An article published in the Guardian 10 months ago written by George Monbiot and entitled 'Green growth' doesn't exist – less of everything is the only way to avert catastrophe' concludes that it is simply not possible to carry on at the current level of economic activity without destroying the environment. Some of his key points are examined.
{"title":"Sustainable Growth – Surely an Oxymoron","authors":"","doi":"10.1564/v33_aug_01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_aug_01","url":null,"abstract":"An article published in the Guardian 10 months ago written by George Monbiot and entitled 'Green growth' doesn't exist – less of everything is the only way to avert catastrophe' concludes that it is simply not possible to carry on at the current level of economic activity\u0000 without destroying the environment. Some of his key points are examined.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42104546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The desert "empty quarter" area of Saudi Arabia, together with Oman and, Yemen, was hit by a cyclone in May 2018, that resulted in vegetation flourishing and enabled the locust population present to increase 400-fold over the following six months. Following a second cyclone in October 2018, the population continued to increase an estimated 8000-fold. Swarms of these locusts in March 2019 flew east into southern Iran and thence to India and Pakistan. A change in wind direction enabled others to fly south into Yemen, where a civil war hindered any control operations. From Yemen, swarms moved to Ethiopia and Somalia in October 2019 and later into Kenya. In contrast to most countries, nomadic pastoralists in Somalia are nearly two-thirds of the population and occupy about two-thirds of the country. The ecology of nomadic pastoralism is an adaptation to an environment in which the availability of water and grass are critical factors. The life of pastoralists differs significantly from sedentary agriculturalists and is based on natural resource management that respects the limitations imposed on their environment, the necessity for mobility. To protect the pastoral system, the Government was concerned about the applying insecticides over vast areas due to the adverse impact on bees in the environment and on livestock that grazed on the pastures. Assisted by FAO, it was decided that locusts had to be controlled by the biopesticide, based on the fungus Metarhizium acridum, which produces a toxin that kills only locusts and related grasshoppers. The biopesticide, originally called "Green Muscle" was developed in the LUBILOSA Project organised with international funding and managed by CABI (Prior et al. 1992; Lomer et al. 2001). Developments in the production of the biopesticide had reduced costs and it is more effective to apply, although it takes longer to kill locusts, it can spread through a population and be particularly effective against the hopper bands of young locusts before they fly. Since 2004, the use of Metarhizium acridum had increased in China from only 5% to over 30% as over 100,000 hectares were treated. An advantage of the biopesticide is that birds are not killed and remain effective predators of the locusts. The programme confirmed the importance of using the biopesticide to protect the environment from the use of hazardous chemical insecticides. It also indicated that there were a number of Key challenges that had to be faced, namely: Difficulty in carry out field evaluations during intensive control operations; Remoteness of control areas where caged experiments could not be conducted; Limited number of government officers capable of carrying out field / laboratory assessments; Lack of suitable laboratory facilities to carry out subsequent observations on field collected samples; Narrow daily window for control operations with Metarhizium acridum operations are required as the air temperature quickly rises beyond 30°C as ear
{"title":"The Control of the Desert Locusts (Schistocerca Gregaria) in Somalia During the Upsurge Between 2019 and 2021","authors":"Alphonse Owuor, H. McRae","doi":"10.1564/v33_aug_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_aug_02","url":null,"abstract":"The desert \"empty quarter\" area of Saudi Arabia, together with Oman and, Yemen, was hit by a cyclone in May 2018, that resulted in vegetation flourishing and enabled the locust population present to increase 400-fold over the following six months. Following a second cyclone in October\u0000 2018, the population continued to increase an estimated 8000-fold. Swarms of these locusts in March 2019 flew east into southern Iran and thence to India and Pakistan. A change in wind direction enabled others to fly south into Yemen, where a civil war hindered any control operations. From\u0000 Yemen, swarms moved to Ethiopia and Somalia in October 2019 and later into Kenya. In contrast to most countries, nomadic pastoralists in Somalia are nearly two-thirds of the population and occupy about two-thirds of the country. The ecology of nomadic pastoralism is an adaptation to an