Objective: To determine the proportion and causes of poor visual outcome of cataract operations done in a public hospital in southeast Nigeria and propose actions to improve the cataract surgical outcome. Method: A prospective observational analysis of the initial hundred cases of cataract operations done in Imo State University Teaching Hospital, Orlu between October, 2007 and June, 2009. The Manual Cataract Surgical Record System developed by the International Center for Eye Health, London was used. Consecutive patients undergoing cataract operation were examined on admission, at discharge, 4-8 weeks follow up and information entered in cataract surgical record forms was collated in manual tally sheets and analyzed. The WHO target guidelines on the visual outcome of cataract surgery were used. Result: Total of 108 eyes operated (100 available for 4-8 weeks follow up). All were extracapsular cataract extractions with intraocular lens implants. The proportions of cases with poor outcome were 19.5% at discharge and 9.0% at 4-8 weeks follow up. The causes of poor outcome at discharge were uncorrected refractive error 8.3%, surgical complications 7.4% and coexisting disease 3.7%. The causes of poor outcome at 4-8 weeks follow up were surgical complications 5%, coexisting disease 2% and post-operation sequelae 2%. Conclusion: There is need to improve the quality of cataract operations in the hospital. Recommended actions include provision of irrigation/aspiration cannulas, improved preoperative examination of cases, provision of biometry facilities and retraining of surgeons. Niger Med J. Vol. 50, No. 4, Oct.–Dec., 2009: 77–79. Key words: monitoring, cataract, visual outcome, surgical complications
{"title":"Monitoring cataract surgical outcome in a public hospital in Orlu, south east Nigeria","authors":"Hc Obiudu, B. Obi, O. Anyalebechi","doi":"10.4314/NMJ.V50I4.54444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NMJ.V50I4.54444","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To determine the proportion and causes of poor visual outcome of cataract operations done in a public hospital in southeast Nigeria and propose actions to improve the cataract surgical outcome. Method: A prospective observational analysis of the initial hundred cases of cataract operations done in Imo State University Teaching Hospital, Orlu between October, 2007 and June, 2009. The Manual Cataract Surgical Record System developed by the International Center for Eye Health, London was used. Consecutive patients undergoing cataract operation were examined on admission, at discharge, 4-8 weeks follow up and information entered in cataract surgical record forms was collated in manual tally sheets and analyzed. The WHO target guidelines on the visual outcome of cataract surgery were used. Result: Total of 108 eyes operated (100 available for 4-8 weeks follow up). All were extracapsular cataract extractions with intraocular lens implants. The proportions of cases with poor outcome were 19.5% at discharge and 9.0% at 4-8 weeks follow up. The causes of poor outcome at discharge were uncorrected refractive error 8.3%, surgical complications 7.4% and coexisting disease 3.7%. The causes of poor outcome at 4-8 weeks follow up were surgical complications 5%, coexisting disease 2% and post-operation sequelae 2%. Conclusion: There is need to improve the quality of cataract operations in the hospital. Recommended actions include provision of irrigation/aspiration cannulas, improved preoperative examination of cases, provision of biometry facilities and retraining of surgeons. Niger Med J. Vol. 50, No. 4, Oct.–Dec., 2009: 77–79. Key words: monitoring, cataract, visual outcome, surgical complications","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"49 1","pages":"77"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90661249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background:Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been major problem in the developed and developing countries and its burden in these countries is overwhelming. There is a dearth of literature and data on the prevalence and patterns of CVD in developing countries, especially Nigeria. Objectives: This study was carried out to determine the most common cardiovascular disorder, the mostly affected age and sex groups and annual increase/decrease between 2001 and 2005 in Northwestern Nigeria. Methods: Our study reviewed the pattern and incidence of CVD in North western Nigeria. Case notes of patients in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital and Usman Dan Fodio University Teaching Hospital were reviewed between 2001 and 2005. These two teaching hospitals provide tertiary health care services to six out of seven states that form north western Nigeria with a population of 29,720,322 Nigerians. Results: A total number of 4103 case notes of CVDs were reviewed out of which 2159(52.69%) were males while 1944(47.40%) were females. A steady rise in the incidence of CVD between 2001-2005 was observed. Hypertension (39.1%) was the most prevalent CVDs while congenital heart disease (1.1 %) had the lowest. Conclusion: It was concluded that hypertension was the most prevalent CVD while congenital heart disease was the lowest. A steady increase in the incidence of CVD was observed during the period under review.
