Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198788850.003.0024
A. Emond, J. Law
At least 10% of children have a development disorder which could be disabling. Many children with developmental conditions can be identified in pregnancy or shortly after birth, or will be referred from a child health programme with atypical or delayed development. Early identification of developmental disorders helps children to achieve their potential and facilitates support to their families. Assessment by a multidisciplinary child development team should lead to the provision of family-friendly services coordinated by a lead professional. Children require packages of care, provided through Education, Health, and Care plans/child plans to optimize learning. To meet families’ needs for information, family support, and respite, coordinated packages need to be commissioned from health and social care, education, and the voluntary sector.
{"title":"Supporting children with developmental disorders and disabilities","authors":"A. Emond, J. Law","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198788850.003.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198788850.003.0024","url":null,"abstract":"At least 10% of children have a development disorder which could be disabling. Many children with developmental conditions can be identified in pregnancy or shortly after birth, or will be referred from a child health programme with atypical or delayed development. Early identification of developmental disorders helps children to achieve their potential and facilitates support to their families. Assessment by a multidisciplinary child development team should lead to the provision of family-friendly services coordinated by a lead professional. Children require packages of care, provided through Education, Health, and Care plans/child plans to optimize learning. To meet families’ needs for information, family support, and respite, coordinated packages need to be commissioned from health and social care, education, and the voluntary sector.","PeriodicalId":19711,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Medicine Online","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91409332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198788850.003.0002
A. Emond
Child health programmes should be based on sound evidence of effectiveness. This chapter summarizes the reasons why an updated review of the evidence is needed in a new edition of Health for all Children, defines the scope of the fifth edition, and explains how the quality and strength of the evidence supporting practice and commissioning have been assessed. The framework for making the evidence-based recommendations for practitioners, managers, and commissioners provided at the end of each chapter is explained. An overview is provided of the book, divided into sections and chapters, with links to online evidence and training resources. The chapter concludes with some overall recommendations applicable to the child health programmes in different countries in the UK.
{"title":"The scope of the review","authors":"A. Emond","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198788850.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198788850.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Child health programmes should be based on sound evidence of effectiveness. This chapter summarizes the reasons why an updated review of the evidence is needed in a new edition of Health for all Children, defines the scope of the fifth edition, and explains how the quality and strength of the evidence supporting practice and commissioning have been assessed. The framework for making the evidence-based recommendations for practitioners, managers, and commissioners provided at the end of each chapter is explained. An overview is provided of the book, divided into sections and chapters, with links to online evidence and training resources. The chapter concludes with some overall recommendations applicable to the child health programmes in different countries in the UK.","PeriodicalId":19711,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Medicine Online","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86321381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198788850.003.0019
A. Emond
The NHS newborn and infant physical examination screening programme recommends screening of newborn babies and then once again between 6 to 8 weeks, for conditions relating to their heart, hips, eyes, and testes. The evidence supporting this recommendation is reviewed, and good practice in identifying other common physical abnormalities is described. Congenital heart disease, developmental dysplasia of the hip, congenital cataract, undescended testes, cleft lip, tongue tie, and jaundice are discussed in more detail
{"title":"Physical examination","authors":"A. Emond","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198788850.003.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198788850.003.0019","url":null,"abstract":"The NHS newborn and infant physical examination screening programme recommends screening of newborn babies and then once again between 6 to 8 weeks, for conditions relating to their heart, hips, eyes, and testes. The evidence supporting this recommendation is reviewed, and good practice in identifying other common physical abnormalities is described. Congenital heart disease, developmental dysplasia of the hip, congenital cataract, undescended testes, cleft lip, tongue tie, and jaundice are discussed in more detail","PeriodicalId":19711,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Medicine Online","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76161920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198788850.003.0013
J. Godson, D. Seymour
Tooth decay, although preventable, is the most common oral disease affecting children and young people. This chapter outlines why child oral health is a priority, the impact of poor oral health on children and families, and what causes poor oral health. It looks at the evidence of what works to improve oral health at an individual level, how we can support children and families to reduce their intake of free sugars, and increase access to fluoride. In addition, it highlights population-based programmes that have evidence that they can improve the oral health of children and what the local return on investment of such a programme would be at 5 and 10 years after commencement. Practitioners, managers, and commissioners all have an important role to play and the chapter concludes with recommendations for action.