environment\u0000 in which the availability of water and grass are critical factors. The life of pastoralists differs significantly from sedentary agriculturalists and is based on natural resource management that respects the limitations imposed on their environment, the necessity for mobility. To protect the\u0000 pastoral system, the Government was concerned about the applying insecticides over vast areas due to the adverse impact on bees in the environment and on livestock that grazed on the pastures. Assisted by FAO, it was decided that locusts had to be controlled by the biopesticide, based on the\u0000 fungus Metarhizium acridum, which produces a toxin that kills only locusts and related grasshoppers. The biopesticide, originally called \"Green Muscle\" was developed in the LUBILOSA Project organised with international funding and managed by CABI (Prior et al. 1992; Lomer et al. 2001).\u0000 Developments in the production of the biopesticide had reduced costs and it is more effective to apply, although it takes longer to kill locusts, it can spread through a population and be particularly effective against the hopper bands of young locusts before they fly. Since 2004, the use\u0000 of Metarhizium acridum had increased in China from only 5% to over 30% as over 100,000 hectares were treated. An advantage of the biopesticide is that birds are not killed and remain effective predators of the locusts. The programme confirmed the importance of using the biopesticide\u0000 to protect the environment from the use of hazardous chemical insecticides. It also indicated that there were a number of Key challenges that had to be faced, namely: Difficulty in carry out field evaluations during intensive control operations; Remoteness of control areas where caged experiments\u0000 could not be conducted; Limited number of government officers capable of carrying out field / laboratory assessments; Lack of suitable laboratory facilities to carry out subsequent observations on field collected samples; Narrow daily window for control operations with Metarhizium acridum\u0000 operations are required as the air temperature quickly rises beyond 30°C as ear","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46083470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BSI is a venture-backed corporation based in Davis, California. It was founded in Santiago, Chile in 2013 with a focus on producing botanical extracts and has developed a proprietary R&D platform, based on plant tissue culture, for sustainable and improved production of Advanced Botanical Materials (ABM) that addresses critical and well-known issues related to the current production of key traditional botanical raw materials, often obtained under exploitation of natural resources. It has a 500 m2 laboratory production facility in Chile that can produce large amounts of product without the need for field-grown natural resources - making the production unique, and very efficient in producing and scaling the volume of botanical extract needed. It will be setting up a new facility in California later this year to focus mainly on pharmaceuticals. As a venture-backed company it has raised approximately $10 million so far to support its core areas. In May of 2022, BSI won the Best Startup Company of the Year Award from the World Bioprotection Forum, based on the evaluation of 20 distinguished judges. It has a mixed IP strategy; the production platform itself is protected by trade secrets, and the extracts and formulated products are patented.
{"title":"Interview with Diego Ibanez, CFO Botanical Solution Inc.","authors":"R. Blake, D. Ibáñez","doi":"10.1564/v33_aug_07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_aug_07","url":null,"abstract":"BSI is a venture-backed corporation based in Davis, California. It was founded in Santiago, Chile in 2013 with a focus on producing botanical extracts and has developed a proprietary R&D platform, based on plant tissue culture, for sustainable and improved production of Advanced\u0000 Botanical Materials (ABM) that addresses critical and well-known issues related to the current production of key traditional botanical raw materials, often obtained under exploitation of natural resources. It has a 500 m2 laboratory production facility in Chile that can produce\u0000 large amounts of product without the need for field-grown natural resources - making the production unique, and very efficient in producing and scaling the volume of botanical extract needed. It will be setting up a new facility in California later this year to focus mainly on pharmaceuticals.\u0000 As a venture-backed company it has raised approximately $10 million so far to support its core areas. In May of 2022, BSI won the Best Startup Company of the Year Award from the World Bioprotection Forum, based on the evaluation of 20 distinguished judges. It has a mixed IP strategy;\u0000 the production platform itself is protected by trade secrets, and the extracts and formulated products are patented.