背景:心血管疾病(CVD)一直是发达国家和发展中国家的主要问题，其负担在这些国家是压倒性的。在发展中国家，特别是尼日利亚，缺乏关于心血管疾病患病率和模式的文献和数据。目的:本研究旨在确定尼日利亚西北部2001年至2005年间最常见的心血管疾病、最受影响的年龄和性别群体以及年增减情况。方法:本研究回顾了尼日利亚西北部心血管疾病的发病模式和发病率。回顾了2001年至2005年期间Aminu Kano教学医院和Usman Dan Fodio大学教学医院的病例记录。这两所教学医院向尼日利亚西北部7个州中的6个州提供三级保健服务，这些州共有29 720 322名尼日利亚人。结果:共审查cvd病例记录4103例，其中男性2159例(52.69%)，女性1944例(47.40%)。观察到2001-2005年间心血管疾病发病率稳步上升。高血压(39.1%)是最常见的心血管疾病，而先天性心脏病(1.1%)最低。结论:高血压是最常见的心血管疾病，而先天性心脏病发病率最低。在本报告所述期间，观察到心血管疾病发病率稳步上升。
{"title":"Incidence and patterns of cardiovascular disease in north western Nigeria","authors":"Akindele Mukadas, Uba Misbau","doi":"10.4314/NMJ.V50I3.54436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NMJ.V50I3.54436","url":null,"abstract":"Background:Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been major problem in the developed and developing countries and its burden in these countries is overwhelming. There is a dearth of literature and data on the prevalence and patterns of CVD in developing countries, especially Nigeria. Objectives: This study was carried out to determine the most common cardiovascular disorder, the mostly affected age and sex groups and annual increase/decrease between 2001 and 2005 in Northwestern Nigeria. Methods: Our study reviewed the pattern and incidence of CVD in North western Nigeria. Case notes of patients in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital and Usman Dan Fodio University Teaching Hospital were reviewed between 2001 and 2005. These two teaching hospitals provide tertiary health care services to six out of seven states that form north western Nigeria with a population of 29,720,322 Nigerians. Results: A total number of 4103 case notes of CVDs were reviewed out of which 2159(52.69%) were males while 1944(47.40%) were females. A steady rise in the incidence of CVD between 2001-2005 was observed. Hypertension (39.1%) was the most prevalent CVDs while congenital heart disease (1.1 %) had the lowest. Conclusion: It was concluded that hypertension was the most prevalent CVD while congenital heart disease was the lowest. A steady increase in the incidence of CVD was observed during the period under review.","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"40 1","pages":"55"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2009-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85122536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: The study aims at investigating, identifying and classifying the various causes of anaemia necessitating bone marrow aspiration cytology in our environment. Methodology: A retrospective review of all bone marrow aspiration cytology reports of patients referred to Haematology and Blood Transfusion department of the Jos University Teaching Hospital between January 1st 2005 and December 31st 2008 on account of anaemia was carried out. Results: The commonest cause of anaemia was acute leukaemia (n=45: 24.3%); followed by combined megaloblastic and iron deficiency anaemia (nutritional deficiency anaemia) (n=34: 18.4%); and bone marrow failure (Aplastic anaemia) (n=20: 10.8%). Bone marrow aspiration cytology alone failed to identify causes of anaemia in a few patients (n=6: 3.2%). Conclusion: The study provides a valuable insight into the causes of anaemia in our environment. In contrast to the general opinion that iron deficiency is the commonest cause of anaemia, acute leukaemia was found to be the commonest cause of anaemia in this environment followed by deficiency of nutritional factors and bone marrow failure. Lack of laboratory facilities has hindered further investigation of causes of anaemia in this environment. More emphasis should be placed on identifying and managing the specific cause of anaemia rather than the current broad based approach to management. Public enlightenment on the need for early presentation to hospital and thorough investigations is necessary as early diagnosis affects positively the overall outcome of haematological diseases. Niger Med J. Vol. 50, No. 3, July – Sept., 2009: 61 – 63. Key words: anaemia, bone marrow aspiration cytology, epidemiology.
