Pub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.4018/IJBIDE.2018070101
H. Ragnarsdóttir
The article addresses some fundamental values in education and their implications in the Nordic countries, such as equity, democracy, social justice and inclusion, while its main aim is to introduce and discuss main findings from case studies in pre-, compulsory and upper secondary schools that are part of the Nordic research project; Learning Spaces for Inclusion and Social Justice: Success Stories from Immigrant Students and School Communities in Four Nordic Countries. The aims of the research were to 1) to understand and learn from the experiences of immigrant students and children who have succeeded academically and socially; and 2) explore and understand how social justice is implemented in equitable and successful diverse Nordic school contexts and other learning spaces. The research is grounded within theories of critical multicultural education and culturally responsive pedagogy. Findings reveal a variety of successful educational practices on all three school levels while some challenges also exist.
{"title":"Perspectives on Equity, Inclusion, and Social Justice in Education in Four Nordic Countries","authors":"H. Ragnarsdóttir","doi":"10.4018/IJBIDE.2018070101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJBIDE.2018070101","url":null,"abstract":"The article addresses some fundamental values in education and their implications in the Nordic countries, such as equity, democracy, social justice and inclusion, while its main aim is to introduce and discuss main findings from case studies in pre-, compulsory and upper secondary schools that are part of the Nordic research project; Learning Spaces for Inclusion and Social Justice: Success Stories from Immigrant Students and School Communities in Four Nordic Countries. The aims of the research were to 1) to understand and learn from the experiences of immigrant students and children who have succeeded academically and socially; and 2) explore and understand how social justice is implemented in equitable and successful diverse Nordic school contexts and other learning spaces. The research is grounded within theories of critical multicultural education and culturally responsive pedagogy. Findings reveal a variety of successful educational practices on all three school levels while some challenges also exist.","PeriodicalId":197210,"journal":{"name":"Immigration and Refugee Policy","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115923308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0629-4.CH009
J. Ayodele
Considering the implications of population movements for places of origin and destinations, migration has garnered significant interest in recent scholarship. To advance this objective, this chapter examines the influence of migration and crime on development in Lagos, Nigeria. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods to collect data from 310 respondents. Data were analysed. Results show that 84.4% of Hausa, Yoruba (76%), others (73.3%) and Igbo (57.8%), planned their migration to Lagos. Overall, 95.8% of the respondents acknowledged that they had no assurances of jobs before migrating to Lagos. As frustration develops, some migrants embrace crime and endanger development. The study concluded that if development is inclusive, migration will be naturally controlled as individuals will remain in their places of origin rather than constituting nuisance to development in Lagos. It therefore suggests that government should control crime so that the people can see the possible constructive interactions between migration and development.
{"title":"The Influence of Migration and Crime on Development in Lagos, Nigeria","authors":"J. Ayodele","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-0629-4.CH009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0629-4.CH009","url":null,"abstract":"Considering the implications of population movements for places of origin and destinations, migration has garnered significant interest in recent scholarship. To advance this objective, this chapter examines the influence of migration and crime on development in Lagos, Nigeria. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods to collect data from 310 respondents. Data were analysed. Results show that 84.4% of Hausa, Yoruba (76%), others (73.3%) and Igbo (57.8%), planned their migration to Lagos. Overall, 95.8% of the respondents acknowledged that they had no assurances of jobs before migrating to Lagos. As frustration develops, some migrants embrace crime and endanger development. The study concluded that if development is inclusive, migration will be naturally controlled as individuals will remain in their places of origin rather than constituting nuisance to development in Lagos. It therefore suggests that government should control crime so that the people can see the possible constructive interactions between migration and development.","PeriodicalId":197210,"journal":{"name":"Immigration and Refugee Policy","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125683535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8909-9.ch012
Şaduman Kapusuzoğlu, Mehmet Durnalı
The focus of this study will be on the truth lies in identifying one of the background of challenges on comprehensive and precise educational policies required to be developed and executed so that training and educational needs of immigrants in Turkey will be fulfilled very effectively. The background will be examined in terms of organizations playing active roles in immigrant management. The introduction provides an overview of; relation between integration of immigrants into a society and role of education, adaptation of education system for immigrant, immigrant education policy, and immigrant management. In the main part, Turkish national, supranational and international governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society organizations (CSOs) acting on behalf of meeting the needs of refugees and immigrants in Turkey will be determined and discussed in a systematic and holistic way. Their foundation, main mission, roles, practices, some of their projects will be explained as a sample case.