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42167742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biocontrol is a smaller segment of crop protection – but one with plenty of opportunity for growth. Meister Media Worldwide's latest Global Insight Series Report examines attitudes towards and adoption of biocontrol at the farm level, how biologicals fit with the latest developments in ag technology, and some developments that are making these tools more attractive to growers, agriculture, and the entire food chain for 2022 and beyond. The biggest opportunity for biologicals has been the management of chemical residues meeting consumer demands. De facto mandates driven by grocery store and food buyers can be even more restrictive – particularly at European chains and US operators like Whole Foods and even Wal-Mart – than residue tolerances set by the federal government. In the UK, a grocery store had an advertisement in the produce section boasting that it had banned over 60 pesticides! Many growers are currently dealing with finding alternative products related to the European Commission's 2021 decision to withdraw approval of the fungicide mancozeb as an active substance at the EU level. The grace period for EU farmers to use up stocks of products with mancozeb ended January 4, 2022. Biologicals, the vast majority of which are exempt from MRL evaluations, have the clear advantage in an environment of tightening regulatory controls and strong consumer demand for fewer pesticides. They fit very well, especially for late-season applications, and for those crops where you have multiple harvests like berry crops, where there is a very short re-entry period and no restriction on harvesting. Especially for fruit and vegetable crops, [these regulations] have helped them to be a strong driver for the growth of the biocontrols market. (For more information: Read the full article in the "Global Insight Series 2022: Biological Crop Protection")
生物防治是作物保护的一个较小部分，但有很多生长机会。Meister Media Worldwide最新的《全球洞察系列报告》探讨了农场层面对生物控制的态度和采用，生物制品如何与农业技术的最新发展相适应，以及使这些工具在2022年及以后对种植者、农业和整个食物链更具吸引力的一些发展。生物制品最大的机会是管理满足消费者需求的化学残留物。事实上，由杂货店和食品买家推动的强制令可能比联邦政府设定的残留容忍度更具限制性，尤其是在欧洲连锁店和美国运营商，如全食超市甚至沃尔玛。在英国，一家杂货店的农产品区有一则广告，吹嘘它已经禁用了60多种杀虫剂！许多种植者目前正在寻找与欧盟委员会2021年决定撤回对杀菌剂代森锰锌作为欧盟活性物质的批准有关的替代产品。欧盟农民用完代森锰锌产品库存的宽限期于2022年1月4日结束。生物制品，其中绝大多数不受MRL评估的影响，在监管控制收紧和消费者对更少杀虫剂的强烈需求的环境中具有明显的优势。它们非常适合，尤其是晚熟季节的应用，以及那些有多次收获的作物，如浆果作物，它们的重新进入期非常短，而且对收获没有限制。特别是对于水果和蔬菜作物，[这些规定]帮助它们成为生物控制市场增长的强大驱动力。（更多信息：阅读《2022全球洞察系列：生物作物保护》的全文）
{"title":"Biologicals Help Meet Demand for Alternative Solutions as MRLS Tighten Worldwide","authors":"","doi":"10.1564/v33_jun_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_jun_10","url":null,"abstract":"Biocontrol is a smaller segment of crop protection – but one with plenty of opportunity for growth. Meister Media Worldwide's latest Global Insight Series Report examines attitudes towards and adoption of biocontrol at the farm level, how biologicals fit with the latest\u0000 developments in ag technology, and some developments that are making these tools more attractive to growers, agriculture, and the entire food chain for 2022 and beyond. The biggest opportunity for biologicals has been the management of chemical residues meeting consumer demands. De facto\u0000 mandates driven by grocery store and food buyers can be even more restrictive – particularly at European chains and US operators like Whole Foods and even Wal-Mart – than residue tolerances set by the federal government. In the UK, a grocery store had an advertisement in the produce\u0000 section boasting that it had banned over 60 pesticides! Many growers are currently dealing with finding alternative products related to the European Commission's 2021 decision to withdraw approval of the fungicide mancozeb as an active substance at the EU level. The grace period for EU farmers\u0000 to use up stocks of products with mancozeb ended January 4, 2022. Biologicals, the vast majority of which are exempt from MRL evaluations, have the clear advantage in an environment of tightening regulatory controls and strong consumer demand for fewer pesticides. They fit very well, especially\u0000 for late-season applications, and for those crops where you have multiple harvests like berry crops, where there is a very short re-entry period and no restriction on harvesting. Especially for fruit and vegetable crops, [these regulations] have helped them to be a strong driver for the growth\u0000 of the biocontrols market. (For more information: Read the full article in the \"Global Insight Series 2022: Biological Crop Protection\")","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45540754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Claire Hoarau, H. Campbell, G. Prince, D. Chandler, T. Pope