{"title":"Epidemiology of Anaemia Necesitating Bone Marrow Aspiration Cytology in Jos","authors":"O. Egesie, D. Joseph, U. Egesie, O. Ewuga","doi":"10.4314/NMJ.V50I3.54437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NMJ.V50I3.54437","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The study aims at investigating, identifying and classifying the various causes of anaemia necessitating bone marrow aspiration cytology in our environment. Methodology: A retrospective review of all bone marrow aspiration cytology reports of patients referred to Haematology and Blood Transfusion department of the Jos University Teaching Hospital between January 1st 2005 and December 31st 2008 on account of anaemia was carried out. Results: The commonest cause of anaemia was acute leukaemia (n=45: 24.3%); followed by combined megaloblastic and iron deficiency anaemia (nutritional deficiency anaemia) (n=34: 18.4%); and bone marrow failure (Aplastic anaemia) (n=20: 10.8%). Bone marrow aspiration cytology alone failed to identify causes of anaemia in a few patients (n=6: 3.2%). Conclusion: The study provides a valuable insight into the causes of anaemia in our environment. In contrast to the general opinion that iron deficiency is the commonest cause of anaemia, acute leukaemia was found to be the commonest cause of anaemia in this environment followed by deficiency of nutritional factors and bone marrow failure. Lack of laboratory facilities has hindered further investigation of causes of anaemia in this environment. More emphasis should be placed on identifying and managing the specific cause of anaemia rather than the current broad based approach to management. Public enlightenment on the need for early presentation to hospital and thorough investigations is necessary as early diagnosis affects positively the overall outcome of haematological diseases. Niger Med J. Vol. 50, No. 3, July – Sept., 2009: 61 – 63. Key words: anaemia, bone marrow aspiration cytology, epidemiology.","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"61"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2009-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75433022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Blindness from diabetic retinopathy is a preventable complication of diabetes if the retinopathy is detected early. Among other approaches, strong awareness of retinopathy by diabetic patients could help in the early detection, management and prevention of this complication. This study sets out to determine the general awareness of diabetic retinopathy amongst diabetic patients attending the outpatient diabetes clinic of the Murtala Muhammad hospital, Kano. This is the central reference general hospital within the ancient and historic walls of the traditional city of Kano. The hospital has an eye unit but with a paucity of manpower and equipment. Most diabetic patients often on self-referral usually present to the eye clinic only when they experience a marked reduction in vision. In the case of diabetic retinopathy, this is unfortunately late for any meaningful intervention. Although primary diabetic caregivers are usually aware of the possibility of eye complications from diabetes, they tend to wait until patients make visual complaints before screening them or inviting eye care personnel to join in the management. Diabetic retinopathy screening protocols are in most cases either not available, or not strictly followed. Patient awareness of diabetic retinopathy and its associated risk factors should aid compliance with risk control measures, and help drive patient demand for retinopathy screening. Method: This is a cross sectional study conducted using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. All consenting adult patients seen at the diabetes clinic over a one-month period were recruited for the study. Results: A total of 185 patients were involved with a mean age of 55.4 years. The majority of the patients (78.4%) had no formal western education and were mainly traders, farmers or housewives. 84.3% of the patients were generally aware of diabetic retinopathy with their main source of information being hospital staff and fellow patients. 80.5% knew diabetic retinopathy could lead to blindness but only 15.7% have ever had retinopathy screening. There was little or no knowledge of retinopathy risk factors or the need for early detection through screening. Conclusion: Although there is general awareness of diabetic retinopathy amongst a majority of the patients, there is however little or no knowledge of its risk factors and prevention. There is therefore a need for increasing this awareness, and the provision of access to retinopathy screening services to the patients. Niger Med J. Vol. 50, No. 2, April – June, 2009: 38 – 41. Key words: Diabetic retinopathy, Awareness, Retinopathy screening, Nigeria
