Pub Date : 2025-03-11DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2025.03.002
N H Gangaram-Panday, J A Poppe, A N Tintu, C F Poets, I K M Reiss, W van Weteringen, S H P Simons
In neonatal care, maintaining oxygen levels in the target range is essential to minimize adverse outcomes. Both episodes of hyperoxemia and hypoxemia are associated with adverse neonatal outcomes. Criteria to determine the hypoxemic and hyperoxemic burden are currently not standardized or generally applied in clinical care. This results in difficulty to identify clinically relevant events in preterm infants. Clinical decisions and interventions are therefore mostly based on the experience of the clinical team. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of the used definitions for hypoxemia and hyperoxemia in preterm infants, based on continuous monitoring techniques and the relation to neonatal outcome (PROSPERO: CRD42023493201).
{"title":"Towards standardized and clinically relevant definitions of hypoxemia and hyperoxemia in preterm infants: A systematic review.","authors":"N H Gangaram-Panday, J A Poppe, A N Tintu, C F Poets, I K M Reiss, W van Weteringen, S H P Simons","doi":"10.1016/j.prrv.2025.03.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2025.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In neonatal care, maintaining oxygen levels in the target range is essential to minimize adverse outcomes. Both episodes of hyperoxemia and hypoxemia are associated with adverse neonatal outcomes. Criteria to determine the hypoxemic and hyperoxemic burden are currently not standardized or generally applied in clinical care. This results in difficulty to identify clinically relevant events in preterm infants. Clinical decisions and interventions are therefore mostly based on the experience of the clinical team. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of the used definitions for hypoxemia and hyperoxemia in preterm infants, based on continuous monitoring techniques and the relation to neonatal outcome (PROSPERO: CRD42023493201).</p>","PeriodicalId":19658,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Respiratory Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-08DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2025.03.001
Karl A Holden, Daniel B Hawcutt, Ian P Sinha
Asthma is the commonest chronic condition of childhood. Children with asthma in the UK have the worst outcomes across Europe and other high-income countries. There are significant socioeconomic inequalities that impact the prevalence and outcomes of asthma (emergency healthcare utilisation, hospitalisation, critical care admission, mortality and quality of life). In this review we discuss these inequalities and the underlying mechanistic links, using the UK as an example of how poverty in a high-income country results in inequality in asthma outcomes. These inequalities and underlying mechanisms need to be understood by clinicians, policymakers and wider stakeholders to be redressed such that avoidable harm and asthma deaths in children can be prevented.
{"title":"Socioeconomic determinants of outcomes in childhood asthma.","authors":"Karl A Holden, Daniel B Hawcutt, Ian P Sinha","doi":"10.1016/j.prrv.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Asthma is the commonest chronic condition of childhood. Children with asthma in the UK have the worst outcomes across Europe and other high-income countries. There are significant socioeconomic inequalities that impact the prevalence and outcomes of asthma (emergency healthcare utilisation, hospitalisation, critical care admission, mortality and quality of life). In this review we discuss these inequalities and the underlying mechanistic links, using the UK as an example of how poverty in a high-income country results in inequality in asthma outcomes. These inequalities and underlying mechanisms need to be understood by clinicians, policymakers and wider stakeholders to be redressed such that avoidable harm and asthma deaths in children can be prevented.</p>","PeriodicalId":19658,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Respiratory Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2024.12.002
Kenneth Nunn , Dominic A. Fitzgerald
The psychological trauma following COVID-19 has been lengthy and fraught for some children and their families. The specific problems encountered by children rendered helpless and hopeless by watching others suffer, vicarious traumatisation, is explained in brief as it represents a central motif in clinical work in psychology. This paper will focus on what is known of the nature of psychological trauma in children and families with a focus on the individual clinical manifestations of personal significance. As a backdrop, consideration will be given to the epidemiological trends of psychological morbidity in and around the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, the article seeks to provide readers with an appreciation of the dimensions of the neural legacy of COVID-19, a form of neurodisability developing in vulnerable children at a point in time, that is likely to emerge in children suffering an enduring trauma response.