Cabbage stem flea beetle (CSFB) is one of the most damaging pests of oilseed rape (OSR) grown in the UK. An intensive research effort is underway in the UK and throughout OSR growing regions of continental Europe to develop new control methods for this pest. In the first article of a series of three, we review this research and consider approaches to this pest problem that may be available immediately and in the short-term. Agronomic practices (sowing date, seed rate, crop defoliation, companion crops, etc) are being investigated and several of these approaches are already being used on farm. The use of physically acting biopesticides such as fatty acids, while not yet being used may also provide an effective solution and could be available in the short-term. Each of these approaches has the potential to form part of future Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes but importantly none should be seen as simple replacements for conventional synthetic insecticides. Solutions that may be available in the medium and longer-term will be discussed in the next articles. The cabbage stem flea beetle (CSFB), Psylliodes chrysocephala (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is one of the most important pests of winter OSR crops in central and northern European countries. The adult beetle causes 'shot holing' feeding damage on cotyledons and true leaves of young winter OSR plants in late summer-early autumn. The larvae feed inside petioles and stems of the plants, causing additional damage. The focus on making food production more environmentally friendly means reduced chemical inputs, protecting nontarget species and overall biodiversity. This led to the withdrawal of systemic synthetic neonicotinoid pesticide seed treatments in many crops (oilseed rape included) in 2013. Since the withdrawal of neonicotinoid seed treatments, there has been a reliance on pyrethroid insecticides. This has been seen with a shift in the use of insecticides in oilseed rape, with CSFB the target for 28% of insecticide applications in 2012 (before neonicotinoid seed treatments were withdrawn) to 75% in 2020. The result of this shift has been the development of resistance to this group of insecticides in CSFB population. This situation has become so severe that some UK populations of CSFB are now 100% resistant to the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin. These changes have led to the area of oilseed rape grown in the UK being halved (756,000 hectares in 2012 versus 307,000 hectares in 2021), with growers citing CSFB as one of the main reasons for this decrease. At the same time, the number of insecticide spray rounds has increased from two to three between 2012 and 2020, with these applications dominated by the use of pyrethroids. The most widely used pyrethroid insecticide, lambda-cyhalothrin, has also increased as a proportion of the insecticide-treated area from 32% in 2012 to 76% in 2020. Additional surveys by Fera, completed as part of the CropMonitor information servic
{"title":"New Control Methods Against the Cabbage Stem Flea Beetle in Oilseed Rape Crops","authors":"Claire Hoarau, H. Campbell, G. Prince, D. Chandler, T. Pope","doi":"10.1564/v33_jun_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_jun_05","url":null,"abstract":"Cabbage stem flea beetle (CSFB) is one of the most damaging pests of oilseed rape (OSR) grown in the UK. An intensive research effort is underway in the UK and throughout OSR growing regions of continental Europe to develop new control methods for this pest. In the first article of\u0000 a series of three, we review this research and consider approaches to this pest problem that may be available immediately and in the short-term. Agronomic practices (sowing date, seed rate, crop defoliation, companion crops, etc) are being investigated and several of these approaches are already\u0000 being used on farm. The use of physically acting biopesticides such as fatty acids, while not yet being used may also provide an effective solution and could be available in the short-term. Each of these approaches has the potential to form part of future Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes\u0000 but importantly none should be seen as simple replacements for conventional synthetic insecticides. Solutions that may be available in the medium and longer-term will be discussed in the next articles. The cabbage stem flea beetle (CSFB), Psylliodes chrysocephala (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)\u0000 is one of the most important pests of winter OSR crops in central and northern European countries. The adult beetle causes 'shot holing' feeding damage on cotyledons and true leaves of young winter OSR plants in late summer-early autumn. The larvae feed inside petioles and stems of the plants,\u0000 causing additional damage. The focus on making food production more environmentally friendly means reduced chemical inputs, protecting nontarget species and overall biodiversity. This led to the withdrawal of systemic synthetic neonicotinoid pesticide seed treatments in many crops (oilseed\u0000 rape included) in 2013. Since the withdrawal of neonicotinoid seed treatments, there has been a reliance on pyrethroid insecticides. This has been seen with a shift in the use of insecticides in oilseed rape, with CSFB the target for 28% of insecticide applications in 2012 (before neonicotinoid\u0000 seed treatments were withdrawn) to 75% in 2020. The result of this shift has been the development of resistance to this group of insecticides in CSFB population. This situation has become so severe that some UK populations of CSFB are now 100% resistant to the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin.\u0000 These changes have led to the area of oilseed rape grown in the UK being halved (756,000 hectares in 2012 versus 307,000 hectares in 2021), with growers citing CSFB as one of the main reasons for this decrease. At the same time, the number of insecticide spray rounds has increased from two\u0000 to three between 2012 and 2020, with these applications dominated by the use of pyrethroids. The most widely used pyrethroid insecticide, lambda-cyhalothrin, has also increased as a proportion of the insecticide-treated area from 32% in 2012 to 76% in 2020. Additional surveys by Fera, completed\u0000 as part of the CropMonitor information servic","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49654356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The United Nations General Assembly declared 2020 as the International Year of Plant Health (IYPH), a "once in a lifetime opportunity to raise global awareness on how protecting plant health can help end hunger, reduce poverty, protect the environment, and boost economic development." By a sad coincidence, the IYPH was upstaged by a major human health crisis, the emergence and global spread of Covid 19. Many of the planned activities were disrupted or delayed into the following year. Nonetheless, the extended campaign attracted good media coverage and raised awareness of the importance of healthy plants. One legacy was establishment of an International Day of Plant Health (IDPH) to be held every year on May 12th. This article is based on a Virtual Webinar marking the first IDPH in May 2022. The two hour programme, entitled Plant Health Innovation for Food Security, was introduced by Beth Bechdol, FAO Deputy Director-General, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). She set the scene with a short but impactful promotional video, World of Plants (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmPAwiIK2BU) including the messages, "Your life relies on mine, I am plants I am life", leading to the slogan Protecting plants, protecting life.
{"title":"The International Day of Plant Health 2022: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations","authors":"J. Lucas","doi":"10.1564/v33_jun_08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_jun_08","url":null,"abstract":"The United Nations General Assembly declared 2020 as the International Year of Plant Health (IYPH), a \"once in a lifetime opportunity to raise global awareness on how protecting plant health can help end hunger, reduce poverty, protect the environment, and boost economic development.\"\u0000 By a sad coincidence, the IYPH was upstaged by a major human health crisis, the emergence and global spread of Covid 19. Many of the planned activities were disrupted or delayed into the following year. Nonetheless, the extended campaign attracted good media coverage and raised awareness of\u0000 the importance of healthy plants. One legacy was establishment of an International Day of Plant Health (IDPH) to be held every year on May 12th. This article is based on a Virtual Webinar marking the first IDPH in May 2022. The two hour programme, entitled Plant Health Innovation for Food\u0000 Security, was introduced by Beth Bechdol, FAO Deputy Director-General, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). She set the scene with a short but impactful promotional video, World of Plants (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmPAwiIK2BU) including the messages,\u0000 \"Your life relies on mine, I am plants I am life\", leading to the slogan Protecting plants, protecting life.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46482689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel class of bed net that kills mosquitoes resistant to traditional insecticides by making them unable to move or fly, significantly reduces malaria infection in children, according to new research published in The Lancet public health journal. Unlike other insecticides which kill the mosquito via the nervous system, the effects of the new bed net means the mosquito dies from muscle paralysis, being unable to undertake cellular respiration, continue flying or blood feeding. A two-year community randomised trial involved more than 39,000 households and followed over 4,500 children aged 6 months to 14 years in Tanzania. It found that a longlasting insecticidal net treated with two insecticides, chlorfenapyr and the pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin (chlorfenapyr LLIN), reduced the prevalence of malaria by 43% and 37% in the first and second year respectively, compared to a standard pyrethroid only long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN). The chlorfenapyr LLIN also reduced clinical episodes of malaria by 44% over the two years and the number of malaria-carrying mosquitoes sampled in exit traps by 85%.