{"title":"Awareness of diabetic retinopathy amongst diabetic patients at the murtala mohammed hospital, Kano, Nigeria","authors":"I. Mohammed, A. Waziri","doi":"10.4314/NMJ.V50I2.53541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NMJ.V50I2.53541","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Blindness from diabetic retinopathy is a preventable complication of diabetes if the retinopathy is detected early. Among other approaches, strong awareness of retinopathy by diabetic patients could help in the early detection, management and prevention of this complication. This study sets out to determine the general awareness of diabetic retinopathy amongst diabetic patients attending the outpatient diabetes clinic of the Murtala Muhammad hospital, Kano. This is the central reference general hospital within the ancient and historic walls of the traditional city of Kano. The hospital has an eye unit but with a paucity of manpower and equipment. Most diabetic patients often on self-referral usually present to the eye clinic only when they experience a marked reduction in vision. In the case of diabetic retinopathy, this is unfortunately late for any meaningful intervention. Although primary diabetic caregivers are usually aware of the possibility of eye complications from diabetes, they tend to wait until patients make visual complaints before screening them or inviting eye care personnel to join in the management. Diabetic retinopathy screening protocols are in most cases either not available, or not strictly followed. Patient awareness of diabetic retinopathy and its associated risk factors should aid compliance with risk control measures, and help drive patient demand for retinopathy screening. Method: This is a cross sectional study conducted using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. All consenting adult patients seen at the diabetes clinic over a one-month period were recruited for the study. Results: A total of 185 patients were involved with a mean age of 55.4 years. The majority of the patients (78.4%) had no formal western education and were mainly traders, farmers or housewives. 84.3% of the patients were generally aware of diabetic retinopathy with their main source of information being hospital staff and fellow patients. 80.5% knew diabetic retinopathy could lead to blindness but only 15.7% have ever had retinopathy screening. There was little or no knowledge of retinopathy risk factors or the need for early detection through screening. Conclusion: Although there is general awareness of diabetic retinopathy amongst a majority of the patients, there is however little or no knowledge of its risk factors and prevention. There is therefore a need for increasing this awareness, and the provision of access to retinopathy screening services to the patients. Niger Med J. Vol. 50, No. 2, April – June, 2009: 38 – 41. Key words: Diabetic retinopathy, Awareness, Retinopathy screening, Nigeria","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"38"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88598298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Ajike, O. Omisakin, E. Adebayo, N. Chom, M. Samaila
Background:Ameloblastoma is a benign but locally aggressive odontogenic tumour. Worldwide, maxillary ameloblastoma is rare but its late detection renders adequate treatment difficult. Majority occur in the mandible with about 5-20% occurring in the maxillary bone. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze 21 cases of maxillary ameloblastoma seen and managed at the Oral and Maxillofacial Unit of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria and Alba Clinic and Medical Centre, Kaduna, Nigeria. Study Design:A retrospective study of cases of maxillary ameloblastoma from all cases of ameloblastoma seen from January 1993 to August 2008. Data with respect to patient's sex, age, tumour location, clinical presentation, radiologic features, biological and histopathologic type, surgical treatment and recurrences were analyzed. Results:Out of 350 cases of ameloblastoma seen within the period, 21(6%) Patients were with maxillary am eloblastoma. Of the 21 cases, there were 13 males and 8 females, a male female ratio of 1.6 to 1, with an age range of 17-55 years (mean = 38.14), peaking at the 4 th and 5 th decades of life (61.9%). Tumour duration was from 3 months to 14 years. There were 18 unilateral and 3 bilateral swellings. Clinically, maxillary ameloblastoma presented with grotesque swellings, with antral involvement in 19 cases, teeth mobility/exfoliation. Radiologically, there were 20 multilocular and 1 unilocular radiolucent lesions. The most common histopathologic type was follicular (11, 52.4%).there were 22 procedures done on 21 patients; 21 maxillectomies and 1 enucleation. Follow up period of 18 patients was between 3 months and 10 years from which 3(16.7%) recurrences were observed. Conclusion:Ameloblastum a is uncommon in the maxilla. While maxillary ameloblastoma is indistinguishable histologically from its mandibular counterpart, it is very lethal. An excellent result achieved in this study was due to the radical mode of treatment of the multilocular variety. Rehabilitation postoperatively remains a challenge. Periodic life-long follow-up is recommended.
