Mburu Jn, J. Hoinkis, Njogu Pm, R. Kinyua, E Gukelberger, T Atiye
This study aimed to test and optimize the performance of commercial flat Polyethersulfone (PES) membranes submerged in an aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) for treatment of fish process wastewater. Wastewater samples were collected from Makindi fish farm (Nairobi, Kenya) processing unit and transferred to JKUAT-chemistry laboratory for analysis. Tests were conducted for Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), pH, conductivity; Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), phosphate, ammonium and nitrate before treatment to characterize the wastewater. The wastewater treatment process was conducted in a small lab scale MBR unit with a capacity of 97 L. All the operating conditions in the MBR system were optimized. The experiment was carried out in two phases. During the 1st phase, wastewater was directly fed into the MBR aeration tank. During the 2nd phase, a 90 L denitrification tank was introduced to facilitate the reduction of nitrates. The studied commercial submerged flat membrane PES modules showed relatively similar performance for Water Permeability (WP) in the range of 146.6 ± 9(L/m2*h*bar) and 119.8 ± 20(L/ m2*h*bar) for module 1 and 2 respectively, during pilot testing in an aerobic MBR. They were, however, susceptible to fouling that caused a decrease in WP thus affecting the system’s efficiency. However, the permeability could be restored by chemical cleaning. COD concentration for permeate was slightly above the maximum allowable concentration of < 100 mg/L as per the WHO guidelines for wastewater reuse for irrigation. However, over 90% COD removal rate was achieved for both modules (line 1 and 2). The level of NO3-N in permeate was within an acceptable range of 5 to 30 mg/L while P-PO4 3was lowered to an acceptable range of ≤ 5 mg/L as per the WHO guidelines for wastewater reuse for irrigation. The commercial flat PES membranes were found to be efficient for production of effluent that can be used for irrigation in agricultural fields. The membranes were, however, susceptible to fouling. Therefore in a follow-up study a novel low-fouling membrane will be studied.
{"title":"Pilot Trials on Testing and Optimization of Polyethersulfone Membranes for Treatment of Fish Processing Wastewater through Membrane Bioreactor Technology","authors":"Mburu Jn, J. Hoinkis, Njogu Pm, R. Kinyua, E Gukelberger, T Atiye","doi":"10.16966/2381-5299.158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2381-5299.158","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to test and optimize the performance of commercial flat Polyethersulfone (PES) membranes submerged in an aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) for treatment of fish process wastewater. Wastewater samples were collected from Makindi fish farm (Nairobi, Kenya) processing unit and transferred to JKUAT-chemistry laboratory for analysis. Tests were conducted for Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), pH, conductivity; Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), phosphate, ammonium and nitrate before treatment to characterize the wastewater. The wastewater treatment process was conducted in a small lab scale MBR unit with a capacity of 97 L. All the operating conditions in the MBR system were optimized. The experiment was carried out in two phases. During the 1st phase, wastewater was directly fed into the MBR aeration tank. During the 2nd phase, a 90 L denitrification tank was introduced to facilitate the reduction of nitrates. The studied commercial submerged flat membrane PES modules showed relatively similar performance for Water Permeability (WP) in the range of 146.6 ± 9(L/m2*h*bar) and 119.8 ± 20(L/ m2*h*bar) for module 1 and 2 respectively, during pilot testing in an aerobic MBR. They were, however, susceptible to fouling that caused a decrease in WP thus affecting the system’s efficiency. However, the permeability could be restored by chemical cleaning. COD concentration for permeate was slightly above the maximum allowable concentration of < 100 mg/L as per the WHO guidelines for wastewater reuse for irrigation. However, over 90% COD removal rate was achieved for both modules (line 1 and 2). The level of NO3-N in permeate was within an acceptable range of 5 to 30 mg/L while P-PO4 3was lowered to an acceptable range of ≤ 5 mg/L as per the WHO guidelines for wastewater reuse for irrigation. The commercial flat PES membranes were found to be efficient for production of effluent that can be used for irrigation in agricultural fields. The membranes were, however, susceptible to fouling. Therefore in a follow-up study a novel low-fouling membrane will be studied.","PeriodicalId":197918,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Water and Wastewater Treatment","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123292894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eutrophication can be accelerated by excess amounts of reactive Nitrogen (Nr) entering aquatic ecosystems. Historically, the circa 1960 Bolton Wastewater Treatment Plant, Warren County, New York (USA), discharged plant effluent for final polishing to natural sand infiltration beds, which entered the groundwater and then tributaries to Lake George. The absence of a denitrification unit process at the Bolton facility resulted in the construction of a woodchip bioreactor and a corresponding demonstration project to evaluate denitrification of plant effluent prior to sand bed discharge. This Denitrifying Bioreactor (DNBR) installation was the first real time, in-situ application of this “green technology” for a small wastewater treatment plant world-wide. The Bolton DNBR reduced nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in the tertiary effluent by 38% when compared with untreated tertiary effluent. Here we show that wastewater denitrification using this passive, environmentally compatible technology offers a low-cost, effective tool for small community wastewater treatment plants where excess Nr is problematic. Combined with diligent plant operator attention, this innovative treatment should move beyond concept into full scale field applications for other small community wastewater treatment plants globally, using lessons learned at the Bolton facility.