{"title":"Longer term psychological trauma following the COVID-19 pandemic for children and families","authors":"Kenneth Nunn , Dominic A. Fitzgerald","doi":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The psychological trauma following COVID-19 has been lengthy and fraught for some children and their families. The specific problems encountered by children rendered helpless and hopeless by watching others suffer, vicarious traumatisation, is explained in brief as it represents a central motif in clinical work in psychology. This paper will focus on what is known of the nature of psychological trauma in children and families with a focus on the individual clinical manifestations of personal significance. As a backdrop, consideration will be given to the epidemiological trends of psychological morbidity in and around the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, the article seeks to provide readers with an appreciation of the dimensions of the neural legacy of COVID-19, a form of neurodisability developing in vulnerable children at a point in time, that is likely to emerge in children suffering an enduring trauma response.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19658,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Respiratory Reviews","volume":"53 ","pages":"Pages 23-29"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143067110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2024.07.002
Camille Bignier , Lucile Havet , Margot Brisoux , Céline Omeiche , Swati Misra , Apolline Gonsard , David Drummond
Climate change has significant consequences for children’s respiratory health. Rising temperatures and extreme weather events increase children’s exposure to allergens, mould, and air pollutants. Children are particularly vulnerable to these airborne particles due to their higher ventilation per unit of body weight, more frequent mouth breathing, and outdoor activities. Children with asthma and cystic fibrosis are at particularly high risk, with increased risks of exacerbation, but the effects of climate change could also be observed in the general population, with a risk of impaired lung development and growth. Mitigation measures, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions by healthcare professionals and healthcare systems, and adaptation measures, such as limiting outdoor activities during pollution peaks, are essential to preserve children’s respiratory health. The mobilisation of society as a whole, including paediatricians, is crucial to limit the impact of climate change on children’s respiratory health.
{"title":"Climate change and children’s respiratory health","authors":"Camille Bignier , Lucile Havet , Margot Brisoux , Céline Omeiche , Swati Misra , Apolline Gonsard , David Drummond","doi":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change has significant consequences for children’s respiratory health. Rising temperatures and extreme weather events increase children’s exposure to allergens, mould, and air pollutants. Children are particularly vulnerable to these airborne particles due to their higher ventilation per unit of body weight, more frequent mouth breathing, and outdoor activities. Children with asthma and cystic fibrosis are at particularly high risk, with increased risks of exacerbation, but the effects of climate change could also be observed in the general population, with a risk of impaired lung development and growth. Mitigation measures, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions by healthcare professionals and healthcare systems, and adaptation measures, such as limiting outdoor activities during pollution peaks, are essential to preserve children’s respiratory health. The mobilisation of society as a whole, including paediatricians, is crucial to limit the impact of climate change on children’s respiratory health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19658,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Respiratory Reviews","volume":"53 ","pages":"Pages 64-73"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141897945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2024.01.002
Rebecca Johnston , Samatha Sonnappa , Anne-Lise Goddings , Elizabeth Whittaker , Terry Y Segal
Post Covid Syndrome (PCS) is a complex multi-system disorder with a spectrum of presentations. Severity ranges from mild to very severe with variable duration of illness and recovery. This paper discusses the difficulties defining and describing PCS. We review the current understanding of PCS, epidemiology, and predisposing factors. We consider potential mechanisms including viral persistence, clotting dysfunction and immunity. We review presentation and diagnosis and finally consider management strategies including addressing symptom burden, rehabilitation, and novel therapies.
{"title":"A review of post COVID syndrome pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management in children and young people","authors":"Rebecca Johnston , Samatha Sonnappa , Anne-Lise Goddings , Elizabeth Whittaker , Terry Y Segal","doi":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Post Covid Syndrome (PCS) is a complex multi-system disorder with a spectrum of presentations. Severity ranges from mild to very severe with variable duration of illness and recovery. This paper discusses the difficulties defining and describing PCS. We review the current understanding of PCS, epidemiology, and predisposing factors. We consider potential mechanisms including viral persistence, clotting dysfunction and immunity. We review presentation and diagnosis and finally consider management strategies including addressing symptom burden, rehabilitation, and novel therapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19658,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Respiratory Reviews","volume":"53 ","pages":"Pages 14-22"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139498464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2023.07.004
Rebecca Burrell , Gemma Saravanos , Philip N. Britton
Acute respiratory infections (ARI), especially lower respiratory infections (LRI), are a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality globally. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) employed during the COVID-19 pandemic have impacted on the epidemiology and burden of paediatric ARI, although accurately describing the full nature of the impact is challenging. For most ARI pathogens, a reduction was observed in the early phase of the pandemic, correlating with the most stringent NPI. In later phases of the pandemic resurgence of disease was observed as NPI eased. This pattern was most striking for seasonal viruses, such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. The impact on ARI-associated bacterial disease varied; marked reductions in invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes were observed, followed by a resurgence that correlated with increases in respiratory viral infections. For Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Bordetella pertussis, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a sustained reduction of disease was observed well into 2022 in most regions. Proposed mechanisms for the varied epidemiological disruption amongst ARI pathogens include differential effects of NPI on specific pathogens, population-level immunological effects, and ecological and genetic pathogen adaptations. Additionally, important indirect effects of pandemic restrictions on paediatric respiratory infections have been identified. These occurred as a result of disruptions to routine health services, reductions in vaccination coverage, and disruptions to respiratory infection research and surveillance activities. Impacts have been disproportionately borne by those in low resource settings. We discuss opportunities to leverage pandemic learnings to support improved understanding of the epidemiology of paediatric respiratory infections to inform future prevention and health system strengthening.