{"title":"Maxillary ameloblastoma: An enigma for the surgeon","authors":"S. Ajike, O. Omisakin, E. Adebayo, N. Chom, M. Samaila","doi":"10.4314/NMJ.V50I2.53265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NMJ.V50I2.53265","url":null,"abstract":"Background:Ameloblastoma is a benign but locally aggressive odontogenic tumour. Worldwide, maxillary ameloblastoma is rare but its late detection renders adequate treatment difficult. Majority occur in the mandible with about 5-20% occurring in the maxillary bone. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze 21 cases of maxillary ameloblastoma seen and managed at the Oral and Maxillofacial Unit of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria and Alba Clinic and Medical Centre, Kaduna, Nigeria. Study Design:A retrospective study of cases of maxillary ameloblastoma from all cases of ameloblastoma seen from January 1993 to August 2008. Data with respect to patient's sex, age, tumour location, clinical presentation, radiologic features, biological and histopathologic type, surgical treatment and recurrences were analyzed. Results:Out of 350 cases of ameloblastoma seen within the period, 21(6%) Patients were with maxillary am eloblastoma. Of the 21 cases, there were 13 males and 8 females, a male female ratio of 1.6 to 1, with an age range of 17-55 years (mean = 38.14), peaking at the 4 th and 5 th decades of life (61.9%). Tumour duration was from 3 months to 14 years. There were 18 unilateral and 3 bilateral swellings. Clinically, maxillary ameloblastoma presented with grotesque swellings, with antral involvement in 19 cases, teeth mobility/exfoliation. Radiologically, there were 20 multilocular and 1 unilocular radiolucent lesions. The most common histopathologic type was follicular (11, 52.4%).there were 22 procedures done on 21 patients; 21 maxillectomies and 1 enucleation. Follow up period of 18 patients was between 3 months and 10 years from which 3(16.7%) recurrences were observed. Conclusion:Ameloblastum a is uncommon in the maxilla. While maxillary ameloblastoma is indistinguishable histologically from its mandibular counterpart, it is very lethal. An excellent result achieved in this study was due to the radical mode of treatment of the multilocular variety. Rehabilitation postoperatively remains a challenge. Periodic life-long follow-up is recommended.","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"167 1","pages":"47-51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72974605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Bukar, B. Audu, H. Sadauki, A. Elnafaty, A. Mairiga
Objective: To determine the prevalence of iron deficiency and megaloblastic anaemia at booking in the Specialist Hospital Gombe. Patients and methods: This was a cross sectional study of 461 women attending the antenatal clinic for their booking visit. The capillary technique was used for the estimation of the packed cell volume (PCV) while the morphologic type of anaemia was determined by the blood film appearance. The age, parity social class and gestational age at booking were obtained and analyzed. Results: Among the 461 women studied, 239 were anaemic thus making the prevalence of anaemia at booking to be 51.8%. Most, 67.4% were mildly anaemic, 30.5% were moderately anaemic while 2.1% were severely anaemic. Three hundred and sixteen, (68.5%) of the women booked in the second trimester while only 3.0% booked in the first trimester. The majority of the women, 293 (63.5%) were in lower social class. Of the 239 anaemic women, 155 (64.9%) had features of pure iron deficiency anaemia while only 1(0.4%) had features of pure megaloblastic anaemia. Eighty three (34.7%) had dimorphic blood picture while 238 (99.6%) in total had features of iron deficiency anaemia. Although not anaemic by PCV, the blood film of 26(5.6%) showed features of pure iron deficiency. Conclusion: The contribution of iron deficiency to anaemia in pregnancy is exceedingly high. This further supports the continued use of iron supplements for all pregnant women preferably at no cost in the short run and economic empowerment of the women folk in the long run. Key words: Iron deficiency, anaemia, pregnancy, booking, Gombe
{"title":"Prevalence of iron deficiency and megaloblastic anaemia at booking in a secondary health facility in north eastern Nigeria","authors":"M. Bukar, B. Audu, H. Sadauki, A. Elnafaty, A. Mairiga","doi":"10.4314/NMJ.V50I2.53263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NMJ.V50I2.53263","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To determine the prevalence of iron deficiency and megaloblastic anaemia at booking in the Specialist Hospital Gombe. Patients and methods: This was a cross sectional study of 461 women attending the antenatal clinic for their booking visit. The capillary technique was used for the estimation of the packed cell volume (PCV) while the morphologic type of anaemia was determined by the blood film appearance. The age, parity social class and gestational age at booking were obtained and analyzed. Results: Among the 461 women studied, 239 were anaemic thus making the prevalence of anaemia at booking to be 51.8%. Most, 67.4% were mildly anaemic, 30.5% were moderately anaemic while 2.1% were severely anaemic. Three hundred and sixteen, (68.5%) of