{"title":"Novel Mosquito Net Nearly Halves Malaria Infection in Community Trials in Tanzania","authors":"M. Rowland","doi":"10.1564/v33_jun_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_jun_02","url":null,"abstract":"A novel class of bed net that kills mosquitoes resistant to traditional insecticides by making them unable to move or fly, significantly reduces malaria infection in children, according to new research published in The Lancet public health journal. Unlike other insecticides which\u0000 kill the mosquito via the nervous system, the effects of the new bed net means the mosquito dies from muscle paralysis, being unable to undertake cellular respiration, continue flying or blood feeding. A two-year community randomised trial involved more than 39,000 households and followed\u0000 over 4,500 children aged 6 months to 14 years in Tanzania. It found that a longlasting insecticidal net treated with two insecticides, chlorfenapyr and the pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin (chlorfenapyr LLIN), reduced the prevalence of malaria by 43% and 37% in the first and second year respectively,\u0000 compared to a standard pyrethroid only long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN). The chlorfenapyr LLIN also reduced clinical episodes of malaria by 44% over the two years and the number of malaria-carrying mosquitoes sampled in exit traps by 85%.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47076150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Four months ago, I was involved in a discussion on the future challenges for UK crop production in the light of increasing future environmental issues. The focus of the discussion was the highly ambitious goal of reaching net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across the whole of agriculture in England and Wales by 2040, along with the new subsidy system in the UK associated with the Environmental Land Management Scheme (ELMS). My first contribution to the discussion was to ask the question that is the title of this editorial because there was little discussion on any need for maximising productivity of agriculture and food production in the UK. This discussion was before the invasion of Ukraine and the subsequent global consequences, so perhaps the focus of UK Agricultural strategy in the UK and elsewhere may be re-directed, although I have not seen any evidence of this yet. I have looked further into the background behind the two headlines. The comments on the role of the farmer to grow food for the nation were associated with a presentation by the NFU President, Minette Batters to the 2022 Annual NFU Conference. She presented the issues and challenges for UK Agriculture and was critical of DEFRA's path to Sustainable Farming; a 3-year transition plan which sets out plans for a range of schemes including initiatives to increase biodiversity, restore landscapes, promote animal welfare and increase productivity through investment in new equipment and technology. Central to the new regime is the Environmental Land Management Scheme (ELMS). Future subsidies for UK farmers, replacing the old EU CAP, will be split between the sustainable farming initiatives; large-scale nature schemes, such as rewilding; and farm-level wildlife projects. My intention in this editorial is not to become involved in political discussions, but I do question if there should be a rethink in government policies, which have been stated as being focussed on anything other than domestic food production. In addition, if it is true that we can expect 40% of crops lost to pests, surely we should put some effort into reducing this?
