Linchao Zhang, F. Gandino, R. Ferrero, M. Rebaudengo
The reader collision problem is a critical issue in RFID systems, since it affects the reliability and the efficiency of the network. Although several solutions have been proposed to address the reader collision problem, they are usually based on models that consider only direct collisions among two readers. In real deployments, the additive interference model that captures the accumulation of n concurrent readers' interference is more accurate. Furthermore, even if an additive interference model is considered, it is important to decide how many concurrent readers' interferences have to be considered. The value of n determines a trade-off between the reliability and the efficiency of the RFID system. In this paper, the additive interference model with different values of n is evaluated. The proposed model provides an evaluation tool to select a suitable value of n according to the system requirements and the simulation results have shown the impact of n in a specific deployment.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Additive Interference Model for RFID Reader Collision Problem","authors":"Linchao Zhang, F. Gandino, R. Ferrero, M. Rebaudengo","doi":"10.1109/RFID.2012.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RFID.2012.13","url":null,"abstract":"The reader collision problem is a critical issue in RFID systems, since it affects the reliability and the efficiency of the network. Although several solutions have been proposed to address the reader collision problem, they are usually based on models that consider only direct collisions among two readers. In real deployments, the additive interference model that captures the accumulation of n concurrent readers' interference is more accurate. Furthermore, even if an additive interference model is considered, it is important to decide how many concurrent readers' interferences have to be considered. The value of n determines a trade-off between the reliability and the efficiency of the RFID system. In this paper, the additive interference model with different values of n is evaluated. The proposed model provides an evaluation tool to select a suitable value of n according to the system requirements and the simulation results have shown the impact of n in a specific deployment.","PeriodicalId":196995,"journal":{"name":"2012 Fourth International EURASIP Workshop on RFID Technology","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117179140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Li-Dyi Luo, K. D. Gannes, K. Fricke, S. Senjuti, R. Sobot
We present design architecture of a low--power voltage regulator that includes a charge--pump and a band gap voltage reference in CMOS 130nm technology. The DC regulator is intended for RF IC energy harvesting applications and optimized for powering implantable electronics. The internal circuit sections work with the local power supply voltage levels in the 1.5V to 1.9V range (worst case), and the 3.96uW band gap generates 462mVDC reference voltage. The complete regulator consumes typically 18uW for its own operation while delivering regulated V(PWR)=1V voltage within 0.14% variation under full load conditions, i.e. I(PWR)(max)=4mA current.
{"title":"Low-Power CMOS Voltage Regulator Architecture for Implantable RF Circuits","authors":"Li-Dyi Luo, K. D. Gannes, K. Fricke, S. Senjuti, R. Sobot","doi":"10.1109/RFID.2012.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RFID.2012.23","url":null,"abstract":"We present design architecture of a low--power voltage regulator that includes a charge--pump and a band gap voltage reference in CMOS 130nm technology. The DC regulator is intended for RF IC energy harvesting applications and optimized for powering implantable electronics. The internal circuit sections work with the local power supply voltage levels in the 1.5V to 1.9V range (worst case), and the 3.96uW band gap generates 462mVDC reference voltage. The complete regulator consumes typically 18uW for its own operation while delivering regulated V(PWR)=1V voltage within 0.14% variation under full load conditions, i.e. I(PWR)(max)=4mA current.","PeriodicalId":196995,"journal":{"name":"2012 Fourth International EURASIP Workshop on RFID Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122165593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we focus on a substantial throughput increase of a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) multiantenna system. We investigate the influence of the channel estimation and the receiver structure on the theoretical throughput of Framed Slotted Aloha (FSA) based RFID systems. We propose an increase of the theoretical throughput by resolving collisions and acknowledging more than one tag per slot. Furthermore, in order to profit of such increase, we suggest a collision recovery method through successive interference cancellation and projection of the constellation into the orthogonal subspace of the interference. The performance of the proposed method is analysed by means of simulations.
