Pub Date : 2019-01-16DOI: 10.4135/9781526470546.n22
Matthew Crain
The rise of web advertising over the past two and a half decades has been meteoric. Global online ad spending has risen steadily since the World Wide Web’s creation, proving resilient in the face of two financial crises and generally tepid economic growth. Consulting firm McKinsey & Company (2015) predicts that ‘digital media’, which includes the web and mobile platforms, will account for more than 50% of worldwide advertising spending by 2019. The web has been the primary carrier of digital advertising and its expansion has been accompanied by a great build-up of consumer data collection capacity. For a majority of users, pervasive advertising and monitoring are now default components of web engagement.
{"title":"A Critical Political Economy of\u0000 Web Advertising History","authors":"Matthew Crain","doi":"10.4135/9781526470546.n22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526470546.n22","url":null,"abstract":"The rise of web advertising over the past two and a half decades has been meteoric. Global online ad spending has risen steadily since the World Wide Web’s creation, proving resilient in the face of two financial crises and generally tepid economic growth. Consulting firm McKinsey & Company (2015) predicts that ‘digital media’, which includes the web and mobile platforms, will account for more than 50% of worldwide advertising spending by 2019. The web has been the primary carrier of digital advertising and its expansion has been accompanied by a great build-up of consumer data collection capacity. For a majority of users, pervasive advertising and monitoring are now default components of web engagement.","PeriodicalId":196909,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Handbook of Web History","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129750751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.4135/9781526470546.n5
Valérie Schafer, Benjamin Thierry
{"title":"Web History in Context","authors":"Valérie Schafer, Benjamin Thierry","doi":"10.4135/9781526470546.n5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526470546.n5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":196909,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Handbook of Web History","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125344872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.4135/9781526470546.n6
F. Musiani, Valérie Schafer
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Science and Technology Studies Approaches to Web History Francesca Musiani, Valérie Schafer
{"title":"Science and Technology Studies\u0000 Approaches to Web History","authors":"F. Musiani, Valérie Schafer","doi":"10.4135/9781526470546.n6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526470546.n6","url":null,"abstract":"HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Science and Technology Studies Approaches to Web History Francesca Musiani, Valérie Schafer","PeriodicalId":196909,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Handbook of Web History","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129546167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-02DOI: 10.4135/9781526470546.n40
J. Winters
‘For more than four decades, the Internet has grown and spread to an extent where today it is an indispensable element in the communication and media environment of many countries, and indeed of everyday life, culture and society’ (Brügger, Goggin, Milligan and Schafer, 2017: 1). So begins the introduction to the journal Internet Histories: Digital Technology, Culture and Society, launched in 2017. The World Wide Web, which unlocked the full potential of the Internet, has been with us for nearly 30 years; and in October 2016 the Internet Archive celebrated 20 years of capturing, preserving and republishing the Web (Hanamura, 2016). These are pleasingly round figures, indicating the passage of substantial time and the relative maturity both of the Web itself and the processes that have evolved to ensure that it is archived for the benefit of researchers. But those same researchers, and historians in particular, remain largely oblivious to the richness of the archived Web as a primary source for the study of the recent past, if not oblivious to the very existence of Web archives. This chapter will examine the reasons for historians’ relative failure to engage with the archived Web, and suggest why it is critical for contemporary, political and digital historians at least to do so. It will go on to explore the changing relationship between archivists, librarians and historians, which is beginning to break down researchers’ reluctance to work with born-digital materials and big data. Finally, it will propose an exciting future for (digital) historical research, which employs a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches to recover the lives and voices of ordinary people.
{"title":"Web Archives and (Digital)\u0000 History: A Troubled Past and a Promising Future?","authors":"J. Winters","doi":"10.4135/9781526470546.n40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526470546.n40","url":null,"abstract":"‘For more than four decades, the Internet has grown and spread to an extent where today it is an indispensable element in the communication and media environment of many countries, and indeed of everyday life, culture and society’ (Brügger, Goggin, Milligan and Schafer, 2017: 1). So begins the introduction to the journal Internet Histories: Digital Technology, Culture and Society, launched in 2017. The World Wide Web, which unlocked the full potential of the Internet, has been with us for nearly 30 years; and in October 2016 the Internet Archive celebrated 20 years of capturing, preserving and republishing the Web (Hanamura, 2016). These are pleasingly round figures, indicating the passage of substantial time and the relative maturity both of the Web itself and the processes that have evolved to ensure that it is archived for the benefit of researchers. But those same researchers, and historians in particular, remain largely oblivious to the richness of the archived Web as a primary source for the study of the recent past, if not oblivious to the very existence of Web archives. This chapter will examine the reasons for historians’ relative failure to engage with the archived Web, and suggest why it is critical for contemporary, political and digital historians at least to do so. It will go on to explore the changing relationship between archivists, librarians and historians, which is beginning to break down researchers’ reluctance to work with born-digital materials and big data. Finally, it will propose an exciting future for (digital) historical research, which employs a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches to recover the lives and voices of ordinary people.","PeriodicalId":196909,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Handbook of Web History","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115266968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781526470546.n36
Mark McLelland
{"title":"Cultural, Political and\u0000 Technical Factors Influencing Early Web Uptake in North America and East\u0000 Asia","authors":"Mark McLelland","doi":"10.4135/9781526470546.n36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526470546.n36","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":196909,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Handbook of Web History","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116455397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781526470546.N19
Marc Weber
{"title":"Browsers and Browser Wars","authors":"Marc Weber","doi":"10.4135/9781526470546.N19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526470546.N19","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":196909,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Handbook of Web History","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122520590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781526470546.n18
Lindsay Poirier
{"title":"Making the Web Meaningful: A\u0000 History of Web Semantics","authors":"Lindsay Poirier","doi":"10.4135/9781526470546.n18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526470546.n18","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":196909,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Handbook of Web History","volume":"164 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131196551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781526470546.N23
Ian Milligan
{"title":"Exploring Web Archives in the\u0000 Age of Abundance: A Social History Case Study of GeoCities","authors":"Ian Milligan","doi":"10.4135/9781526470546.N23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526470546.N23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":196909,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Handbook of Web History","volume":"176 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117168502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781526470546.N27
Allie Kosterich, M. S. Weber
{"title":"Consumers, News, and a History\u0000 of Change","authors":"Allie Kosterich, M. S. Weber","doi":"10.4135/9781526470546.N27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526470546.N27","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":196909,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Handbook of Web History","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125506105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781526470546.N8
Stine Lomborg
{"title":"Ethical Considerations for Web\u0000 Archives and Web History Research","authors":"Stine Lomborg","doi":"10.4135/9781526470546.N8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526470546.N8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":196909,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Handbook of Web History","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127731599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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