{"title":"Is UK Agriculture Going the Same Way As the Coal and Steel Industry in the 1980s?","authors":"K. Pallett","doi":"10.1564/v33_jun_01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_jun_01","url":null,"abstract":"Four months ago, I was involved in a discussion on the future challenges for UK crop production in the light of increasing future environmental issues. The focus of the discussion was the highly ambitious goal of reaching net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across the whole of agriculture\u0000 in England and Wales by 2040, along with the new subsidy system in the UK associated with the Environmental Land Management Scheme (ELMS). My first contribution to the discussion was to ask the question that is the title of this editorial because there was little discussion on any need for\u0000 maximising productivity of agriculture and food production in the UK. This discussion was before the invasion of Ukraine and the subsequent global consequences, so perhaps the focus of UK Agricultural strategy in the UK and elsewhere may be re-directed, although I have not seen any evidence\u0000 of this yet. I have looked further into the background behind the two headlines. The comments on the role of the farmer to grow food for the nation were associated with a presentation by the NFU President, Minette Batters to the 2022 Annual NFU Conference. She presented the issues and challenges\u0000 for UK Agriculture and was critical of DEFRA's path to Sustainable Farming; a 3-year transition plan which sets out plans for a range of schemes including initiatives to increase biodiversity, restore landscapes, promote animal welfare and increase productivity through investment in new equipment\u0000 and technology. Central to the new regime is the Environmental Land Management Scheme (ELMS). Future subsidies for UK farmers, replacing the old EU CAP, will be split between the sustainable farming initiatives; large-scale nature schemes, such as rewilding; and farm-level wildlife projects.\u0000 My intention in this editorial is not to become involved in political discussions, but I do question if there should be a rethink in government policies, which have been stated as being focussed on anything other than domestic food production. In addition, if it is true that we can expect\u0000 40% of crops lost to pests, surely we should put some effort into reducing this?","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41799198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently there has been more complaints about how pesticides are used throughout the World with concerns about their presence in soils, in harvested produce and the possibility that various illnesses were caused by exposure to pesticides. The initial criticisms date back to Rachel Carson (1962) who was concerned about the impact of DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. This led to the establishing of the Rotterdam Convention about the movement of highly hazardous pesticides and established standards of information exchange, essentially to warn countries not to import these chemicals. A subsequent Stockholm convention considered the wider problem of persistent chemicals in the environment. Nevertheless, the agrochemical industry has continued to market a wide range of these pesticides. In the countries with a more temperate climate, the requirement of training those applying the pesticides, usually with tractor equipment and use of protective clothing, problems caused by using many pesticides have not been so evident compared with more tropical countries, using mostly manually carried and operated sprayers with little or no training on how or when pesticides should be applied.
{"title":"Criticisms About Pesticide Use","authors":"G. Matthews","doi":"10.1564/v33_jun_07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_jun_07","url":null,"abstract":"Recently there has been more complaints about how pesticides are used throughout the World with concerns about their presence in soils, in harvested produce and the possibility that various illnesses were caused by exposure to pesticides. The initial criticisms date back to Rachel Carson\u0000 (1962) who was concerned about the impact of DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. This led to the establishing of the Rotterdam Convention about the movement of highly hazardous pesticides and established standards of information exchange, essentially to warn countries not to\u0000 import these chemicals. A subsequent Stockholm convention considered the wider problem of persistent chemicals in the environment. Nevertheless, the agrochemical industry has continued to market a wide range of these pesticides. In the countries with a more temperate climate, the requirement\u0000 of training those applying the pesticides, usually with tractor equipment and use of protective clothing, problems caused by using many pesticides have not been so evident compared with more tropical countries, using mostly manually carried and operated sprayers with little or no training\u0000 on how or when pesticides should be applied.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43064611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Ervin, L. Dixon, Andrew Montry, A. Patton, Becky Bowling, M. Elmore, T. Gannon, J. Kaminski, A. Kowalewski, Jay D. McCurdy, J. S. McElroy, J. B. Unruh, M. Bagavathiannan
