In this paper, we have presented a design and simulation of a graphene-coated surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based biosensor for targeting specific biological components. We have explicitly shown the detection of the hemoglobin level in blood samples and the glucose concentration level in urine samples by using the finite element method (FEM) based numerical simulation. In the blood component, the 0.001 refractive index increment causes a 6.1025 g/l hemoglobin (HB) level increment, which has been detected using this SPR based sensor with 200 deg/RIU angular sensitivity. Moreover, we have also detected the presence or absence of diabetes using the glucose concentration level in urine samples with this SPR sensor. Therefore, the novelty of this paper is detecting the blood hemoglobin level and glucose concentration levels in urine samples more accurately than the previously proposed whispering gallery mode (WGM) and photonic crystal nanocavity based optical sensors.
{"title":"Detection of Hemoglobin in Blood and UrineGlucose level samples using Graphene-coated SPR based Bio-sensor","authors":"Shahriar Mostufa, A. Paul, K. Chakrabarti","doi":"10.1364/OSAC.433633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OSAC.433633","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we have presented a design and simulation of a graphene-coated surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based biosensor for targeting specific biological components. We have explicitly shown the detection of the hemoglobin level in blood samples and the glucose concentration level in urine samples by using the finite element method (FEM) based numerical simulation. In the blood component, the 0.001 refractive index increment causes a 6.1025 g/l hemoglobin (HB) level increment, which has been detected using this SPR based sensor with 200 deg/RIU angular sensitivity. Moreover, we have also detected the presence or absence of diabetes using the glucose concentration level in urine samples with this SPR sensor. Therefore, the novelty of this paper is detecting the blood hemoglobin level and glucose concentration levels in urine samples more accurately than the previously proposed whispering gallery mode (WGM) and photonic crystal nanocavity based optical sensors.","PeriodicalId":19750,"journal":{"name":"OSA Continuum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43994358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spatiotemporal coupling is present when the electric fields of any pulsed beams fail to separate into a product of purely spatial and temporal factors, and it affects ultimately on the propagation of the light. Here we study the effect of spatiotemporal coupling on the Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT) effect for the first time, with the help of our recent developed method [Opt. Express28, 32077 (2020)10.1364/OE.405726], by assuming the Gaussian statistics of partially coherent spatiotemporal pulsed sources containing the intensity and correlation coupling effect between the spatial and temporal domain. The generalized results for the spatiotemporal coupling HBT effect are investigated and through a nontrivial two-dimensional case, we numerically illustrate the influence of the spatiotemporal coupling on the HBT effect. It observes that even a very tiny coupling effect will strongly change the HBT effect at longer distances. This work will be potentially useful for the study of the HBT effect (intensity-intensity correlations) with dynamic sources having spatiotemporal coupling in both optics and other branches of physics.
{"title":"Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect in the spatiotemporal domain II: the effect of spatiotemporal coupling","authors":"Adeel Abbas, Li-Gang Wang","doi":"10.1364/osac.434377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/osac.434377","url":null,"abstract":"Spatiotemporal coupling is present when the electric fields of any pulsed beams fail to separate into a product of purely spatial and temporal factors, and it affects ultimately on the propagation of the light. Here we study the effect of spatiotemporal coupling on the Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT) effect for the first time, with the help of our recent developed method [Opt. Express28, 32077 (2020)10.1364/OE.405726], by assuming the Gaussian statistics of partially coherent spatiotemporal pulsed sources containing the intensity and correlation coupling effect between the spatial and temporal domain. The generalized results for the spatiotemporal coupling HBT effect are investigated and through a nontrivial two-dimensional case, we numerically illustrate the influence of the spatiotemporal coupling on the HBT effect. It observes that even a very tiny coupling effect will strongly change the HBT effect at longer distances. This work will be potentially useful for the study of the HBT effect (intensity-intensity correlations) with dynamic sources having spatiotemporal coupling in both optics and other branches of physics.","PeriodicalId":19750,"journal":{"name":"OSA Continuum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43150649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Toby Mitchell, P. Castro-Marín, Jinghua Sun, D. Reid
We report a diode-pumped femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser in which a suspension of single-walled carbon nanotubes spin-coated onto a cavity mirror is the saturable absorber element. Laser performance is presented for single-diode pumping at 462 nm with 51-fs pulses being achieved with an output power of 27 mW. The laser exhibits stable operation with a relative intensity noise of 0.26% and a pulse repetition frequency of 79.24 MHz. Measurements reporting saturable and non-saturable losses each of ∼0.1% illustrate that this saturable absorber element is particularly appropriate for use in a low gain system such as a diode-pumped Ti:sapphire laser.
