"title":"Computed Tomographic Assessment of Body Fat in Dachshunds: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Jeffrey F Comstock, Jennifer L Wardlaw, Erin L Brinkman-Ferguson, Dennis E Rowe","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2013.31001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2013.31001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity has not been linked to causing intervertebral disc degeneration, but has been shown to influence time to ambulation, a strong long-term prognostic indicator in dogs with intervertebral disc disease. However, monitoring obesity to date is imprecise and subjective in the clinical setting. Having an objective formula based on morphometric measurements would potentially be more precise to track our patients' weights. Dogs have been shown to gain weight along their lumbar spine more rapidly than other areas. Varying body conformations make extrapolation from nonchondrodystrophic dogs to Dachshunds difficult. This study aimed to establish the region of fat accumulation along the thoracolumbar spine in Dachshunds. Retrospective computed tomographic (CT) analysis was performed on healthy Dachshunds that presented for intervertebral disc disease (IVDD). Fat area measured at L3 and L5 using attenuation ranges -135/-105 Hounsfield units (HU) was the most dependent on body weight (p = 0.05). There appeared to be no difference between subcutaneous, visceral or total percent body fat with weight agreement. T13, L3 and L5 all had linear relationships with patient weight and will likely be helpful for body mass index (BMI) formula creation (p < 0.01). This study indicates that any consistent location between L3 and L5 will give an accurate representation of the abdominal circumference and most obese area of the Dachshund with the umbilicus used as a landmark.</p>","PeriodicalId":19573,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4415267/pdf/nihms670268.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33272807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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