{"title":"Primary prevention and health promotion in oral health","authors":"J. Godson, D. Seymour","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198788850.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198788850.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Tooth decay, although preventable, is the most common oral disease affecting children and young people. This chapter outlines why child oral health is a priority, the impact of poor oral health on children and families, and what causes poor oral health. It looks at the evidence of what works to improve oral health at an individual level, how we can support children and families to reduce their intake of free sugars, and increase access to fluoride. In addition, it highlights population-based programmes that have evidence that they can improve the oral health of children and what the local return on investment of such a programme would be at 5 and 10 years after commencement. Practitioners, managers, and commissioners all have an important role to play and the chapter concludes with recommendations for action.","PeriodicalId":19711,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Medicine Online","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91097413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198788850.003.0014
D. Kendrick
This chapter quantifies the burden of childhood injuries; describes risk factors for child injury, levels and approaches to injury prevention, and recommendations for effective behaviour change; summarizes evidence for preventing child injuries at home and on the roads; discusses putting injury prevention into practice for practitioners and commissioners; makes recommendations for the injury prevention content of the Healthy Child Programme; and provides a resource list for practitioners, parents, and commissioners.
{"title":"Unintentional injuries and their prevention","authors":"D. Kendrick","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198788850.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198788850.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter quantifies the burden of childhood injuries; describes risk factors for child injury, levels and approaches to injury prevention, and recommendations for effective behaviour change; summarizes evidence for preventing child injuries at home and on the roads; discusses putting injury prevention into practice for practitioners and commissioners; makes recommendations for the injury prevention content of the Healthy Child Programme; and provides a resource list for practitioners, parents, and commissioners.","PeriodicalId":19711,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Medicine Online","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86713728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198788850.003.0031
A. Emond, J. Coad
School readiness is a complex construct which includes physical health and well-being, social competence, emotional maturity, language and cognitive development, and communication skills. This chapter reviews the evidence for interventions which help children, and their families, be ready to start school, and highlights good practice in schools being ready and welcoming for new children. The issues of transition into school are discussed, and evidence presented on how children with medical needs can be helped to integrate and participate. Health assessments at school entry are reviewed, and the complicated area of medication in schools is summarized.
{"title":"School readiness and transition into school","authors":"A. Emond, J. Coad","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198788850.003.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198788850.003.0031","url":null,"abstract":"School readiness is a complex construct which includes physical health and well-being, social competence, emotional maturity, language and cognitive development, and communication skills. This chapter reviews the evidence for interventions which help children, and their families, be ready to start school, and highlights good practice in schools being ready and welcoming for new children. The issues of transition into school are discussed, and evidence presented on how children with medical needs can be helped to integrate and participate. Health assessments at school entry are reviewed, and the complicated area of medication in schools is summarized.","PeriodicalId":19711,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Medicine Online","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75595680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198788850.003.0021
A. L. Solebo
The development of optimal visual function is important for the future quality of life. Early recognition of morphological abnormalities, such as cataracts, allow for early intervention and a reduction in long-term impairment. There is a period of sensitivity, during which it is important that a clear image is presented to the retina. If treatment is not undertaken in a timely fashion, it can lead to permanent amblyopia. Apart from the newborn and 6–8-week examinations, the only recommended routine examination of the eyes should take place at 4–5 years of age. This should only be undertaken by properly trained individuals with appropriate equipment.
{"title":"Identification of visual impairments","authors":"A. L. Solebo","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198788850.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198788850.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"The development of optimal visual function is important for the future quality of life. Early recognition of morphological abnormalities, such as cataracts, allow for early intervention and a reduction in long-term impairment. There is a period of sensitivity, during which it is important that a clear image is presented to the retina. If treatment is not undertaken in a timely fashion, it can lead to permanent amblyopia. Apart from the newborn and 6–8-week examinations, the only recommended routine examination of the eyes should take place at 4–5 years of age. This should only be undertaken by properly trained individuals with appropriate equipment.","PeriodicalId":19711,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Medicine Online","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75551428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198788850.003.0015
P. Blair, A. Pease
In the 1980s, sudden infant death syndrome (also known as SIDS or cot death) was one of the most common post-neonatal causes of death in the UK. The dramatic 80% fall in these deaths over the last three decades is a testament to evidence-based research using the observational case–control study and even more impressive given the difficulties in funding studies without a randomized controlled trial design. This chapter will describe the initial breakthrough in the early 1990s, the characteristic profile of SIDS, the associated factors identified, the potential causal mechanisms, and the current risk reduction messages. Most of the risk reduction messages are non-controversial and have been readily accepted by health professionals and parents alike. The divergence of opinion regarding how we give preventative advice surrounding infant bed sharing and the strategies employed is addressed in more detail.