{"title":"First Demonstration of Nitrate Reduction Using Woodchip Bioreactor Technology at a Small Community Wastewater Treatment Plant","authors":"S. K., N. C., Sutherland J","doi":"10.16966/2381-5299.186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2381-5299.186","url":null,"abstract":"Eutrophication can be accelerated by excess amounts of reactive Nitrogen (Nr) entering aquatic ecosystems. Historically, the circa 1960 Bolton Wastewater Treatment Plant, Warren County, New York (USA), discharged plant effluent for final polishing to natural sand infiltration beds, which entered the groundwater and then tributaries to Lake George. The absence of a denitrification unit process at the Bolton facility resulted in the construction of a woodchip bioreactor and a corresponding demonstration project to evaluate denitrification of plant effluent prior to sand bed discharge. This Denitrifying Bioreactor (DNBR) installation was the first real time, in-situ application of this “green technology” for a small wastewater treatment plant world-wide. The Bolton DNBR reduced nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in the tertiary effluent by 38% when compared with untreated tertiary effluent. Here we show that wastewater denitrification using this passive, environmentally compatible technology offers a low-cost, effective tool for small community wastewater treatment plants where excess Nr is problematic. Combined with diligent plant operator attention, this innovative treatment should move beyond concept into full scale field applications for other small community wastewater treatment plants globally, using lessons learned at the Bolton facility.","PeriodicalId":197918,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Water and Wastewater Treatment","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127830219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the years, the spate of water pollution has assumed an alarming dimension globally because of rapid urbanization, aggressive economic development and geometric population growth. This has given rise to acute shortage of freshwater resources. The need for appropriate and efficient treatment technologies to achieve effluent quality that complies with acceptable standard has become imperative. Conventional wastewater treatment technologies are not only costly to build, but also have combined functional and maintenance problem. As a result, forward-looking innovative technologies which are cost effective such as Domestic Multi-Recycler (DMR) is desperately needed to restore poor water pollution that poses serious health threat to most people in developing countries and to improve the soundness of water and wastewater recycling system. Also enhance the quality of treated water discharged from the source to the municipal in a wastewater treatment method anaerobically without requiring electricity and the sludge generated is utilize as fertilizer. Since functional wastewater collection and treatment are of vital importance from the perspective of both environmental and public health. In this paper, the technology application is aimed at contributing immensely to attain goal 6 of sustainable development goals (SDGs). “Ensuring availability and sustainable management of clean water and sanitation for all.”
{"title":"Innovation for New Anaerobic Domestic Wastewater Treatment Recycling System in Developing Countries","authors":"Uzuh Fd, H. Toyoda, S. Matsubara","doi":"10.16966/2381-5299.159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2381-5299.159","url":null,"abstract":"Over the years, the spate of water pollution has assumed an alarming dimension globally because of rapid urbanization, aggressive economic development and geometric population growth. This has given rise to acute shortage of freshwater resources. The need for appropriate and efficient treatment technologies to achieve effluent quality that complies with acceptable standard has become imperative. Conventional wastewater treatment technologies are not only costly to build, but also have combined functional and maintenance problem. As a result, forward-looking innovative technologies which are cost effective such as Domestic Multi-Recycler (DMR) is desperately needed to restore poor water pollution that poses serious health threat to most people in developing countries and to improve the soundness of water and wastewater recycling system. Also enhance the quality of treated water discharged from the source to the municipal in a wastewater treatment method anaerobically without requiring electricity and the sludge generated is utilize as fertilizer. Since functional wastewater collection and treatment are of vital importance from the perspective of both environmental and public health. In this paper, the technology application is aimed at contributing immensely to attain goal 6 of sustainable development goals (SDGs). “Ensuring availability and sustainable management of clean water and sanitation for all.”","PeriodicalId":197918,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Water and Wastewater Treatment","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116838373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elabbas S, O. A., Lazrak A, Hannoun G, Mandi L, Leclerc Jp, Ouazzani N
This paper discusses the ability to remove chromium and COD from a real chrome tanning wastewater by use of Electrocoagulation (EC) coupled with adsorption using Powdered Marble (PM) added to a batch stirred EC cell with a pair of duralumin electrodes. The effects of current density, adsorbent dose and contact time were studied. In comparison to the conventional EC process, the coupling of electrocoagulation and adsorption using powdered marble showed that the addition of an appropriate powdered marble improved the removal of Cr(III) and COD using lower current densities and a short contact time. Nearly 99% of Cr(III) and COD were removed from tanning effluent with an initial chromium concentration of 3.21 g/L and COD of 3.75 g/L. the results obtained showed better performance using combined electrocoagulation and adsorbent of powdered marble compared to the simple EC.
