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Trespass on the case 非法侵入案件

Baker and Milsom Sources of English Legal History

Pub Date : 2019-07-04 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198847809.003.0013

J. Baker

In the fourteenth century a variety of new kinds of action appeared in the royal courts as a result of allowing writs of trespass to be issued without the ‘force and arms’ clause. In such writs the plaintiff had to set out the gist of his ‘special case’ in lieu of the generalized assertion of force. This chapter shows how contemporaries regarded ‘actions on the case’ and what was considered to be their range. Some later discussions in the chapter show lawyers trying to rationalize the distinction between ‘trespass’ (that is, trespass with force and arms) and ‘case’ in terms of physical directness.

在14世纪，由于允许在没有"武力和武器"条款的情况下签发非法侵入令状，各种新类型的诉讼出现在皇家法院。在这样的令状中，原告必须列出他的“特殊情况”的要点，而不是笼统的武力主张。这一章展示了当代人如何看待“案件诉讼”以及他们认为的范围。本章后面的一些讨论表明，律师试图将“非法侵入”(即使用武力和武器的非法侵入)和“案件”之间的区别在物理直接性方面合理化。

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Executory interests under the Statute of Uses 《使用法》规定的执行权益

Baker and Milsom Sources of English Legal History

Pub Date : 2019-07-04 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198847809.003.0005

J. Baker

This chapter shows how lawyers grappled with the effect of the Statutes of Uses and Wills on future interests in land, and the possibilities which they seemed to introduce for creating new kinds of estates in land. The legislation seemingly transformed land law by giving legal effect to a party’s wishes, in the first case by ‘executing the use’ and in the second by giving force to a testator’s ‘free will and pleasure’. Conveyancers thought for a time that this gave them the means of creating perpetual settlements of a family’s land. A number of leading cases reported by Coke show how perpetuity clauses were eventually outlawed by the judges, and how executory interests were to a limited extent subjected to principles of law. The chapter ends with Lord Nottingham’s formulation of a doctrine of perpetuities in 1682.

本章展示了律师们是如何应对《使用法》和《遗嘱》对土地未来权益的影响，以及他们似乎引入的创造新型土地地产的可能性。立法似乎通过赋予一方意愿法律效力而改变了土地法，前者通过“执行使用”，后者通过赋予遗嘱人“自由意志和意愿”力量。有一段时间，财产转让人认为，这给了他们在一个家庭的土地上建立永久定居点的手段。可口可乐报告的一些主要案例表明，永续条款最终如何被法官宣布为非法，以及可执行权益如何在有限程度上服从法律原则。本章以诺丁汉勋爵在1682年提出的永续学说作为结尾。

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Covenant 约

Baker and Milsom Sources of English Legal History

Pub Date : 2019-07-04 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780195393361-0225

J. Baker

The writ of covenant lay to enforce agreements, but it came to be restricted by formality. This chapter is principally devoted to the evolution of the rule requiring a deed - a written document under seal - to evidence a covenant. There was no clear rule before 1321, and it was at first possible to wage law in covenant actions, or to refer them to a jury. From 1292, however, there are signs of a nascent principle, of uncertain scope, that a plaintiff might fail unless he had written evidence of the covenant in the form of a sealed deed. The reports are all of exceptions to this principle – which is not directly explained – until in 1321 it was clearly stated as a general rule of evidence. It was a rule which applied only in the royal courts and did not, therefore, import any narrow understanding of what a covenant was. And the deed did not preclude a plea of performance, since it was evidence only of the covenant, not of its breach.

契约令状是用来执行协议的，但它受到形式的限制。本章主要讨论要求契约(一种加盖印章的书面文件)证明契约的规则的演变。在1321年之前，没有明确的规则，在契约行为中，最初可以诉诸法律，或将其提交陪审团。然而，从1292年开始，有迹象表明一个范围不确定的新生原则，即原告可能会失败，除非他有以密封契据形式的契约的书面证据。这些报告都是这一原则的例外-没有直接解释-直到1321年它才被明确规定为一般证据规则。这条规则只适用于宫廷，因此对契约没有任何狭隘的理解。而且契约并不排除履行请求，因为它只是契约的证据，而不是违约的证据。

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Family interests and settlements at common law 普通法上的家庭利益和财产分配

Baker and Milsom Sources of English Legal History

Pub Date : 2019-07-04 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198847809.003.0003

J. Baker

The cases in this chapter relate to property provisions for widows (dower), widowers (curtesy), younger sons, and daughters. A group of reports throws light on the difficulties in interpreting conditional gifts restricted to descendants, culminating in the Statute De Donis (1285) and its outcome, the statutory fee tail. Later reports show the perplexity occasioned over the legal nature of the fee tail and its durability. There are also discussions of the common recovery as a method of barring the entail, of the concept of the remainder, and of doubts about the validity of contingent remainders.

本章的案例涉及寡妇(嫁妆)、鳏夫(屈膝礼)、小儿子和女儿的财产规定。一组报告阐明了解释限制给后代的有条件赠与的困难，最终以1285年的《唐尼斯法令》(Statute De Donis)及其结果——法定费尾(法定费尾)告终。后来的报道显示了对收费尾巴的法律性质及其持久性所引起的困惑。也有人讨论将共同追回作为一种禁止继承的方法，讨论剩余财产的概念，以及讨论对或有剩余财产的有效性的怀疑。

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Assumpsit for nonfeasance 假设不作为

Baker and Milsom Sources of English Legal History

Pub Date : 2003-09-18 DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198258179.003.0049

J. Baker

Among the writs of assumpsit issued in the fourteenth century were some alleging a mere failure to do what was promised (nonfeasance), the harm being economic rather than physical. The cases in this chapter show how the availability of such actions was controversial for nearly a century. Assumpsit for misfeasance had been allowed without dispute, because the misfeasance would have been a tort even without the undertaking. But assumpsit for nonfeasance rested wholly on a contractual agreement and arguably required written evidence of the agreement, if not a different writ (covenant). During the fifteenth century the action was established, after much debate, by deploying the concepts of bargain, reliance, and deceit. It enabled contracts to be enforced although there was no sealed agreement, as was required in the action of covenant. The turning point was Doige’s Case (1442), in which damages were recovered against a defaulting vendor of land.

在14世纪发布的假设令状中，有一些声称仅仅是未能履行承诺(不作为)，损害是经济上的而不是物质上的。本章中的案例表明，近一个世纪以来，此类诉讼的可获得性是如何引起争议的。假设不当行为被允许没有争议，因为即使没有承诺，不当行为也会构成侵权行为。但假设不作为完全基于合同协议，并且可以说需要该协议的书面证据，如果不是另一份令状(契约)。在15世纪，经过多次辩论，通过部署讨价还价、信赖和欺骗的概念，该诉讼得以确立。它使契约得以执行，尽管没有象盟约行动所要求的那样加盖印章的协议。转折点是多伊格案(1442)，在该案中，违约的土地卖主获得了赔偿。

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