在本文中，我们重点讨论了如何大幅提高射频识别（RFID）多天线系统的吞吐量。我们研究了信道估计和接收器结构对基于帧空隙阿罗哈（FSA）的 RFID 系统理论吞吐量的影响。我们建议通过解决碰撞和每个时隙确认一个以上的标签来提高理论吞吐量。此外，为了从这种增加中获益，我们提出了一种碰撞恢复方法，即通过连续干扰消除和将星座投影到干扰的正交子空间。我们通过模拟分析了所建议方法的性能。
{"title":"Advanced Collision Recovery Receiver for RFID","authors":"J. Kaitovic, R. Langwieser, M. Rupp","doi":"10.1109/RFID.2012.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RFID.2012.25","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we focus on a substantial throughput increase of a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) multiantenna system. We investigate the influence of the channel estimation and the receiver structure on the theoretical throughput of Framed Slotted Aloha (FSA) based RFID systems. We propose an increase of the theoretical throughput by resolving collisions and acknowledging more than one tag per slot. Furthermore, in order to profit of such increase, we suggest a collision recovery method through successive interference cancellation and projection of the constellation into the orthogonal subspace of the interference. The performance of the proposed method is analysed by means of simulations.","PeriodicalId":196995,"journal":{"name":"2012 Fourth International EURASIP Workshop on RFID Technology","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126357218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The control of artificial lighting is a key parameter to be considered in buildings towards energy and cost savings. Efficient, need-based control of building lighting through occupancy detection using Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors has become a reliable and well established approach. However, the use of only PIR sensors for occupancy monitoring does not offer much savings and depends upon a building's type and use, and its occupancy levels. Accuracy of occupancy monitoring greatly affects building lighting control strategy and hence, percentage savings. Besides considering lighting control based on occupancy detection using PIR sensors, this paper presents a data fusion approach of passive RFID based occupancy monitoring with PIR. The proposed methodology provides an estimated 13% of electrical energy savings in one open plan office of a University campus building. Practical implementation of RFID gateways provide real-world occupancy profiling data to be fused with PIR sensing towards analysis and improvement of building lighting usage.
{"title":"Occupancy Monitoring Using Passive RFID Technology for Efficient Building Lighting Control","authors":"F. Manzoor, David Linton, Michael Loughlin","doi":"10.1109/RFID.2012.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RFID.2012.10","url":null,"abstract":"The control of artificial lighting is a key parameter to be considered in buildings towards energy and cost savings. Efficient, need-based control of building lighting through occupancy detection using Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors has become a reliable and well established approach. However, the use of only PIR sensors for occupancy monitoring does not offer much savings and depends upon a building's type and use, and its occupancy levels. Accuracy of occupancy monitoring greatly affects building lighting control strategy and hence, percentage savings. Besides considering lighting control based on occupancy detection using PIR sensors, this paper presents a data fusion approach of passive RFID based occupancy monitoring with PIR. The proposed methodology provides an estimated 13% of electrical energy savings in one open plan office of a University campus building. Practical implementation of RFID gateways provide real-world occupancy profiling data to be fused with PIR sensing towards analysis and improvement of building lighting usage.","PeriodicalId":196995,"journal":{"name":"2012 Fourth International EURASIP Workshop on RFID Technology","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125956480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Lasser, W. Gartner, R. Langwieser, C. Mecklenbrauker
RFID readers for passive tags generally suffer from self-interference. The transmitter of the RFID reader is also in operation during receive periods to power the tag and enable backscatter modulation. The state-of-the-art solution employs a leaking carrier canceller, which needs to be adjusted. The proposed fast algorithm provides a starting point for conventional gradient based approaches, which already improves isolation by 7.2 dB at least. It is based on three scalar measurements, and does not demand for special hardware. The algorithm was tested on our RFID test bed and experiments show a significant decrease of steps necessary to reach the final leaking carrier canceller setting.