Lawns provide valuable ecological, economic and social services. Both the quantity and quality of the turfgrass affect the level of the services delivered. Unwanted weed infestations can degrade lawn quality and decrease the value of these services for lawn users and others. For example, Brosnan et al. reported that athletic fields with weed cover not only decreased aesthetic quality but also resulted in increased surface hardness and a concomitant increase in potential athlete injuries and soil erosion. Contemporary research pertaining to pest influences on lawn quality and management responses is sparse. We hope to begin filling that gap with findings from a recent study of U.S. lawn care operators about the challenges and opportunities omanaging Poa annua, an emergent threat to sustainable lawn management (USDA-NIFA Specialty Crops Research Initiative (SCRI) Grants Program (award #: 2018-51181-28436). Estimates for residential- and commercial-lawn cover in the United States (U.S.) range from 58,000 km2 to 120,000 km2 with total turfgrass cover (inclusive of golf courses, parks, schools, roadsides) estimated at 163,800 km2. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) estimated that there are 20,436 km2 of grassed rights of way (roadsides) in the U.S. The total U.S. urban area in 2010 was estimated at 802,053 km2. Together, we can estimate turf cover between 7 and 18% of U.S urban areas, including lawns as the primary turf surface along with parks, athletic fields, golf courses, and roadsides. The professional lawn care industry employed 295,000 workers and represented an $18.5 billion market value in 2002. Despite its size, the U.S. lawn care industry defies simple characterization in part due to its heterogeneity. Lawns may provide valuable ecosystem services, including wildlife habitat, water infiltration, and moderation of the urban heat-island effect as well as aesthetics and open space for recreation. Apart from offering economic and ecological services, lawns and their management can be an important component of community social character and culture. Effective weed management in lawns assures sustainable delivery of all of these services, such that lawns are uniform and free from potentially troublesome weed species, such as Poa annua which ranks as the #1 most troublesome weed in turfgrass systems.
{"title":"Contemporary Challenges and Opportunities for Improved Lawn Weed Management: Insights from U.S. Lawn Care Operators","authors":"D. Ervin, L. Dixon, Andrew Montry, A. Patton, Becky Bowling, M. Elmore, T. Gannon, J. Kaminski, A. Kowalewski, Jay D. McCurdy, J. S. McElroy, J. B. Unruh, M. Bagavathiannan","doi":"10.1564/v33_jun_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_jun_04","url":null,"abstract":"Lawns provide valuable ecological, economic and social services. Both the quantity and quality of the turfgrass affect the level of the services delivered. Unwanted weed infestations can degrade lawn quality and decrease the value of these services for lawn users and others. For example,\u0000 Brosnan et al. reported that athletic fields with weed cover not only decreased aesthetic quality but also resulted in increased surface hardness and a concomitant increase in potential athlete injuries and soil erosion. Contemporary research pertaining to pest influences on lawn quality\u0000 and management responses is sparse. We hope to begin filling that gap with findings from a recent study of U.S. lawn care operators about the challenges and opportunities omanaging Poa annua, an emergent threat to sustainable lawn management (USDA-NIFA Specialty Crops Research Initiative\u0000 (SCRI) Grants Program (award #: 2018-51181-28436). Estimates for residential- and commercial-lawn cover in the United States (U.S.) range from 58,000 km2 to 120,000 km2 with total turfgrass cover (inclusive of golf courses, parks, schools, roadsides) estimated at 163,800\u0000 km2. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) estimated that there are 20,436 km2 of grassed rights of way (roadsides) in the U.S. The total U.S. urban area in 2010 was estimated at 802,053 km2. Together, we can estimate turf cover between 7 and 18% of U.S urban areas,\u0000 including lawns as the primary turf surface along with parks, athletic fields, golf courses, and roadsides. The professional lawn care industry employed 295,000 workers and represented an $18.5 billion market value in 2002. Despite its size, the U.S. lawn care industry defies simple\u0000 characterization in part due to its heterogeneity. Lawns may provide valuable ecosystem services, including wildlife habitat, water infiltration, and moderation of the urban heat-island effect as well as aesthetics and open space for recreation. Apart from offering economic and ecological\u0000 services, lawns and their management can be an important component of community social character and culture. Effective weed management in lawns assures sustainable delivery of all of these services, such that lawns are uniform and free from potentially troublesome weed species, such as Poa\u0000 annua which ranks as the #1 most troublesome weed in turfgrass systems.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49462611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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