Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781526470546.n4
R. Rogers
The purpose of this chapter is to periodize web archiving, in order to discuss four ongoing traditions that form an overlapping and layered history of both the implementation but more so the study and use of archived websites. The most contemporary period of web archiving, as with most recent periods generally, is perilous to characterize, but the self-archiving and selfie culture undertaken most visibly on social media platforms such as Facebook and Instagram appears to sit at the end of a spectrum that commenced with the Internet Archive and preserving single websites, and has witnessed a chronology of efforts that include both event-based as well as national web making. I argue that each of these periods corresponds to a particular historiographical tradition, inviting certain kinds of content-based history-writing with the web archives.
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781526470546.N12
Anat Ben-David, Adam Amram
In light of the exponential growth in digital data characterizing the 21st century, future historians of our time will have to rely on born-digital materials as primary sources for establishing historical facts. Yet born-digital materials challenge historians’ well-established source criticism techniques used for establishing facts based on the authenticity, authorship and authority of documents, for they are ephemeral, immaterial, fragile and easy to manipulate. For example, the content of websites can be easily modified, tweets are frequently deleted, the number of social media comments and likes can be artificially boosted through click farms, and dubious sources spreading misinformation can be disguised as reliable news organizations. With the commercialization of the web, more than ever before, web data is primarily proprietary, and therefore subjected to platforms’ policies and constraints.
{"title":"Computational Methods for Web History","authors":"Anat Ben-David, Adam Amram","doi":"10.4135/9781526470546.N12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526470546.N12","url":null,"abstract":"In light of the exponential growth in digital data characterizing the 21st century, future historians of our time will have to rely on born-digital materials as primary sources for establishing historical facts. Yet born-digital materials challenge historians’ well-established source criticism techniques used for establishing facts based on the authenticity, authorship and authority of documents, for they are ephemeral, immaterial, fragile and easy to manipulate. For example, the content of websites can be easily modified, tweets are frequently deleted, the number of social media comments and likes can be artificially boosted through click farms, and dubious sources spreading misinformation can be disguised as reliable news organizations. With the commercialization of the web, more than ever before, web data is primarily proprietary, and therefore subjected to platforms’ policies and constraints.","PeriodicalId":196909,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Handbook of Web History","volume":"17 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120916115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781526470546.N28
Niels Brügger, Ditte Laursen
{"title":"Historical Studies of National\u0000 Web Domains","authors":"Niels Brügger, Ditte Laursen","doi":"10.4135/9781526470546.N28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526470546.N28","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":196909,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Handbook of Web History","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131741150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781526470546.N20
G. Goggin
{"title":"Emergence of the Mobile Web","authors":"G. Goggin","doi":"10.4135/9781526470546.N20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526470546.N20","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":196909,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Handbook of Web History","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114916468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781526470546.N9
F. Nanni
The World Wide Web is the largest collection of human testimonies that we have ever had at our fingertips. Spanning from institutional websites to digital libraries, from personal blogs to Twitter accounts of prominent politicians, from online newspapers to large-scale knowledge bases, an immense number of born-digital testimonies is waiting to be retrieved, selected and studied by future historians. In addition to this, while these new resources are piling up steadily in front of our eyes, they are also rapidly replacing their analogue counterparts, from printed news articles to personal diaries, from letter correspondences to scientific publications.