{"title":"Fast Algorithm for Leaking Carrier Canceller Adjustment","authors":"G. Lasser, W. Gartner, R. Langwieser, C. Mecklenbrauker","doi":"10.1109/RFID.2012.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RFID.2012.27","url":null,"abstract":"RFID readers for passive tags generally suffer from self-interference. The transmitter of the RFID reader is also in operation during receive periods to power the tag and enable backscatter modulation. The state-of-the-art solution employs a leaking carrier canceller, which needs to be adjusted. The proposed fast algorithm provides a starting point for conventional gradient based approaches, which already improves isolation by 7.2 dB at least. It is based on three scalar measurements, and does not demand for special hardware. The algorithm was tested on our RFID test bed and experiments show a significant decrease of steps necessary to reach the final leaking carrier canceller setting.","PeriodicalId":196995,"journal":{"name":"2012 Fourth International EURASIP Workshop on RFID Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125425378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Standardization remains an ongoing challenge for RFID adoption in many application domains. Although progress has been made in recent years, areas remain where standards are lacking or where several standards are competing. In this paper we focus on automotive logistics. We discuss recent developments and remaining challenges for standards development and adoption in the automotive industry.
{"title":"RFID Standardization for Logistics Applications -- Status Quo and Challenges from the Automotive Industry's Perspective","authors":"M. Schmidt, H. Wolff, F. Peppel, L. Thoroe","doi":"10.1109/RFID.2012.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RFID.2012.17","url":null,"abstract":"Standardization remains an ongoing challenge for RFID adoption in many application domains. Although progress has been made in recent years, areas remain where standards are lacking or where several standards are competing. In this paper we focus on automotive logistics. We discuss recent developments and remaining challenges for standards development and adoption in the automotive industry.","PeriodicalId":196995,"journal":{"name":"2012 Fourth International EURASIP Workshop on RFID Technology","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116271976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a rapid-prototyping platform for test and implementation of new algorithms in RFID Systems. The platform offers the possibility to evaluate and test new approaches, in communications aspects in RFID systems, that can not be tested in state-of-the-art systems, due to hardware or standards limitations. This includes new radio architectures, source-/line-coding schemes, multiple access control algorithms and many other system elements that can not be accessed or changed in a RFID system. Two platforms are presented: one for algorithm development and a second one for product development.
{"title":"Flexible Development and Testing Environment for Implementation of New Algorithms in RFID Systems","authors":"S. Grey, G. vom Bogel, A. Grabmaier","doi":"10.1109/RFID.2012.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RFID.2012.9","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a rapid-prototyping platform for test and implementation of new algorithms in RFID Systems. The platform offers the possibility to evaluate and test new approaches, in communications aspects in RFID systems, that can not be tested in state-of-the-art systems, due to hardware or standards limitations. This includes new radio architectures, source-/line-coding schemes, multiple access control algorithms and many other system elements that can not be accessed or changed in a RFID system. Two platforms are presented: one for algorithm development and a second one for product development.","PeriodicalId":196995,"journal":{"name":"2012 Fourth International EURASIP Workshop on RFID Technology","volume":"323 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116111045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Xiong, S. Caizzone, C. Occhiuzzi, G. Marrocco, G. Vecchi, M. Orefice
The automatic optimization is proposed of the passive RF part of RFID, with special attention to multi-chip tags, and to the novel concept of RFID grids. Performance metrics follows a recent all-comprehensive approach. The proposed approach employs a Genetic Algorithm-based optimization, and an efficient electromagnetic problem parameterization and solution strategy. Resulting structures, while non-intuitive in shape, exhibit enhanced performance.
