National policy levers play a central role in shaping agricultural systems. In his timely book Land Renewed: reworking the Countryside Peter Hetherington (2021) challenges British policy makers to form a far more coherent approach for land use supporting the transition towards improved national food security, seen through a lens of climate change and biodiversity loss. In the UK there are currently three separate government departments responsible for land, the environment, farming and climate change complicating policy alignment. He points out that without subsidies, in the form of area payments, over 60% of all British farms would be running at a loss. The challenge is to improve domestic crop production which currently provides just 60% of the nation's food (Lang, 2020) and hence make the food system more resilient to shocks in international food supply chains while addressing the climate emergency. Hetherington documents a number of cases where farmers, collaborating in organisations such as the Nature Friendly Farming Network, are successfully encouraging a resurgence of bird-life through reduced tillage, renewing and planting hedgerows and using lower doses of fertilisers, including on larger holdings with over 500 ha. This is perhaps the other side of the coin of the bleak future for biodiversity associated with major broad-acre crops outlined by Dewar (2021) in these pages. However, Hetherington (2021) points out that just under half of England's farms produce 2% of total agricultural output, while 8% of them account for over half of it. This implies room for landscape scale nature-friendly farming and even re-wilding, particularly in the uplands, with the caveat that local communities play a central role in plans and implementation. With heightened public interest in the climate emergency and biodiversity loss there is increasing desire for food which is local and particularly in food traceability. This is leading to increasingly sophisticated methods to track and publish farming and animal welfare standards with supermarket chains requiring producers to adhere to these (e.g., Waitrose and Partners, 2022 one of many examples). Underpinning such standards, methods of carbon accounting which may be applied to soil, whole farms or individual enterprises within the farm have been a focus of research for some time (e.g. Goglio et. al. 2015; Abram, 2020). At the most basic level regular soil organic matter tests and a soil management plan will allow British farmers signed up to the entry level of the recently announced Sustainable Farming Incentive (DEFRA, 2022) to be "paid with public funds for providing public goods". To receive payment, they will also be required to ensure 70% of the farm has a green cover through the winter from December to February and add organic matter, which can be via a green cover crop, on one third of the land each year. Currently there is no requirement to demonstrate that soil organic matter is increasin
国家政策杠杆在形成农业系统方面发挥着核心作用。彼得·赫瑟林顿（Peter Hetherington，2021）在其适时出版的《土地更新：改造乡村》一书中，挑战英国政策制定者，从气候变化和生物多样性丧失的角度，制定一种更加连贯的土地利用方法，支持向改善国家粮食安全过渡。在英国，目前有三个独立的政府部门负责土地、环境、农业和气候变化，使政策协调复杂化。他指出，如果没有以地区付款的形式提供补贴，英国60%以上的农场将处于亏损状态。挑战在于提高目前仅提供全国60%粮食的国内作物产量（Lang，2020），从而使粮食系统在应对气候紧急情况的同时，更能抵御国际粮食供应链的冲击。Hetherington记录了一些案例，在这些案例中，农民与自然友好农业网络等组织合作，通过减少耕作、更新和种植树篱以及使用较低剂量的化肥，包括在500公顷以上的较大土地上，成功地鼓励了鸟类的复苏。这也许是Dewar（2021）在这些页面中概述的与主要大面积作物相关的生物多样性前景黯淡的硬币的另一面。然而，Hetherington（2021）指出，英格兰不到一半的农场生产的农业总产量为2%，而其中8%的农场占总产量的一半以上。这意味着有空间进行景观规模的自然友好型农业，甚至重新开垦，特别是在高地，但需要注意的是，当地社区在计划和实施中发挥着核心作用。随着公众对气候紧急情况和生物多样性丧失的兴趣增强，人们对当地食品的需求越来越大，尤其是在食品可追溯性方面。这导致了越来越复杂的方法来跟踪和发布农业和动物福利标准，连锁超市要求生产商遵守这些标准（例如，Waitrose and Partners，2022是众多例子之一）。作为这些标准的基础，可以应用于土壤、整个农场或农场内的单个企业的碳核算方法一直是一段时间以来的研究重点（例如Goglio等人，2015；Abram，2020）。在最基本的层面上，定期的土壤有机质测试和土壤管理计划将允许英国农民加入最近宣布的可持续农业激励计划（DEFRA，2022），“用公共资金支付提供公共产品的费用”。为了获得付款，他们还将被要求确保70%的农场在12月至2月的整个冬季都有绿色覆盖，并每年在三分之一的土地上添加有机物，这可以通过绿色覆盖作物实现。目前没有要求证明土壤有机质随着时间的推移而增加——这是假设的。然而，随着时间的推移，随着生产者成为明天的“碳农民”，Korres和Dayan（2020）提出了增加土壤储存碳的更微妙的支付方式，甚至“市场”也在发展，就像林地的创建一样（林业委员会，2022）。包括作物保护产品在内的外部投入将全部纳入农场或企业的碳预算。政策杠杆也是监管用于作物保护的农用化学品数量的重点。欧盟的“农场到餐桌”和生物多样性战略的目标是到2030年将化学农药的使用和潜在风险减少50%，到2030年也将更危险的农药的使用减少50%，尽管最近的评估表明，在实现目标和采取IPM措施方面进展缓慢且不均衡（欧盟委员会，2020）。个别国家还采取单方面措施，限制草甘膦的使用，在某些情况下，例如到2024年在德国逐步停止使用草甘膦（可持续脉冲，2022）。草甘膦是一种广泛使用的破坏绿色覆盖作物的工具（例如，Fogliato，2020），因此在大规模使用这些方法作为建立土壤健康和储存碳的干预措施的一部分时，将需要替代方法。