{"title":"The Background of Challenges on Developing Education Policy for Syrians in Turkey","authors":"Şaduman Kapusuzoğlu, Mehmet Durnalı","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8909-9.ch012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8909-9.ch012","url":null,"abstract":"The focus of this study will be on the truth lies in identifying one of the background of challenges on comprehensive and precise educational policies required to be developed and executed so that training and educational needs of immigrants in Turkey will be fulfilled very effectively. The background will be examined in terms of organizations playing active roles in immigrant management. The introduction provides an overview of; relation between integration of immigrants into a society and role of education, adaptation of education system for immigrant, immigrant education policy, and immigrant management. In the main part, Turkish national, supranational and international governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society organizations (CSOs) acting on behalf of meeting the needs of refugees and immigrants in Turkey will be determined and discussed in a systematic and holistic way. Their foundation, main mission, roles, practices, some of their projects will be explained as a sample case.","PeriodicalId":197210,"journal":{"name":"Immigration and Refugee Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126020293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8909-9.ch008
Immaculée Harushimana
This chapter describes a small reading intervention program, in the form of participatory action research, which was conceived for African-born, elementary level immigrant children upon a third grader's indication that she did not know the meaning of the word of. The twofold purpose of the intervention was to: (1) uncover the challenges of being from a non-reading culture and being taught by a teacher from a reading culture, and (2) propose ways these challenges could be minimized. The chapter describes in detail the noticing strategies—punctuation discovery, sentence recall, copying, word dictation, etc.—that were used to develop basic reading and writing skills of p-6 French-speaking, African immigrant children. The chapter concludes with a call on educational policy makers to sponsor reading immersion programs for newcomer students, with a recommendation that these courses be taught by qualified immigrant educators, to ensure that these students' school integration process assures success.
{"title":"“What Is the Meaning of Of?”","authors":"Immaculée Harushimana","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8909-9.ch008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8909-9.ch008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes a small reading intervention program, in the form of participatory action research, which was conceived for African-born, elementary level immigrant children upon a third grader's indication that she did not know the meaning of the word of. The twofold purpose of the intervention was to: (1) uncover the challenges of being from a non-reading culture and being taught by a teacher from a reading culture, and (2) propose ways these challenges could be minimized. The chapter describes in detail the noticing strategies—punctuation discovery, sentence recall, copying, word dictation, etc.—that were used to develop basic reading and writing skills of p-6 French-speaking, African immigrant children. The chapter concludes with a call on educational policy makers to sponsor reading immersion programs for newcomer students, with a recommendation that these courses be taught by qualified immigrant educators, to ensure that these students' school integration process assures success.","PeriodicalId":197210,"journal":{"name":"Immigration and Refugee Policy","volume":"361 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122798394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8909-9.ch017
Regina Casale, D. Mentor
This chapter focused on cultivating mobile activism mobile journalism with middle and high schoolers of a town in Long Island. The youth film production effort was in response to a hate crime. An immigrant was attacked and killed by a group of young males after a suspected spree of other attacks that same night. After the murderous incident, immigrant parent and students of the local schools feared for their lives. Working towards the goals, the organizers set out to teach students how to use mobile and computer technologies for filmmaking. Using themes of human rights, they also focused on responding to hate crimes and immigration issues. This chapter offers key discoveries and lessons. The short intensive program provided academic and workforce development skills as well as how to use computer technology for digitizing personal narratives. The program also offered informal academic purposes, along with observations, opportunities, and recommendations from the findings for other K-12 digital video filmmaking endeavors.