{"title":"Investigation of a diode-pumped Ti:sapphirelaser modelocked using carbon nanotubes","authors":"Toby Mitchell, P. Castro-Marín, Jinghua Sun, D. Reid","doi":"10.1364/osac.431170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/osac.431170","url":null,"abstract":"We report a diode-pumped femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser in which a suspension of single-walled carbon nanotubes spin-coated onto a cavity mirror is the saturable absorber element. Laser performance is presented for single-diode pumping at 462 nm with 51-fs pulses being achieved with an output power of 27 mW. The laser exhibits stable operation with a relative intensity noise of 0.26% and a pulse repetition frequency of 79.24 MHz. Measurements reporting saturable and non-saturable losses each of ∼0.1% illustrate that this saturable absorber element is particularly appropriate for use in a low gain system such as a diode-pumped Ti:sapphire laser.","PeriodicalId":19750,"journal":{"name":"OSA Continuum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45785917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two-dimensional Resonant Waveguide Crossed Gratings (RWCG) were fabricated on azobenzene molecular glass thin films and their resonance behavior was studied once placed in between orthogonally aligned polarizers. Normally-incident polychromatic light was transmitted and/or reflected from these RWCGs only in narrow positive peaks. In addition, the central wavelength and transmitted intensity of these positive peaks were actively modulated by an external light source. Furthermore, a dynamic volume birefringence behavior related to the photomechanical effect of the azobenzene chromophores was observed. A mechanism to explain the polarization conversion of the resonant light using RWCGs at normal incidence was also proposed.
{"title":"Dynamic resonant waveguide crossed gratings for wavelength-selective polarization conversion and optical modulation","authors":"M. Mazloumi, P. Rochon, Ribal Georges Sabat","doi":"10.1364/OSAC.427478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OSAC.427478","url":null,"abstract":"Two-dimensional Resonant Waveguide Crossed Gratings (RWCG) were fabricated on azobenzene molecular glass thin films and their resonance behavior was studied once placed in between orthogonally aligned polarizers. Normally-incident polychromatic light was transmitted and/or reflected from these RWCGs only in narrow positive peaks. In addition, the central wavelength and transmitted intensity of these positive peaks were actively modulated by an external light source. Furthermore, a dynamic volume birefringence behavior related to the photomechanical effect of the azobenzene chromophores was observed. A mechanism to explain the polarization conversion of the resonant light using RWCGs at normal incidence was also proposed.","PeriodicalId":19750,"journal":{"name":"OSA Continuum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45886271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Matsui, S. Taniguchi, Kosuke Yoshida, H. Murata
We present a subwavelength-thick reflection-less metamaterial absorber that shows frequency-selective narrow-band near-perfect absorption at 2.4 GHz. The absorber does not have a ground plane and is constructed with a square array of pairs of C-shaped split-ring resonators (SRRs) orthogonally arranged in such a way that induced electric and magnetic dipoles destructively interfere and no reradiation of electromagnetic (EM) waves is observed. The SRRs are made of nichrome with high ohmic loss so that EM energy dissipates as heat. We numerically determined the optimum geometrical parameters of SRRs, and absorption of 97% is achieved at 2.4 GHz. We also fabricated a device using nichrome wire and obtained a huge decrease in transmission at a resonance of –6 dB with no reflection over the entire frequency range of interest. Our basic concept can be extended to higher frequency ranges and may be utilized for next-generation wireless communications, the Internet of Things (IoT), and so forth.
{"title":"Reflection-less frequency-selective microwave metamaterial absorber","authors":"T. Matsui, S. Taniguchi, Kosuke Yoshida, H. Murata","doi":"10.1364/osac.432737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/osac.432737","url":null,"abstract":"We present a subwavelength-thick reflection-less metamaterial absorber that shows frequency-selective narrow-band near-perfect absorption at 2.4 GHz. The absorber does not have a ground plane and is constructed with a square array of pairs of C-shaped split-ring resonators (SRRs) orthogonally arranged in such a way that induced electric and magnetic dipoles destructively interfere and no reradiation of electromagnetic (EM) waves is observed. The SRRs are made of nichrome with high ohmic loss so that EM energy dissipates as heat. We numerically determined the optimum geometrical parameters of SRRs, and absorption of 97% is achieved at 2.4 GHz. We also fabricated a device using nichrome wire and obtained a huge decrease in transmission at a resonance of –6 dB with no reflection over the entire frequency range of interest. Our basic concept can be extended to higher frequency ranges and may be utilized for next-generation wireless communications, the Internet of Things (IoT), and so forth.","PeriodicalId":19750,"journal":{"name":"OSA Continuum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49407487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. J. van Lange, S. P. van Solinge, G. Buist, D. van Oosten
Dense atomic vapors have strong non-linear optical properties for near-resonant light. As a result, an initially Gaussian beam profile is strongly distorted due to propagation through such a dense vapor, leading to various distinct beam profiles. In our experiment, we track the detuning from resonance at which these beam profiles occur as a function of intensity. We establish a detuning curve as a function of intensity for each shape at two different cell temperatures. After proper scaling, the detuning curves all collapse onto one universal detuning curve, which suggests that the shapes are manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon.