{"title":"Back to the Future: Farming Systems in Transition","authors":"C. Riches","doi":"10.1564/v33_apr_01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_apr_01","url":null,"abstract":"National policy levers play a central role in shaping agricultural systems. In his timely book Land Renewed: reworking the Countryside Peter Hetherington (2021) challenges British policy makers to form a far more coherent approach for land use supporting the transition towards\u0000 improved national food security, seen through a lens of climate change and biodiversity loss. In the UK there are currently three separate government departments responsible for land, the environment, farming and climate change complicating policy alignment. He points out that without subsidies,\u0000 in the form of area payments, over 60% of all British farms would be running at a loss. The challenge is to improve domestic crop production which currently provides just 60% of the nation's food (Lang, 2020) and hence make the food system more resilient to shocks in international food supply\u0000 chains while addressing the climate emergency. Hetherington documents a number of cases where farmers, collaborating in organisations such as the Nature Friendly Farming Network, are successfully encouraging a resurgence of bird-life through reduced tillage, renewing and planting hedgerows\u0000 and using lower doses of fertilisers, including on larger holdings with over 500 ha. This is perhaps the other side of the coin of the bleak future for biodiversity associated with major broad-acre crops outlined by Dewar (2021) in these pages. However, Hetherington (2021) points out that\u0000 just under half of England's farms produce 2% of total agricultural output, while 8% of them account for over half of it. This implies room for landscape scale nature-friendly farming and even re-wilding, particularly in the uplands, with the caveat that local communities play a central role\u0000 in plans and implementation. With heightened public interest in the climate emergency and biodiversity loss there is increasing desire for food which is local and particularly in food traceability. This is leading to increasingly sophisticated methods to track and publish farming and animal\u0000 welfare standards with supermarket chains requiring producers to adhere to these (e.g., Waitrose and Partners, 2022 one of many examples). Underpinning such standards, methods of carbon accounting which may be applied to soil, whole farms or individual enterprises within the farm have been\u0000 a focus of research for some time (e.g. Goglio et. al. 2015; Abram, 2020). At the most basic level regular soil organic matter tests and a soil management plan will allow British farmers signed up to the entry level of the recently announced Sustainable Farming Incentive (DEFRA, 2022)\u0000 to be \"paid with public funds for providing public goods\". To receive payment, they will also be required to ensure 70% of the farm has a green cover through the winter from December to February and add organic matter, which can be via a green cover crop, on one third of the land each year.\u0000 Currently there is no requirement to demonstrate that soil organic matter is increasin","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49480919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to the continuing problem of the infestation of sugar beet crops in the UK by aphids, more especially the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae, a major vector of sugar beet yellow viruses, Defra has decided to allow derogation of the application of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam as an emergency control measure during the 2022 growing season. This insecticide is one of the few remaining synthetic compounds to which the species has yet to become resistant. Here the author argues that because of the likely evolution of such resistance in the near future, and because of concerns of the use of such chemicals against non-target beneficial animals, notably bees, Defra should urgently re-fund research into the use of primary parasitic wasps (parasitoids) as natural control agents of this and other pest aphid species. Such agents are known from previous molecular-based researches to have high efficacy, both in M. persicae and the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (≥50% parasitism in natural field populations). To reduce the probability of M. persicae evolving resistance to one of the last modern neonicotinoid insecticides left in the 'armoury' of growers, especially including those of sugar beet, alternative control approaches need to be re-considered urgently, preferably involving the cessation of such chemical treatments altogether (a practice clearly driven by commercial considerations by the pesticide manufacturing industry) due to environmental concerns. Chief amongst these is the long-term impact of pesticides on non-target arthropods within the environment, and especially pollinators like bees. Such an approach can be implemented mainly by employing natural biological control agents. In this way, adequate aphid, and hence viral control may be provided, i.e. below the economic damage threshold of around 10–15% yield loss normally considered for aphid attack (for example, in the case of sugar beet yellows in 2021 in eastern England, the estimated loss was 8%, so that the economic threshold of 9% was not met; whilst at the same time eliminating pesticide usage. This must surely be good in the long-term for both growers and consumers alike. In the author's view, the government via Defra needs to continue funding work on natural control agents of aphid pests urgently, both in terms of their efficacy as well as their more general biology and genetics. Ultimately, an insect pest can only be effectively combated if a wide knowledge base is available in relation to its fundamental biology, behaviour, genetics and ecology, whereupon the most rational, cost-effective and indeed most relevant control approaches can then be implemented.