{"title":"Digital Narratives of Immigrant Youth","authors":"Regina Casale, D. Mentor","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8909-9.ch017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8909-9.ch017","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focused on cultivating mobile activism mobile journalism with middle and high schoolers of a town in Long Island. The youth film production effort was in response to a hate crime. An immigrant was attacked and killed by a group of young males after a suspected spree of other attacks that same night. After the murderous incident, immigrant parent and students of the local schools feared for their lives. Working towards the goals, the organizers set out to teach students how to use mobile and computer technologies for filmmaking. Using themes of human rights, they also focused on responding to hate crimes and immigration issues. This chapter offers key discoveries and lessons. The short intensive program provided academic and workforce development skills as well as how to use computer technology for digitizing personal narratives. The program also offered informal academic purposes, along with observations, opportunities, and recommendations from the findings for other K-12 digital video filmmaking endeavors.","PeriodicalId":197210,"journal":{"name":"Immigration and Refugee Policy","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128433366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-4177-6.CH008
K. Moreno
This paper outlines the emergence of a new marketplace in the United States, immigration detention, especially after September 11th. This phenomenon is not limited to the United States, but is also observable in other countries as the result of the globalized economy. This paper first explains how the private prison industry adapted from shaping harsh drug law sentencing during the War on Drugs to now sponsoring legislative bills that target immigrants, the new “cash crop” for the private prison industry. Because of the securitization of immigration governance, politics of fear are easily used to justify and build public support for a tough stance on immigration. The end result is that immigrant detention is a highly lucrative and record-breaking profitable enterprise for private prison corporations, with little accountability in its treatment of immigrants and with more and more power in sponsoring and shaping legislation beneficial to their bottom line. Implications now that Trump, who ran a very xenophobic presidential campaign especially hostile to Mexicans and Muslims, are discussed.
{"title":"Private Prisons and the Shift in Marketplace From the War on Drugs to the War on Terror","authors":"K. Moreno","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-4177-6.CH008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4177-6.CH008","url":null,"abstract":"This paper outlines the emergence of a new marketplace in the United States, immigration detention, especially after September 11th. This phenomenon is not limited to the United States, but is also observable in other countries as the result of the globalized economy. This paper first explains how the private prison industry adapted from shaping harsh drug law sentencing during the War on Drugs to now sponsoring legislative bills that target immigrants, the new “cash crop” for the private prison industry. Because of the securitization of immigration governance, politics of fear are easily used to justify and build public support for a tough stance on immigration. The end result is that immigrant detention is a highly lucrative and record-breaking profitable enterprise for private prison corporations, with little accountability in its treatment of immigrants and with more and more power in sponsoring and shaping legislation beneficial to their bottom line. Implications now that Trump, who ran a very xenophobic presidential campaign especially hostile to Mexicans and Muslims, are discussed.","PeriodicalId":197210,"journal":{"name":"Immigration and Refugee Policy","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123957085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-3710-6.CH003
N. Dessouky, Dalia Alzendi
The objective of this chapter is to provide a detailed analysis and evaluation of the women civil society organizations in San Diego city for community integration of women from MENA region. To reach the objective of this chapter, a detailed portrait of these organizations was introduced. Then, the authors evaluated a significant program provided to refugee and immigrant women from MENA region for community integration policies. The model proposed by Marceau et al. (1992) and Marceau (2012) is considered a useful tool to accomplish the objective of this chapter. The authors investigated the rationale of the program through the analysis of reason of existence, the targets, objectives, and nature of programs. Moreover, they examined the implementation phase of the program through the analysis of inputs, interventions and activities, outputs, effects, and impacts of the program. The results of this research enabled the authors to introduce convenient proposals for the decision makers to elaborate further efficient and effective community integration policies for women from MENA region living in San Diego city.
本章的目的是对圣迭戈市妇女民间社会组织进行详细的分析和评价，以促进中东和北非地区妇女的社区融入。为了达到本章的目的，介绍了这些组织的详细情况。然后，作者评估了为中东和北非地区的难民和移民妇女提供的社区融合政策的重要项目。Marceau et al.(1992)和Marceau(2012)提出的模型被认为是实现本章目标的有用工具。通过对项目存在的原因、目标、目的和性质的分析，探讨了项目的基本原理。此外，他们通过分析项目的投入、干预和活动、产出、效果和影响，审查了项目的实施阶段。本研究的结果使作者能够为决策者提供方便的建议，以便为生活在圣地亚哥市的中东和北非地区妇女制定更有效的社区融合政策。
{"title":"Evaluation of Civil Society Organizations' Programs in San Diego City for Community Integration Policies of Refugee and Immigrant Women From MENA Region","authors":"N. Dessouky, Dalia Alzendi","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-3710-6.CH003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3710-6.CH003","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this chapter is to provide a detailed analysis and evaluation of the women civil society organizations in San Diego city for community integration of women from MENA region. To reach the objective of this chapter, a detailed portrait of these organizations was introduced. Then, the authors evaluated a significant program provided to refugee and immigrant women from MENA region for community integration policies. The model proposed by Marceau et al. (1992) and Marceau (2012) is considered a useful tool to accomplish the objective of this chapter. The authors investigated the rationale of the program through the analysis of reason of existence, the targets, objectives, and nature of programs. Moreover, they examined the implementation phase of the program through the analysis of inputs, interventions and activities, outputs, effects, and impacts of the program. The results of this research enabled the authors to introduce convenient proposals for the decision makers to elaborate further efficient and effective community integration policies for women from MENA region living in San Diego city.","PeriodicalId":197210,"journal":{"name":"Immigration and Refugee Policy","volume":"49 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122746214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8909-9.ch019
J. M. M. van der Vliet-Bakker
In an era of accelerating environmental degradation, a growing number of people will be affected by its effects. Some of those people will be forced to migrate, both internally and cross-border. Under current international law, those people are not recognized as a specific category entitled to protection. Many protection gaps in international law can be identified for these ‘environmentally forced migrants'. Human rights law can fill some of those gaps by offering minimum standards of treatment, procedural protection or complementary protection. This chapter systematically assesses these possibilities.