{"title":"Unintended impacts of COVID-19 on the epidemiology and burden of paediatric respiratory infections","authors":"Rebecca Burrell , Gemma Saravanos , Philip N. Britton","doi":"10.1016/j.prrv.2023.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prrv.2023.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acute respiratory infections (ARI), especially lower respiratory infections (LRI), are a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality globally. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) employed during the COVID-19 pandemic have impacted on the epidemiology and burden of paediatric ARI, although accurately describing the full nature of the impact is challenging. For most ARI pathogens, a reduction was observed in the early phase of the pandemic, correlating with the most stringent NPI. In later phases of the pandemic resurgence of disease was observed as NPI eased. This pattern was most striking for seasonal viruses, such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. The impact on ARI-associated bacterial disease varied; marked reductions in invasive <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em> and <em>Streptococcus pyogenes</em> were observed, followed by a resurgence that correlated with increases in respiratory viral infections. For <em>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</em>,<!--> <em>Bordetella pertussis</em>, and<!--> <em>Mycoplasma pneumonia</em>e, a sustained reduction of disease was observed well into 2022 in most regions. Proposed<!--> <!-->mechanisms for the varied epidemiological disruption amongst ARI pathogens include<!--> <!-->differential effects of NPI on specific pathogens, population-level immunological effects, and ecological and genetic pathogen adaptations. Additionally, important indirect effects of pandemic restrictions on paediatric respiratory infections have been identified. These occurred as a result of disruptions to routine health services, reductions in vaccination coverage, and disruptions to respiratory infection research and surveillance activities. Impacts have been disproportionately borne by those in low resource settings. We discuss opportunities to leverage pandemic learnings to support improved understanding of the epidemiology of paediatric respiratory infections to inform future prevention and health system strengthening.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19658,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Respiratory Reviews","volume":"53 ","pages":"Pages 3-13"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10372865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) due to a hypertrophy of the adenoids and/or the tonsils in otherwise healthy children is associated with neurocognitive dysfunction and behavioural disorders with various degrees of hyperactivity, aggressiveness, sometimes evolving to a label of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Children with anatomical and/or functional abnormalities of the upper airways represent a very specific population which is at high risk of OSA (also called complex OSA or OSA type III). Surprisingly, the neurocognitive consequences of OSA have been poorly studied in these children, despite the fact that OSA is more common and more severe than in their healthy counterparts. This may be explained by that fact that screening for OSA and sleep-disordered breathing is not systematically performed, the performance of sleep studies and neurocognitive tests may be challenging, and the respective role of the underlining disease, OSA, but also poor sleep quality, is complex. However, the few studies that have been performed in these children, and mainly children with Down syndrome, tend to show that OSA, but even more disruption of sleep architecture and poor sleep quality, aggravate the neurocognitive impairment and abnormal behaviour in these patients, underlining the need for a systematic and early in life assessment of sleep and neurocognitive function and behaviour in children with OSA type III.
{"title":"OSA type-III and neurocognitive function","authors":"Brigitte Fauroux , Mathilde Cozzo , Joanna MacLean , Dominic A. Fitzgerald","doi":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) due to a hypertrophy of the adenoids and/or the tonsils in otherwise healthy children is associated with neurocognitive dysfunction and behavioural disorders with various degrees of hyperactivity, aggressiveness, sometimes evolving to a label of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Children with anatomical and/or functional abnormalities of the upper airways represent a very specific population which is at high risk of OSA (also called complex OSA or OSA type III). Surprisingly, the neurocognitive consequences of OSA have been poorly studied in these children, despite the fact that OSA is more common and more severe than in their healthy counterparts. This may be explained by that fact that screening for OSA and sleep-disordered breathing is not systematically performed, the performance of sleep studies and neurocognitive tests may be challenging, and the respective role of the underlining disease, OSA, but also poor sleep quality, is complex. However, the few studies that have been performed in these children, and mainly children with Down syndrome, tend to show that OSA, but even more disruption of sleep architecture and poor sleep quality, aggravate the neurocognitive impairment and abnormal behaviour in these patients, underlining the need for a systematic and early in life assessment of sleep and neurocognitive function and behaviour in children with OSA type III.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19658,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Respiratory Reviews","volume":"53 ","pages":"Pages 39-43"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141414141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2024.07.003
Yoshua Selvadurai , Emily R. Le Fevre , Jonathan Mervis , Dominic A. Fitzgerald
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant condition characterised by small telangiectasias and larger multisystem arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Common sites of AVMs include in the nose, lungs, brain and liver. These lesions are prone to rupture, leading to complications including recurrent epistaxis and significant haemorrhage. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) can also occur. This review presents an update on the genetics, clinical manifestations, management options, and screening recommendations for children with HHT.