{"title":"Why Using Neonicotinoids Against Sugar Beet Aphid Pests May Not Be Necessary","authors":"H. Loxdale","doi":"10.1564/v33_apr_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_apr_05","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the continuing problem of the infestation of sugar beet crops in the UK by aphids, more especially the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae, a major vector of sugar beet yellow viruses, Defra has decided to allow derogation of the application of the neonicotinoid insecticide\u0000 thiamethoxam as an emergency control measure during the 2022 growing season. This insecticide is one of the few remaining synthetic compounds to which the species has yet to become resistant. Here the author argues that because of the likely evolution of such resistance in the near future,\u0000 and because of concerns of the use of such chemicals against non-target beneficial animals, notably bees, Defra should urgently re-fund research into the use of primary parasitic wasps (parasitoids) as natural control agents of this and other pest aphid species. Such agents are known from\u0000 previous molecular-based researches to have high efficacy, both in M. persicae and the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (≥50% parasitism in natural field populations). To reduce the probability of M. persicae evolving resistance to one of the last modern neonicotinoid insecticides\u0000 left in the 'armoury' of growers, especially including those of sugar beet, alternative control approaches need to be re-considered urgently, preferably involving the cessation of such chemical treatments altogether (a practice clearly driven by commercial considerations by the pesticide manufacturing\u0000 industry) due to environmental concerns. Chief amongst these is the long-term impact of pesticides on non-target arthropods within the environment, and especially pollinators like bees. Such an approach can be implemented mainly by employing natural biological control agents. In this way,\u0000 adequate aphid, and hence viral control may be provided, i.e. below the economic damage threshold of around 10–15% yield loss normally considered for aphid attack (for example, in the case of sugar beet yellows in 2021 in eastern England, the estimated loss was 8%, so that the economic\u0000 threshold of 9% was not met; whilst at the same time eliminating pesticide usage. This must surely be good in the long-term for both growers and consumers alike. In the author's view, the government via Defra needs to continue funding work on natural control agents of aphid pests urgently,\u0000 both in terms of their efficacy as well as their more general biology and genetics. Ultimately, an insect pest can only be effectively combated if a wide knowledge base is available in relation to its fundamental biology, behaviour, genetics and ecology, whereupon the most rational, cost-effective\u0000 and indeed most relevant control approaches can then be implemented.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47274542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As an advocate of natural pest control wherever possible, the author has no quarrel with Professor Loxdale?s appeal for research funders to consider enhancing the resources already available in the natural environment. In an ideal world, this would be the most acceptable method for producing healthy crops for our benefit, not to mention encouraging biodiversity within the landscape. However, in the real world, a more pragmatic approach is sometimes required to avoid catastrophic yield losses, such as those which occurred in sugar beet in the mid 1970s, and most recently in 2020, when it was estimated that 25% of sugar beet yields were lost to the aphid-transmitted yellowing viruses that infected 38% of the national sugar beet crop. Controlling up to 50 % of aphids by parasitoids or other natural enemies, whilst commendable in a situation where aphids might cause significant yield loss by direct-feeding, is certainly not sufficient to prevent widespread virus infection within crops, simply because it does not take many aphids to spread viruses. The threshold for aphid control using insecticide sprays in sugar beet in the UK is, and has been for decades, one green wingless aphid per four plants. This level of infection is actually quite difficult for a human to detect to make the judgement to use a spray or not, and it is a population level that does not attract many parasitoids or predators, even though they are better at finding them than we humans. But that threshold is necessary to help reduce the spread of the yield-reducing viruses and protect the yield of sugar beet.