the women booked in the second trimester while only 3.0% booked in the first trimester. The majority of the women, 293 (63.5%) were in lower social class. Of the 239 anaemic women, 155 (64.9%) had features of pure iron deficiency anaemia while only 1(0.4%) had features of pure megaloblastic anaemia. Eighty three (34.7%) had dimorphic blood picture while 238 (99.6%) in total had features of iron deficiency anaemia. Although not anaemic by PCV, the blood film of 26(5.6%) showed features of pure iron deficiency. Conclusion: The contribution of iron deficiency to anaemia in pregnancy is exceedingly high. This further supports the continued use of iron supplements for all pregnant women preferably at no cost in the short run and economic empowerment of the women folk in the long run. Key words: Iron deficiency, anaemia, pregnancy, booking, Gombe","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"43 1","pages":"33"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76522419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and Purpose: An initiative was undertaken by the Netherlands Leprosy Relief (NLR) to formulate guidelines for conducting a study to assess ‘quality of leprosy services for the patients’ perspective’. These new guidelines were used in the end evaluation of leprosy programmes of three States (Jigawa, Kaduna and Plateau) in Nigeria. Methodology: Qualitative methods of data collection (semistructured interview, focus group discussion (FGD) and priority cards) were used. A total of 24 patients were interviewed (Jigawa (6), Kaduna (6) and Plateau (12) and 7 FGDs were conducted; Jigawa (2), Kaduna (2) and Plateau (3). In addition, 17 community members were interviewed. Results: The results show that most patients were satisfied with the quality of leprosy services offered to them, but more in Jigawa and Kaduna, than in Plateau State. However the need to educate communities on symptoms of leprosy and the availability of MDT services in the health services came out as universal recommendations from all the studies. Poor knowledge regarding leprosy caused patients to continue to use a traditional healer, which is a major source of delay in reporting for treatment, with development of disability as a consequence. Key words : Iron deficiency, anaemia, pregnancy, booking, Gombe
{"title":"The quality of leprosy services from the patient's perspective - Result of client satisfaction studies in 3 NLR supported states in Nigeria","authors":"O. Aina, A. Namadi, A. Belel","doi":"10.4314/NMJ.V50I2.53264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NMJ.V50I2.53264","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Purpose: An initiative was undertaken by the Netherlands Leprosy Relief (NLR) to formulate guidelines for conducting a study to assess ‘quality of leprosy services for the patients’ perspective’. These new guidelines were used in the end evaluation of leprosy programmes of three States (Jigawa, Kaduna and Plateau) in Nigeria. Methodology: Qualitative methods of data collection (semistructured interview, focus group discussion (FGD) and priority cards) were used. A total of 24 patients were interviewed (Jigawa (6), Kaduna (6) and Plateau (12) and 7 FGDs were conducted; Jigawa (2), Kaduna (2) and Plateau (3). In addition, 17 community members were interviewed. Results: The results show that most patients were satisfied with the quality of leprosy services offered to them, but more in Jigawa and Kaduna, than in Plateau State. However the need to educate communities on symptoms of leprosy and the availability of MDT services in the health services came out as universal recommendations from all the studies. Poor knowledge regarding leprosy caused patients to continue to use a traditional healer, which is a major source of delay in reporting for treatment, with development of disability as a consequence. Key words : Iron deficiency, anaemia, pregnancy, booking, Gombe","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"25-28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81579392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Emechebe, I. Emodi, A. Ikefuna, G. Ilechukwu, W. Igwe, O. Ejiofor, CA Ilechukwu
Background:Hepatitis B virus infection is a pandemic and chronic infection may lead to chronic liver diseases which are often lethal. This review was done to assess the status of hepatitis B virus infection in Nigeria. Materials and Method:Source of information was mainly from published works in Nigeria and elsewhere. The information was extracted over period of 5 months from May to December 2007. Result: Since over 30years when pioneer works were done in Nigeria to the recent tunes the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection has remained very high. In Nigeria, the transmission of hepatitis B virus occurs mainly during childhood and all the risk factors (like blood transfusion, sexual promiscuity, lower socioecomic status etc) implicated elsewhere in the spread of the virus in the general population also play role in Nigeria. Conclusion: Reduction in the of hepatitis B virus infection could be achieved by public enlightenment campaign, mass immunization of the children and adults at risk while antiviral drugs and immunostimulatory therapy should be provided for those already infected.