{"title":"Prevention of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)","authors":"P. Blair, A. Pease","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198788850.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198788850.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"In the 1980s, sudden infant death syndrome (also known as SIDS or cot death) was one of the most common post-neonatal causes of death in the UK. The dramatic 80% fall in these deaths over the last three decades is a testament to evidence-based research using the observational case–control study and even more impressive given the difficulties in funding studies without a randomized controlled trial design. This chapter will describe the initial breakthrough in the early 1990s, the characteristic profile of SIDS, the associated factors identified, the potential causal mechanisms, and the current risk reduction messages. Most of the risk reduction messages are non-controversial and have been readily accepted by health professionals and parents alike. The divergence of opinion regarding how we give preventative advice surrounding infant bed sharing and the strategies employed is addressed in more detail.","PeriodicalId":19711,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Medicine Online","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91123571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198788850.003.0018
C. Wright
The subject of how growth should be monitored and recorded was addressed by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health Growth Chart working group in the process of developing and implementing the UK-World Health Organization growth charts between 2008 and 2012. The group developed chart instructions and supporting educational material, drawing on the collective views of focus groups, stakeholder meetings, and the considered views of the working group. These have been expanded or modified where there is newer relevant evidence and the section is also informed by the 2008 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline on maternal and child nutrition and the new guideline on faltering growth.
{"title":"Growth monitoring","authors":"C. Wright","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198788850.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198788850.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of how growth should be monitored and recorded was addressed by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health Growth Chart working group in the process of developing and implementing the UK-World Health Organization growth charts between 2008 and 2012. The group developed chart instructions and supporting educational material, drawing on the collective views of focus groups, stakeholder meetings, and the considered views of the working group. These have been expanded or modified where there is newer relevant evidence and the section is also informed by the 2008 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline on maternal and child nutrition and the new guideline on faltering growth.","PeriodicalId":19711,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Medicine Online","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83926219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-28DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198788850.003.0023
P. Wilson, J. Kirkham
There are many unscheduled contacts between children and clinicians, and therefore many opportunities for clinicians to identify previously unsuspected problems that parents may not already have suspected. There are three distinct foci during assessment, namely the child, the parent(s), and the parent–child relationship. Any of these can alert the practitioner to potential concerns, regardless of the presenting issue. Practitioners need to be aware of, and alert to, concerns about physical and social/emotional development, as well as signs of maltreatment and neglect. In addition, it is important to be able to evaluate the quality of parenting a child experiences, as this is a strong predictor of future mental and physical health. While this is an area in which clinicians may feel less confident or skilled, there is evidence to suggest that continuity of care and a trusting parent–clinician relationship provide an arena in which problems can be raised, aired, and more satisfactorily addressed.
{"title":"Opportunistic surveillance in primary care","authors":"P. Wilson, J. Kirkham","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198788850.003.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198788850.003.0023","url":null,"abstract":"There are many unscheduled contacts between children and clinicians, and therefore many opportunities for clinicians to identify previously unsuspected problems that parents may not already have suspected. There are three distinct foci during assessment, namely the child, the parent(s), and the parent–child relationship. Any of these can alert the practitioner to potential concerns, regardless of the presenting issue. Practitioners need to be aware of, and alert to, concerns about physical and social/emotional development, as well as signs of maltreatment and neglect. In addition, it is important to be able to evaluate the quality of parenting a child experiences, as this is a strong predictor of future mental and physical health. While this is an area in which clinicians may feel less confident or skilled, there is evidence to suggest that continuity of care and a trusting parent–clinician relationship provide an arena in which problems can be raised, aired, and more satisfactorily addressed.","PeriodicalId":19711,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Medicine Online","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89238589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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