{"title":"Automatic Optimization of Multichip RFID Tags","authors":"Y. Xiong, S. Caizzone, C. Occhiuzzi, G. Marrocco, G. Vecchi, M. Orefice","doi":"10.1109/RFID.2012.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RFID.2012.21","url":null,"abstract":"The automatic optimization is proposed of the passive RF part of RFID, with special attention to multi-chip tags, and to the novel concept of RFID grids. Performance metrics follows a recent all-comprehensive approach. The proposed approach employs a Genetic Algorithm-based optimization, and an efficient electromagnetic problem parameterization and solution strategy. Resulting structures, while non-intuitive in shape, exhibit enhanced performance.","PeriodicalId":196995,"journal":{"name":"2012 Fourth International EURASIP Workshop on RFID Technology","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129266877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Vales-Alonso, F. J. Parrado-García, J. Alcaraz, E. Egea-López
In this paper we solve analytically the problem of distributing optimally a set of t slots between a group of n readers in RFID dense environments where a single frequency channel is available. In these environments, the readers within reader-to-reader interference range must transmit at different times, otherwise tags cannot identified. This resource allocation problem is addressed for both static and dynamic Frame Slotted Aloha, which are the most broadly extended mechanism used in UHF RFID systems. The goal is maximizing the expected number of tags successfully identified within the t slots. Results demonstrate that the optimal solution outperforms an assignment proportional to the number of tags in each reader. The results heavily depend on the underlying reading algorithm of the reader.
{"title":"Optimal Scheduling in Single Channel Dense Reader RFID Environments","authors":"J. Vales-Alonso, F. J. Parrado-García, J. Alcaraz, E. Egea-López","doi":"10.1109/RFID.2012.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RFID.2012.28","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we solve analytically the problem of distributing optimally a set of t slots between a group of n readers in RFID dense environments where a single frequency channel is available. In these environments, the readers within reader-to-reader interference range must transmit at different times, otherwise tags cannot identified. This resource allocation problem is addressed for both static and dynamic Frame Slotted Aloha, which are the most broadly extended mechanism used in UHF RFID systems. The goal is maximizing the expected number of tags successfully identified within the t slots. Results demonstrate that the optimal solution outperforms an assignment proportional to the number of tags in each reader. The results heavily depend on the underlying reading algorithm of the reader.","PeriodicalId":196995,"journal":{"name":"2012 Fourth International EURASIP Workshop on RFID Technology","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128251442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
José F. Salmerón, Almudena Rivadeneyra Torres, J. Banqueri, Migue A. Carvajal
The physical and electrical characterization of several patterns printed by ink-jet and screen printing are presented in this work. The main goal is to determine suitable techniques to manufacture RFID antennas by using different conductive Ag inks, pastes and substrates commonly used in RFID. The physical characterization consisted of measurements of the layer thickness and the RMS roughness of the patterns. DC electrical characterization has been carried out to study different conductive inks and substrates pointing out the lowest sheet resistance and the best printability for each analyzed case. Using the optimal conditions obtained from this work, coil inductors have been fabricated by both techniques in order to validate the present study. Ink-jet printed antennas have been fabricated with Sun Tronic Ag ink on PEI substrates and screen printed antennas have been fabricated on various substrates using screen mesh densities of 90h and 140h. Finally, a semi-passive RFID tag for the HF band providing temperature and humidity sensor capabilities is presented.
{"title":"Design and Characterization of Ink-Jet and Screen Printed HF RFID Antennas","authors":"José F. Salmerón, Almudena Rivadeneyra Torres, J. Banqueri, Migue A. Carvajal","doi":"10.1109/RFID.2012.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RFID.2012.22","url":null,"abstract":"The physical and electrical characterization of several patterns printed by ink-jet and screen printing are presented in this work. The main goal is to determine suitable techniques to manufacture RFID antennas by using different conductive Ag inks, pastes and substrates commonly used in RFID. The physical characterization consisted of measurements of the layer thickness and the RMS roughness of the patterns. DC electrical characterization has been carried out to study different conductive inks and substrates pointing out the lowest sheet resistance and the best printability for each analyzed case. Using the optimal conditions obtained from this work, coil inductors have been fabricated by both techniques in order to validate the present study. Ink-jet printed antennas have been fabricated with Sun Tronic Ag ink on PEI substrates and screen printed antennas have been fabricated on various substrates using screen mesh densities of 90h and 140h. Finally, a semi-passive RFID tag for the HF band providing temperature and humidity sensor capabilities is presented.","PeriodicalId":196995,"journal":{"name":"2012 Fourth International EURASIP Workshop on RFID Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115172301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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