{"title":"Hepatitis B Virus infection in Nigeria – a review","authors":"G. Emechebe, I. Emodi, A. Ikefuna, G. Ilechukwu, W. Igwe, O. Ejiofor, CA Ilechukwu","doi":"10.4314/NMJ.V50I1.53254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NMJ.V50I1.53254","url":null,"abstract":"Background:Hepatitis B virus infection is a pandemic and chronic infection may lead to chronic liver diseases which are often lethal. This review was done to assess the status of hepatitis B virus infection in Nigeria. Materials and Method:Source of information was mainly from published works in Nigeria and elsewhere. The information was extracted over period of 5 months from May to December 2007. Result: Since over 30years when pioneer works were done in Nigeria to the recent tunes the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection has remained very high. In Nigeria, the transmission of hepatitis B virus occurs mainly during childhood and all the risk factors (like blood transfusion, sexual promiscuity, lower socioecomic status etc) implicated elsewhere in the spread of the virus in the general population also play role in Nigeria. Conclusion: Reduction in the of hepatitis B virus infection could be achieved by public enlightenment campaign, mass immunization of the children and adults at risk while antiviral drugs and immunostimulatory therapy should be provided for those already infected.","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"156 1","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82910248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction:Chronic Open Angle Glaucoma is the second commonest cause of blindness in the world and a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Most people with glaucoma are usually unaware that they have the disease until significant loss of vision has occurred. We aim to determine the knowledge and attitude of glaucoma amongst patients aged 30 years and above. Method:Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to consecutive patients seen in Guinness Eye Hospital, Onitsha, 1st to 30 th November 2008. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) computer software. Result:Four hundred and fifty-five (86.7% of respondents) patients knew about glaucoma. The male/female ratio was 1:1.1. Relations and friends topped the list of sources of information for glaucoma. 180(39.5%) of the respondents had no idea regarding the possible causes of glaucoma. 31.8% of the patients knew that glaucoma ran in families. Fear of visual loss was the main cause of rejection of surgery as a treatment modality. Conclusion:The study showed that knowledge of glaucoma is still very low in this environment. Fear of visual loss and cost are the major reasons for non-acceptance of surgery as a mode of treatment. The eye care providers should evolve a culture of useful health education and couseling regarding glaucoma, an irreversibly blindness disease.