{"title":"Why Using Biological Control Approaches Against Sugar Beet Aphid Pests Will Not Control Virus Yellows – a Post-script","authors":"A. Dewar","doi":"10.1564/v33_apr_06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_apr_06","url":null,"abstract":"As an advocate of natural pest control wherever possible, the author has no quarrel with Professor Loxdale?s appeal for research funders to consider enhancing the resources already available in the natural environment. In an ideal world, this would be the most acceptable method for\u0000 producing healthy crops for our benefit, not to mention encouraging biodiversity within the landscape. However, in the real world, a more pragmatic approach is sometimes required to avoid catastrophic yield losses, such as those which occurred in sugar beet in the mid 1970s, and most recently\u0000 in 2020, when it was estimated that 25% of sugar beet yields were lost to the aphid-transmitted yellowing viruses that infected 38% of the national sugar beet crop. Controlling up to 50 % of aphids by parasitoids or other natural enemies, whilst commendable in a situation where aphids might\u0000 cause significant yield loss by direct-feeding, is certainly not sufficient to prevent widespread virus infection within crops, simply because it does not take many aphids to spread viruses. The threshold for aphid control using insecticide sprays in sugar beet in the UK is, and has been for\u0000 decades, one green wingless aphid per four plants. This level of infection is actually quite difficult for a human to detect to make the judgement to use a spray or not, and it is a population level that does not attract many parasitoids or predators, even though they are better at finding\u0000 them than we humans. But that threshold is necessary to help reduce the spread of the yield-reducing viruses and protect the yield of sugar beet.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43701811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improving Integrated Pest Management in Horticulture Edited by Professor Rosemary Collier, Warwick University, UK","authors":"G. Matthews","doi":"10.1564/v33_apr_13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_apr_13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42434817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to the 2020 World Health Organization (WHO) Malaria Report, there were 229 million malaria cases worldwide with a death toll of 409,000 in 2019. This information did not include asymptomatic malarial infections which can also have a significant impact on the health of infected individuals. Part of this may be due to the mosquitoes becoming resistant to the pyrethroid insecticide used in treated bed nets, especially if the bed nets are damaged with large holes, allowing mosquitoes to still transmit malaria. The overall reduction has tended to reach a plateau or declined in certain areas, such as the Amazon basin in Brazil where the transmission of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum increased more than 20% in 2016–17. Increased implementation of chemical control programs has led to the emergence and spread of insecticide resistance in Anopheles sp. and Aedes sp. populations, indicating a need to examine whether entomopathogenic fungi can be used for controlling mosquito vectors. Deforestation and increased agricultural activities have probably resulted in greater exposure to outdoor biting by the female mosquitoes. Similarly In other areas, changes in human behaviour have increased socialising outdoors and shopping after sunset when it is cooler. Apart from some attention to larval source management, so far there has been no recommendation for space treatments to reduce outdoor biting. This is despite the extensive use of space treatments in the USA by the mosquito control organisations, using cold foggers on vehicles or applying a space spray from aircraft. There has also been consideration of using an autonomous unmanned aerial spray system (UASS), a drone to apply space sprays.