{"title":"Environmentally Forced Migration and Human Rights","authors":"J. M. M. van der Vliet-Bakker","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8909-9.ch019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8909-9.ch019","url":null,"abstract":"In an era of accelerating environmental degradation, a growing number of people will be affected by its effects. Some of those people will be forced to migrate, both internally and cross-border. Under current international law, those people are not recognized as a specific category entitled to protection. Many protection gaps in international law can be identified for these ‘environmentally forced migrants'. Human rights law can fill some of those gaps by offering minimum standards of treatment, procedural protection or complementary protection. This chapter systematically assesses these possibilities.","PeriodicalId":197210,"journal":{"name":"Immigration and Refugee Policy","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115799215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8909-9.ch006
Z. Kovačević, Barbara Klimek, Iris Drower
While much has been achieved in this country to bring about equality for many groups, for refugees it has been a struggle. This chapter explores the state of refugee education in terms of definition and impact for children and families, including coordination constraints. It provides a program-model for working with refugee students and their families within a culturally responsive partnership at Washington Elementary School District, Arizona, USA. In addition, challenges are addressed leading to constant adapting, changing, and improving the program model over time based on the needs of the refugee students and their families.
{"title":"Refugee Children and Parental Involvement in School Education","authors":"Z. Kovačević, Barbara Klimek, Iris Drower","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8909-9.ch006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8909-9.ch006","url":null,"abstract":"While much has been achieved in this country to bring about equality for many groups, for refugees it has been a struggle. This chapter explores the state of refugee education in terms of definition and impact for children and families, including coordination constraints. It provides a program-model for working with refugee students and their families within a culturally responsive partnership at Washington Elementary School District, Arizona, USA. In addition, challenges are addressed leading to constant adapting, changing, and improving the program model over time based on the needs of the refugee students and their families.","PeriodicalId":197210,"journal":{"name":"Immigration and Refugee Policy","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125153883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-3322-1.CH004
Sabri Çelik
Migration is a phenomenon that affects individuals and societies multi-dimensionally. Migration, whether voluntary or forced is a troublesome process for immigrants, because everything in their lives changes. Migration affects both immigrants and local people who live in migration areas. In this study, economic and educational effects of migration are discussed. In fact, in many places and in many countries, governments help immigrants with basic vital needs and if immigrants try to continue their efforts to establish new order, many them do succeed. Several precautions have been taken for immigrant children in many places such as language courses, training and financial aid in many countries to improve on the educational performance of immigrants. If we look at the other side of the coin however, social inclusion, discrimination, stigmatization experiences of immigrants should also be searched, because the social dimension of migration is still an open sore in many places of the world.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Migration Phenomenon as an Economics Dimension","authors":"Sabri Çelik","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-3322-1.CH004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3322-1.CH004","url":null,"abstract":"Migration is a phenomenon that affects individuals and societies multi-dimensionally. Migration, whether voluntary or forced is a troublesome process for immigrants, because everything in their lives changes. Migration affects both immigrants and local people who live in migration areas. In this study, economic and educational effects of migration are discussed. In fact, in many places and in many countries, governments help immigrants with basic vital needs and if immigrants try to continue their efforts to establish new order, many them do succeed. Several precautions have been taken for immigrant children in many places such as language courses, training and financial aid in many countries to improve on the educational performance of immigrants. If we look at the other side of the coin however, social inclusion, discrimination, stigmatization experiences of immigrants should also be searched, because the social dimension of migration is still an open sore in many places of the world.","PeriodicalId":197210,"journal":{"name":"Immigration and Refugee Policy","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126983451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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