{"title":"The abdomen","authors":"James Thomas, T. Monaghan, P. Thiagarajan","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199593972.003.0007_update_001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199593972.003.0007_update_001","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionHistorySwallowing symptomsNausea and vomitingAbdominal painBowel habitGeneralized abdominal swellingJaundice and pruritusAppetite and weightLower urinary tract symptomsThe rest of the historyExaminationOutline examinationInspection: handsInspection: upper limbsInspection: faceInspection: neck and chestInspection: abdomenStomasAbdominal scars 1: open surgeryAbdominal scars 2: laparoscopicPalpation: generalPalpation: aortaPalpation: liver and gallbladderPalpation: spleenPalpation: kidneys and bladderPalpation: herniaePercussionAuscultation‘Per rectum’ examinationImportant presentationsThe elderly patient","PeriodicalId":19711,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Medicine Online","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91359944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-11DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199593972.003.0006
James Thomas, T. Monaghan
IntroductionHistoryDyspnoeaCough and expectorationOther respiratory symptomsThe rest of the historyExaminationGeneral appearanceHands, face, and neckInspection of the chestPalpationPercussionAuscultationImportant presentationsThe elderly patient
其他呼吸系统症状检查大体外观手、脸、颈胸部检查触诊叩诊听诊重要表现老年患者
{"title":"The respiratory system","authors":"James Thomas, T. Monaghan","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199593972.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199593972.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionHistoryDyspnoeaCough and expectorationOther respiratory symptomsThe rest of the historyExaminationGeneral appearanceHands, face, and neckInspection of the chestPalpationPercussionAuscultationImportant presentationsThe elderly patient","PeriodicalId":19711,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Medicine Online","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88735666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-11DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199593972.003.0001
James Thomas, T. Monaghan
IntroductionEssential considerationsGeneral principlesBody language: an introductionInterpretersCommunicating with deaf patientsTelephone communicationOther specific situationsBreaking bad newsLaw, ethics, and consent
基本注意事项一般原则肢体语言介绍口译员与聋人交流电话交流其他特殊情况突发坏消息法律，道德和同意
{"title":"Communication skills","authors":"James Thomas, T. Monaghan","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199593972.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199593972.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionEssential considerationsGeneral principlesBody language: an introductionInterpretersCommunicating with deaf patientsTelephone communicationOther specific situationsBreaking bad newsLaw, ethics, and consent","PeriodicalId":19711,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Medicine Online","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87555356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-11DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0008
J. Cassidy, D. Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, M. Payne, G. Morris-Stiff
There are growing numbers of long-term survivors of increasingly complex anti-cancer treatments. This chapter summarises some of the complex, often multi-organ, late effects of modern cancer treatments.
{"title":"Hormone therapy","authors":"J. Cassidy, D. Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, M. Payne, G. Morris-Stiff","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"There are growing numbers of long-term survivors of increasingly complex anti-cancer treatments. This chapter summarises some of the complex, often multi-organ, late effects of modern cancer treatments.","PeriodicalId":19711,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Medicine Online","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91544690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-11DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0013
J. Cassidy, D. Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, M. Payne, G. Morris-Stiff
This chapter addresses the evidence for screening for malignant disease and describes currently accepted and practised protocols for breast, cervical and colorectal cancer, as well as the potential for screening programs for lung and prostate cancer
{"title":"Thoracic malignancies","authors":"J. Cassidy, D. Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, M. Payne, G. Morris-Stiff","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses the evidence for screening for malignant disease and describes currently accepted and practised protocols for breast, cervical and colorectal cancer, as well as the potential for screening programs for lung and prostate cancer","PeriodicalId":19711,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Medicine Online","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91118591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-11DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0014_update_001
J. Cassidy, D. Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, M. Payne, G. Morris-Stiff, M. Bhattacharyya
Thoracic cancer examines the epidemiology, aetiology, and role of screening and prevention in the reduction of deaths from lung cancer, the majority caused by cigarette smoking. The pathology and genetics of lung cancer, with particular note of the driver mutations, are followed by the symptoms and signs of the disease. Appropriate investigations are described to stage the tumour. The optimum treatment for localised non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is surgical resection, followed in some cases by adjuvant chemotherapy. However, most cases present with disease too advanced for surgery, and for these chemotherapy and radiotherapy are appropriate. Metastatic NSCLC can be treated with platinum based doublet chemotherapy with modest palliative benefits. Metastatic NSCLC with specific driver mutations are amenable to control by targeted therapy. Locally advanced NSCLC is often treated with similar chemotherapy and radiotherapy, ideally administered concurrently, to achieve symptom relief but also improved survival rates. Short course simple radiotherapy offers symptom relief in patients not fit for chemotherapy. Patients with localised NSCLC who are not fit for surgery, may benefit from radical radiotherapy, particularly stereotactic radiotherapy. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterised by almost universal systemic spread, so that surgery is rarely appropriate. Staging is similar to NSCLC, and chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment, usually cisplatin or carboplatin combined with etoposide. When possible, this is combined with concurrent thoracic irradiation covering all radiological sites of disease. Prophylactic cranial irradiation reduces the risk of CNS disease. Malignant pleural mesothelioma is caused by occupational asbestos exposure. Symptoms and signs, investigation and staging, and management are discussed. Thymic tumours, their pathology, presenting symptoms including paraneoplastic syndromes, investigation, staging and treatment are reviewed.