{"title":"Can Malaria Be Eradicated by 2030?","authors":"G. Matthews","doi":"10.1564/v33_apr_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_apr_11","url":null,"abstract":"According to the 2020 World Health Organization (WHO) Malaria Report, there were 229 million malaria cases worldwide with a death toll of 409,000 in 2019. This information did not include asymptomatic malarial infections which can also have a significant impact on the health of infected\u0000 individuals. Part of this may be due to the mosquitoes becoming resistant to the pyrethroid insecticide used in treated bed nets, especially if the bed nets are damaged with large holes, allowing mosquitoes to still transmit malaria. The overall reduction has tended to reach a plateau or declined\u0000 in certain areas, such as the Amazon basin in Brazil where the transmission of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum increased more than 20% in 2016–17. Increased implementation of chemical control programs has led to the emergence and spread of insecticide resistance\u0000 in Anopheles sp. and Aedes sp. populations, indicating a need to examine whether entomopathogenic fungi can be used for controlling mosquito vectors. Deforestation and increased agricultural activities have probably resulted in greater exposure to outdoor biting by the female mosquitoes.\u0000 Similarly In other areas, changes in human behaviour have increased socialising outdoors and shopping after sunset when it is cooler. Apart from some attention to larval source management, so far there has been no recommendation for space treatments to reduce outdoor biting. This is despite\u0000 the extensive use of space treatments in the USA by the mosquito control organisations, using cold foggers on vehicles or applying a space spray from aircraft. There has also been consideration of using an autonomous unmanned aerial spray system (UASS), a drone to apply space sprays.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45146027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors summarise and explore maize lethal necrosis (MLN) global impact, its causal viruses, their vectors, and disease management strategies. MLN is a destructive synergistic virus disease of maize caused by maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) in combination with one of several viruses in the Potyviridae family. MLN causes severe chlorosis, necrosis, and eventual plant death, instigating severe yield losses. The causal viruses of MLN are mostly transmitted between plants by arthropod vectors, but they can also be transmitted at low frequency through seed and soil. Effective MLN management approaches include developing and growing maize with improved tolerance, crop rotation, controlling arthropod vector populations, managing disease reservoirs, and reducing disease transmission and spread through seed and soil. Despite the devastating impact of MLN over the past decade, especially in East Africa, tremendous progress has been achieved towards successful disease management. The rapid development and deployment of MLN tolerant maize in East Africa has proven an extremely effective management strategy, despite continuous maize plantings and the extensive presence of "green bridges". Identifying and stacking additional sources of MLN tolerance is desirable for breeding durable resistance. In the U.S., weed and vector management combined with crop rotation has effectively prevented the spread of MLN beyond a few states in the Midwest. However, it is important to consider the potential impact of climate change and the presence of pesticide/Bt resistant MLN insect vectors, which may facilitate greater vector proliferation and virus spread. Continued vigilance geared towards preventing virus or vector introduction to new locations is desirable, especially in tropical climates where multiple growing seasons occur annually. Fortunately, conditions conducive to an MLN epidemic are complex, requiring the presence of multiple maize infecting viruses and their respective vectors. Thus, several combinations of the disease management strategies discussed above are effective at managing the disease.
{"title":"Maize Lethal Necrosis: Impact and Disease Management","authors":"Erik W. Ohlson, Jennifer R. Wilson","doi":"10.1564/v33_apr_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_apr_02","url":null,"abstract":"The authors summarise and explore maize lethal necrosis (MLN) global impact, its causal viruses, their vectors, and disease management strategies. MLN is a destructive synergistic virus disease of maize caused by maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) in combination with one of several viruses in the Potyviridae family. MLN causes severe chlorosis, necrosis, and eventual plant death, instigating severe yield losses. The causal viruses of MLN are mostly transmitted between plants by arthropod vectors, but they can also be transmitted at low frequency through seed and soil. Effective MLN management approaches include developing and growing maize with improved tolerance, crop rotation, controlling arthropod vector populations, managing disease reservoirs, and reducing disease transmission and spread through seed and soil. Despite the devastating impact of MLN over the past decade, especially in East Africa, tremendous progress has been achieved towards successful disease management. The rapid development and deployment of MLN tolerant maize in East Africa has proven an extremely effective management strategy, despite continuous maize plantings and the extensive presence of \"green bridges\". Identifying and stacking additional sources of MLN tolerance is desirable for breeding durable resistance. In the U.S., weed and vector management combined with crop rotation has effectively prevented the spread of MLN beyond a few states in the Midwest. However, it is important to consider the potential impact of climate change and the presence of pesticide/Bt resistant MLN insect vectors, which may facilitate greater vector proliferation and virus spread. Continued vigilance geared towards preventing virus or vector introduction to new locations is desirable, especially in tropical climates where multiple growing seasons occur annually. Fortunately, conditions conducive to an MLN epidemic are complex, requiring the presence of multiple maize infecting viruses and their respective vectors. Thus, several combinations of the disease management strategies discussed above are effective at managing the disease.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44813810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The discovery phenoxy herbicides (i.e. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or 2,4-D) in the 1940s ushered in a new the era of weed management. Since then, the agrochemical industry has developed and commercialised a wide panoply of herbicides with at least 25 recognised mechanisms of action. Today, farmers rely heavily on the use of chemicals for controlling weeds. The process of discovering, developing and commercialising herbicides has been successful because of the mostly positive interactions between researchers from industry, academia and governmental institutions. This process has been self-correcting, where new compounds initially discovered by companies were made available to independent researchers outside industry to evaluate in their specific geographic location to identify potential weaknesses or problems that needed to be addressed before global commercialisation of a product. This system has worked well for industry, researchers, farmers and consumers, except for where dicamba use with dicamba-resistant crops is concerned. Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) is a group 4 (auxin mimic or growth regulator) herbicide of the methoxybenzoic acid group. Group 4 herbicides mimic the action of auxin (indoleacetic acid). Their actual mechanism of action is fairly complicated, but in short, they bind to the receptor for auxin and disrupt normal hormonal regulation of cell growth, leading to abnormal growth and death of plants. Because auxin mimics tend to provide selective control of broadleaf weeds in grass crops, these herbicides were initially very popular for broadleaf weed management in corn and related cereals. Dicamba was first introduced in the US in the mid-1960s and was used for that purpose successfully for many years.