{"title":"Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia: A primer for the paediatrician","authors":"Yoshua Selvadurai , Emily R. Le Fevre , Jonathan Mervis , Dominic A. Fitzgerald","doi":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant condition characterised by small telangiectasias and larger multisystem arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Common sites of AVMs include in the nose, lungs, brain and liver. These lesions are prone to rupture, leading to complications including recurrent epistaxis and significant haemorrhage. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) can also occur. This review presents an update on the genetics, clinical manifestations, management options, and screening recommendations for children with HHT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19658,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Respiratory Reviews","volume":"53 ","pages":"Pages 30-34"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142110526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2024.04.002
Dominic A. Fitzgerald , Joanna MacLean , Brigitte Fauroux
There is an increasing demand for the assessment of sleep-disordered breathing in children of all ages to prevent the deleterious neurocognitive and behaviour consequences of the under-diagnosis and under-treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea [OSA]. OSA can be considered in three broad categories based on predominating contributory features: OSA type 1 [enlarged tonsils and adenoids], type II [Obesity] and type III [craniofacial abnormalities, syndromal, storage diseases and neuromuscular conditions]. The reality is that sleep questionnaires or calculations of body mass index in isolation are poorly predictive of OSA in individuals. Globally, the access to testing in tertiary referral centres is comprehensively overwhelmed by the demand and financial cost. This has prompted the need for better awareness and focussed history taking, matched with simpler tools with acceptable accuracy used in the setting of likely OSA. Consequently, we present key indications for polysomnography and present scalable, existing alternatives for assessment of OSA in the hospital or home setting, using polygraphy, oximetry or contactless sleep monitoring.
为了防止阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSA）诊断不足和治疗不足对神经认知和行为造成的有害影响，对各年龄段儿童睡眠呼吸障碍的评估需求日益增加。根据主要的致病特征，OSA 可分为三大类：1 型 OSA [扁桃体和腺样体肥大]、II 型 OSA [肥胖] 和 III 型 OSA [颅面异常、综合征、贮存性疾病和神经肌肉疾病]。现实情况是，单独的睡眠问卷调查或体重指数计算并不能很好地预测个体的 OSA。在全球范围内，三级转诊中心的检测需求和经济成本全面压倒一切。因此，我们需要提高对病史采集的认识和针对性，并在可能出现 OSA 的情况下使用准确性可接受的简单工具。因此，我们介绍了多导睡眠图的主要适应症，并介绍了在医院或家庭环境中使用多导睡眠图、血氧饱和度或非接触式睡眠监测评估 OSA 的可扩展的现有替代方法。
{"title":"Assessment of obstructive sleep apnoea in children: What are the challenges we face?","authors":"Dominic A. Fitzgerald , Joanna MacLean , Brigitte Fauroux","doi":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prrv.2024.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is an increasing demand for the assessment of sleep-disordered breathing in children of all ages to prevent the deleterious neurocognitive and behaviour consequences of the under-diagnosis and under-treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea [OSA]. OSA can be considered in three broad categories based on predominating contributory features: OSA type 1 [enlarged tonsils and adenoids], type II [Obesity] and type III [craniofacial abnormalities, syndromal, storage diseases and neuromuscular conditions]. The reality is that sleep questionnaires or calculations of body mass index in isolation are poorly predictive of OSA in individuals. Globally, the access to testing in tertiary referral centres is comprehensively overwhelmed by the demand and financial cost. This has prompted the need for better awareness and focussed history taking, matched with simpler tools with acceptable accuracy used in the setting of likely OSA. Consequently, we present key indications for polysomnography and present scalable, existing alternatives for assessment of OSA in the hospital or home setting, using polygraphy, oximetry or contactless sleep monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19658,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Respiratory Reviews","volume":"53 ","pages":"Pages 35-38"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140577448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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