{"title":"Breast cancer","authors":"J. Cassidy, D. Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, M. Payne, G. Morris-Stiff, M. Bhattacharyya","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0014_update_001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0014_update_001","url":null,"abstract":"Thoracic cancer examines the epidemiology, aetiology, and role of screening and prevention in the reduction of deaths from lung cancer, the majority caused by cigarette smoking. The pathology and genetics of lung cancer, with particular note of the driver mutations, are followed by the symptoms and signs of the disease. Appropriate investigations are described to stage the tumour. The optimum treatment for localised non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is surgical resection, followed in some cases by adjuvant chemotherapy. However, most cases present with disease too advanced for surgery, and for these chemotherapy and radiotherapy are appropriate. Metastatic NSCLC can be treated with platinum based doublet chemotherapy with modest palliative benefits. Metastatic NSCLC with specific driver mutations are amenable to control by targeted therapy. Locally advanced NSCLC is often treated with similar chemotherapy and radiotherapy, ideally administered concurrently, to achieve symptom relief but also improved survival rates. Short course simple radiotherapy offers symptom relief in patients not fit for chemotherapy. Patients with localised NSCLC who are not fit for surgery, may benefit from radical radiotherapy, particularly stereotactic radiotherapy. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterised by almost universal systemic spread, so that surgery is rarely appropriate. Staging is similar to NSCLC, and chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment, usually cisplatin or carboplatin combined with etoposide. When possible, this is combined with concurrent thoracic irradiation covering all radiological sites of disease. Prophylactic cranial irradiation reduces the risk of CNS disease. Malignant pleural mesothelioma is caused by occupational asbestos exposure. Symptoms and signs, investigation and staging, and management are discussed. Thymic tumours, their pathology, presenting symptoms including paraneoplastic syndromes, investigation, staging and treatment are reviewed.","PeriodicalId":19711,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Medicine Online","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80771808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-11DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0033
J. Cassidy, D. Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, M. Payne, G. Morris-Stiff
A practical step-by-step guide to the aetiology, clinical features, differential diagnosis, investigation and appropriate management of common biochemical emergencies in patients with uderlyng malignancies.
{"title":"Airway obstruction","authors":"J. Cassidy, D. Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, M. Payne, G. Morris-Stiff","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0033","url":null,"abstract":"A practical step-by-step guide to the aetiology, clinical features, differential diagnosis, investigation and appropriate management of common biochemical emergencies in patients with uderlyng malignancies.","PeriodicalId":19711,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Medicine Online","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76968434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-11DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0016
J. Cassidy, D. Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, M. Payne, G. Morris-Stiff
Outlines the symptoms, epidemiology, aetiology, pathology and metastatic patterns of the disease. Guides to diagnosis, staging and planning therapy. Outlines surgical, radiotherapy and chemotherapy options for both early stage and metastatic disease. Describes the more commonly used chemotherapy regimens and the rationale for choice between them. Illustrates some of the controversial aspects of care.
{"title":"Anal cancer","authors":"J. Cassidy, D. Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, M. Payne, G. Morris-Stiff","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Outlines the symptoms, epidemiology, aetiology, pathology and metastatic patterns of the disease. Guides to diagnosis, staging and planning therapy. Outlines surgical, radiotherapy and chemotherapy options for both early stage and metastatic disease. Describes the more commonly used chemotherapy regimens and the rationale for choice between them. Illustrates some of the controversial aspects of care.","PeriodicalId":19711,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Medicine Online","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74248727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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