{"title":"Beam shape modification due to the non-linear optical response in a dense rubidium vapor","authors":"A. J. van Lange, S. P. van Solinge, G. Buist, D. van Oosten","doi":"10.1364/osac.432780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/osac.432780","url":null,"abstract":"Dense atomic vapors have strong non-linear optical properties for near-resonant light. As a result, an initially Gaussian beam profile is strongly distorted due to propagation through such a dense vapor, leading to various distinct beam profiles. In our experiment, we track the detuning from resonance at which these beam profiles occur as a function of intensity. We establish a detuning curve as a function of intensity for each shape at two different cell temperatures. After proper scaling, the detuning curves all collapse onto one universal detuning curve, which suggests that the shapes are manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon.","PeriodicalId":19750,"journal":{"name":"OSA Continuum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48272541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A palm-sized single-path single-shot incoherent digital holography system is presented. Single-shot phase-shifting and self-interference incoherent holography with birefringent materials are adopted for incoherent 3-D imaging with a single exposure of a polarization-imaging camera.
{"title":"Palm-sized single-shot phase-shifting incoherent digital holography system","authors":"T. Tahara, R. Oi","doi":"10.1364/osac.431930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/osac.431930","url":null,"abstract":"A palm-sized single-path single-shot incoherent digital holography system is presented. Single-shot phase-shifting and self-interference incoherent holography with birefringent materials are adopted for incoherent 3-D imaging with a single exposure of a polarization-imaging camera.","PeriodicalId":19750,"journal":{"name":"OSA Continuum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47571650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scattering by atmospheric turbulence is one of the main challenges in creating long free-space optical links, and specifically links of entangled photons. Classical compensation methods are hard to apply to entangled photons, due to inherently low signal to noise ratios and the fragility of entanglement. We have recently shown that we can use a bright laser beam that pumps spontaneous parametric down conversion to control the spatial correlations between entangled photons for compensating their scattering. In this work, we apply the pump-shaping technique to compensate for the scrambling of correlations between entangled photons that scatter by emulated atmospheric turbulence. We use a spatial light modulator and Kolmogorov’s turbulence model to emulate atmospheric turbulence in the lab, and enhance the entangled photons’ signal by a factor of fifteen using pump optimization. We show this for both a static and dynamic emulated atmosphere, and also demonstrate the compensation of the scattering of a higher-order mode. Our results can open the door towards realizing free-space quantum links with entangled photons, used in applications such as quantum key distribution.
{"title":"Shaping entangled photons through emulated turbulent atmosphere","authors":"Ronen Shekel, Ohad Lib, Alon Sardas, Y. Bromberg","doi":"10.1364/OSAC.431200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OSAC.431200","url":null,"abstract":"Scattering by atmospheric turbulence is one of the main challenges in creating long free-space optical links, and specifically links of entangled photons. Classical compensation methods are hard to apply to entangled photons, due to inherently low signal to noise ratios and the fragility of entanglement. We have recently shown that we can use a bright laser beam that pumps spontaneous parametric down conversion to control the spatial correlations between entangled photons for compensating their scattering. In this work, we apply the pump-shaping technique to compensate for the scrambling of correlations between entangled photons that scatter by emulated atmospheric turbulence. We use a spatial light modulator and Kolmogorov’s turbulence model to emulate atmospheric turbulence in the lab, and enhance the entangled photons’ signal by a factor of fifteen using pump optimization. We show this for both a static and dynamic emulated atmosphere, and also demonstrate the compensation of the scattering of a higher-order mode. Our results can open the door towards realizing free-space quantum links with entangled photons, used in applications such as quantum key distribution.","PeriodicalId":19750,"journal":{"name":"OSA Continuum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47564626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Continuous tracking of moving objects in long-distance imaging through a turbulent medium using a 3D point cloud analysis: publisher’s note","authors":"O. Maor, Y. Yitzhaky","doi":"10.1364/OSAC.436259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OSAC.436259","url":null,"abstract":"This publisher’s note contains corrections to Eqs. (3) and (13) in [OSA Continuum3, 2372 (2020)10.1364/OSAC.393806].","PeriodicalId":19750,"journal":{"name":"OSA Continuum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43149423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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