{"title":"Dicamba-Resistant Crops – Stumbling Over the Starting Block","authors":"F. Dayan","doi":"10.1564/v33_apr_09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_apr_09","url":null,"abstract":"The discovery phenoxy herbicides (i.e. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or 2,4-D) in the 1940s ushered in a new the era of weed management. Since then, the agrochemical industry has developed and commercialised a wide panoply of herbicides with at least 25 recognised mechanisms of action.\u0000 Today, farmers rely heavily on the use of chemicals for controlling weeds. The process of discovering, developing and commercialising herbicides has been successful because of the mostly positive interactions between researchers from industry, academia and governmental institutions. This process\u0000 has been self-correcting, where new compounds initially discovered by companies were made available to independent researchers outside industry to evaluate in their specific geographic location to identify potential weaknesses or problems that needed to be addressed before global commercialisation\u0000 of a product. This system has worked well for industry, researchers, farmers and consumers, except for where dicamba use with dicamba-resistant crops is concerned. Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) is a group 4 (auxin mimic or growth regulator) herbicide of the methoxybenzoic acid\u0000 group. Group 4 herbicides mimic the action of auxin (indoleacetic acid). Their actual mechanism of action is fairly complicated, but in short, they bind to the receptor for auxin and disrupt normal hormonal regulation of cell growth, leading to abnormal growth and death of plants. Because\u0000 auxin mimics tend to provide selective control of broadleaf weeds in grass crops, these herbicides were initially very popular for broadleaf weed management in corn and related cereals. Dicamba was first introduced in the US in the mid-1960s and was used for that purpose successfully for many\u0000 years.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48365740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Hatanpää, M. Vehkamäki, I. Mutikainen, J. Kansikas, M. Ritala, M. Leskelä
{"title":"R&D News","authors":"T. Hatanpää, M. Vehkamäki, I. Mutikainen, J. Kansikas, M. Ritala, M. Leskelä","doi":"10.1039/B006231F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/B006231F","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1039/B006231F","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44711278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the past 40 years, two very similar molecules, the herbicide mesotrione and the pharmaceutical nitisinone, have been found to kill weeds, treat the hereditary disease type I tyrosinemia, and kill blood-feeding insects, chronologically in that order. These two compounds effectively accomplish these seemingly diverse tasks by inhibiting the same enzyme, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), in plants, humans, and insects. This is an example of the potential use of a chemical class for a wide range of biological uses linked by a common enzyme.
{"title":"Battling Blood-Feeding Insects, Weeds, and Hereditary Diseases with Inhibitors of a Common Enzyme","authors":"S. Duke, A. Chittiboyina","doi":"10.1564/v33_apr_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_apr_04","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past 40 years, two very similar molecules, the herbicide mesotrione and the pharmaceutical nitisinone, have been found to kill weeds, treat the hereditary disease type I tyrosinemia, and kill blood-feeding insects, chronologically in that order. These two compounds effectively\u0000 accomplish these seemingly diverse tasks by inhibiting the same enzyme, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), in plants, humans, and insects. This is an example of the potential use of a chemical class for a wide range of biological uses linked by a common enzyme.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47510901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Plan for Tar Spot Disease in the Us and Cascading Supply Effects in '22","authors":"","doi":"10.1564/v33_apr_15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_apr_15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45840625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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