{"title":"Collecting Primary Sources from\u0000 Web Archives: A Tale of Scarcity and Abundance","authors":"F. Nanni","doi":"10.4135/9781526470546.N9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526470546.N9","url":null,"abstract":"The World Wide Web is the largest collection of human testimonies that we have ever had at our fingertips. Spanning from institutional websites to digital libraries, from personal blogs to Twitter accounts of prominent politicians, from online newspapers to large-scale knowledge bases, an immense number of born-digital testimonies is waiting to be retrieved, selected and studied by future historians. In addition to this, while these new resources are piling up steadily in front of our eyes, they are also rapidly replacing their analogue counterparts, from printed news articles to personal diaries, from letter correspondences to scientific publications.","PeriodicalId":196909,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Handbook of Web History","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115663351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781526470546.N7
Ralph Schroeder
{"title":"Theorizing the Uses of the\u0000 Web","authors":"Ralph Schroeder","doi":"10.4135/9781526470546.N7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526470546.N7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":196909,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Handbook of Web History","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122664655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781526470546.n24
I. Siles
{"title":"Blogs","authors":"I. Siles","doi":"10.4135/9781526470546.n24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526470546.n24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":196909,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Handbook of Web History","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117139418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781526470546.n17
Alexander Halavais
{"title":"How Search Shaped and Was Shaped\u0000 by the Web","authors":"Alexander Halavais","doi":"10.4135/9781526470546.n17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526470546.n17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":196909,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Handbook of Web History","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124029054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781526470546.n14
Michael L. Nelson, H. Sompel
While the web is distributed, most web archives are centralized silos that do not cooperate with each other. This is partially because the technology that is necessary to replay the archived content and keep it from being influenced by material on the live web also makes it difficult for web archives to cooperate. The Memento Protocol (which we played a central role in defining) addresses this problem by defining an extension to the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) that allows for standardized, machine-readable integration of both the past web and the present web. The Memento Protocol extends the concept of HTTP content negotiation to include not only well-known dimensions such as Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) types (e.g., JPEG vs. PNG) and file encodings (e.g., gzip vs. compress), but also the dimension of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) as a universal versioning system. The protocol can be supported by all systems that hold temporal resource versions, including conventional web archives, as well as resource versioning systems such as wikis. The Memento Protocol introduces some standard terminology with which to discuss web archiving, the most fundamental of which are: original resource (the resource on the live web), Memento (an archived version of an Original Resource, frozen in time), TimeGate (a resource capable of datetime content negotiation to discover a temporally appropriate Memento), and TimeMap (a machine-readable list of all Mementos for an Original Resource). Furthermore, the Memento Protocol is the first web archiving API, enabling aggregation of access to disparate web archives. Web archiving has been dominated by the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine, but via the Memento Protocol it is possible to leverage the more than a dozen publicly accessible web archives throughout the world for increased completeness, consistency, verifiability, resilience, and availability. 14
{"title":"Adding the Dimension of Time to\u0000 HTTP","authors":"Michael L. Nelson, H. Sompel","doi":"10.4135/9781526470546.n14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526470546.n14","url":null,"abstract":"While the web is distributed, most web archives are centralized silos that do not cooperate with each other. This is partially because the technology that is necessary to replay the archived content and keep it from being influenced by material on the live web also makes it difficult for web archives to cooperate. The Memento Protocol (which we played a central role in defining) addresses this problem by defining an extension to the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) that allows for standardized, machine-readable integration of both the past web and the present web. The Memento Protocol extends the concept of HTTP content negotiation to include not only well-known dimensions such as Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) types (e.g., JPEG vs. PNG) and file encodings (e.g., gzip vs. compress), but also the dimension of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) as a universal versioning system. The protocol can be supported by all systems that hold temporal resource versions, including conventional web archives, as well as resource versioning systems such as wikis. The Memento Protocol introduces some standard terminology with which to discuss web archiving, the most fundamental of which are: original resource (the resource on the live web), Memento (an archived version of an Original Resource, frozen in time), TimeGate (a resource capable of datetime content negotiation to discover a temporally appropriate Memento), and TimeMap (a machine-readable list of all Mementos for an Original Resource). Furthermore, the Memento Protocol is the first web archiving API, enabling aggregation of access to disparate web archives. Web archiving has been dominated by the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine, but via the Memento Protocol it is possible to leverage the more than a dozen publicly accessible web archives throughout the world for increased completeness, consistency, verifiability, resilience, and availability. 14","PeriodicalId":196909,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Handbook of Web History","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115812923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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