慢性开角型青光眼是世界上第二大致盲原因，也是导致不可逆失明的主要原因。大多数患有青光眼的人通常不知道他们患有这种疾病，直到发生明显的视力丧失。我们的目的是确定30岁及以上青光眼患者的知识和态度。方法:对2008年11月1日至30日在奥尼察健力士眼科医院就诊的患者进行半结构化问卷调查。采用SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Scientists)计算机软件进行数据分析。结果:455名患者(86.7%)对青光眼有所了解。男女比例为1:1.1。亲属和朋友是青光眼的主要信息来源。180人(39.5%)对青光眼的可能病因一无所知。31.8%的患者知道青光眼有家族遗传。对视力丧失的恐惧是拒绝手术治疗的主要原因。结论:研究表明，在这种环境下，青光眼的知识仍然很低。对视力丧失和费用的恐惧是不接受手术作为治疗方式的主要原因。眼科保健提供者应该发展一种关于青光眼的有益的健康教育和咨询文化，这是一种不可逆转的失明疾病。
{"title":"Knowledge and attitude of eye hospital patients towards chronic open angle glaucoma in Onitsha","authors":"L. Onyekwe, M. Okosa, Ai Apakarna","doi":"10.4314/NMJ.V50I1.53257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NMJ.V50I1.53257","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction:Chronic Open Angle Glaucoma is the second commonest cause of blindness in the world and a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Most people with glaucoma are usually unaware that they have the disease until significant loss of vision has occurred. We aim to determine the knowledge and attitude of glaucoma amongst patients aged 30 years and above. Method:Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to consecutive patients seen in Guinness Eye Hospital, Onitsha, 1st to 30 th November 2008. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) computer software. Result:Four hundred and fifty-five (86.7% of respondents) patients knew about glaucoma. The male/female ratio was 1:1.1. Relations and friends topped the list of sources of information for glaucoma. 180(39.5%) of the respondents had no idea regarding the possible causes of glaucoma. 31.8% of the patients knew that glaucoma ran in families. Fear of visual loss was the main cause of rejection of surgery as a treatment modality. Conclusion:The study showed that knowledge of glaucoma is still very low in this environment. Fear of visual loss and cost are the major reasons for non-acceptance of surgery as a mode of treatment. The eye care providers should evolve a culture of useful health education and couseling regarding glaucoma, an irreversibly blindness disease.","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"46 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79030391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research on the dynamics of cigarette smoking and cessation though scarce in Nigeria are needed for successful tobacco control. The study evaluated cigarette smoking and quitting among young adults inEnugu, Nigeria. This was a cross sectional questionnaire-based survey undertaken in March 2007. There were 714 study aged 18-35years selected using a 3-stage cluster sampling method. The current cigarette smoking prevalence among respondents was 150(21.0%) in all, 133(35.4%) inmales and 17(5.0%) in females while the proportion of daily cigarette smokers were 83(11.6%) in all, 75(19.9%) in males and 8(2.4%) in females. Predictors of current smoking included themale sex, being agedmore than 23 years and having a low perception of tobacco harm.Themajority of current smokers desired 94(63.5%) and attempted 90(60.0%) to quit smoking but many101 (67.3%) expressed the need for assistance. Among the past smokers, the popular reason for stopping smoking was health concerns 44 (59.4%). Nicotine patch was the only assisted cessation method used by one person (1.9%). Among lifetime smokers, the predictors of quitting were the female gender and a higher perception of tobacco harm. In the study environment, cigarette smoking is a problem especially among males older than 23 years but assisted tobacco cessation methods are scarce and should be provided for smokers. Raising awareness of tobacco harm will prevent cigarette smoking and enhance cessation. Keywords: Nigeria, tobacco, cigarette smoking, quitting factors, smoking cessation.
{"title":"Cigarette Smoking and Quitting among Young Adults In Enugu, Nigeria","authors":"M. Aghaji","doi":"10.4314/NMJ.V49I2.51959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NMJ.V49I2.51959","url":null,"abstract":"Research on the dynamics of cigarette smoking and cessation though scarce in Nigeria are needed for successful tobacco control. The study evaluated cigarette smoking and quitting among young adults inEnugu, Nigeria. This was a cross sectional questionnaire-based survey undertaken in March 2007. There were 714 study aged 18-35years selected using a 3-stage cluster sampling method. The current cigarette smoking prevalence among respondents was 150(21.0%) in all, 133(35.4%) inmales and 17(5.0%) in females while the proportion of daily cigarette smokers were 83(11.6%) in all, 75(19.9%) in males and 8(2.4%) in females. Predictors of current smoking included themale sex, being agedmore than 23 years and having a low perception of tobacco harm.Themajority of current smokers desired 94(63.5%) and attempted 90(60.0%) to quit smoking but many101 (67.3%) expressed the need for assistance. Among the past smokers, the popular reason for stopping smoking was health concerns 44 (59.4%). Nicotine patch was the only assisted cessation method used by one person (1.9%). Among lifetime smokers, the predictors of quitting were the female gender and a higher perception of tobacco harm. In the study environment, cigarette smoking is a problem especially among males older than 23 years but assisted tobacco cessation methods are scarce and should be provided for smokers. Raising awareness of tobacco harm will prevent cigarette smoking and enhance cessation. Keywords: Nigeria, tobacco, cigarette smoking, quitting factors, smoking cessation.","PeriodicalId":19720,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal","volume":"196 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72772177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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