{"title":"Treatment of Tannery Effluent Using Combined Electrocoagulation and Adsorbent of Powdered Marble","authors":"Elabbas S, O. A., Lazrak A, Hannoun G, Mandi L, Leclerc Jp, Ouazzani N","doi":"10.16966/2381-5299.187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2381-5299.187","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the ability to remove chromium and COD from a real chrome tanning wastewater by use of Electrocoagulation (EC) coupled with adsorption using Powdered Marble (PM) added to a batch stirred EC cell with a pair of duralumin electrodes. The effects of current density, adsorbent dose and contact time were studied. In comparison to the conventional EC process, the coupling of electrocoagulation and adsorption using powdered marble showed that the addition of an appropriate powdered marble improved the removal of Cr(III) and COD using lower current densities and a short contact time. Nearly 99% of Cr(III) and COD were removed from tanning effluent with an initial chromium concentration of 3.21 g/L and COD of 3.75 g/L. the results obtained showed better performance using combined electrocoagulation and adsorbent of powdered marble compared to the simple EC.","PeriodicalId":197918,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Water and Wastewater Treatment","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123185510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Effluents from aquaculture systems contain large volumes of chemical substances and microbial load such as polychlorinated biphenyls and antibiotics that are often used to control infection and pathogenic bacteria originating from feed or water. These substances, if discharged, create pollution in the aquatic environment. Mitigating this problem requires implementing appropriate treatment methods. This study investigated the efficiency of uptake of nutrients in the wastewater and reduction of microbial pollution by chitosan. This product is a linear polysaccharide composed of β-linked D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and can be extracted from the shells of shrimps, lobsters, crabs and other crustaceans that are discarded in bulk quantities by seafood restaurants. The performance of laboratory-produced chitosan (S1) which was prepared from shells of Pacific white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) was compared with that of the commercial grade chitosan (S2). While the latter was more effective in nitrogen and phosphorus removal and reduction of total faecal coliform, the two products were comparable in the uptake of minerals from the effluents from a tilapia culture system. The results showed that S1 and S2 adsorbed the nutrients from aquaculture effluents, especially ammonia (NH4 + ), nitrite (NO2 - ), nitrate (NO3 - ) and phosphate (PO4 3-). However, differences were evident in terms of the efficiency of their removal and duration of treatment required for the purpose. In this respect, S2 performed better. Moreover, the anti-bacterial activity of S2 was higher than that of S1, and this appeared to be linked to differences in surface features of the two products. The chitosan extracted from shrimp waste and processed locally provides a low-cost solution to the environmental problems caused by aquaculture effluents.
水产养殖系统的流出物含有大量化学物质和微生物负荷，如多氯联苯和抗生素，通常用于控制来自饲料或水中的感染和致病菌。这些物质一旦排放，就会对水生环境造成污染。缓解这一问题需要实施适当的治疗方法。研究了壳聚糖对废水中营养物质的吸收效率及对微生物污染的抑制作用。本品是一种由β-连接d -氨基葡萄糖和n -乙酰- d -氨基葡萄糖组成的线型多糖，可从海鲜餐厅大量丢弃的虾、龙虾、螃蟹等甲壳类动物的壳中提取。以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)壳为原料，对实验室生产的壳聚糖(S1)与商品级壳聚糖(S2)的性能进行了比较。虽然后者在去除氮和磷以及减少总粪便大肠菌群方面更有效，但这两种产品在罗非鱼养殖系统流出物中吸收矿物质方面是相当的。结果表明，S1和S2对水产养殖出水中的营养物质具有较强的吸附能力，其中氨(NH4 +)、亚硝酸盐(NO2 -)、硝酸盐(NO3 -)和磷酸盐(PO4 3-)的吸附能力最强。然而，就其去除的效率和为达到目的所需的治疗时间而言，差异是明显的。在这方面，S2表现更好。此外，S2的抑菌活性高于S1，这似乎与两种产物表面特征的差异有关。从虾废物中提取壳聚糖并在当地进行加工，为解决水产养殖废水造成的环境问题提供了一种低成本的解决方案。
{"title":"Evaluation of Nutrient Removal Efficiency with Chitosan: Nutrient Composition and Bacterial Removal in Effluents of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the Hatchery","authors":"Saufie S, Estim A, Shaleh Srm, M. S.","doi":"10.16966/2381-5299.179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2381-5299.179","url":null,"abstract":"Effluents from aquaculture systems contain large volumes of chemical substances and microbial load such as polychlorinated biphenyls and antibiotics that are often used to control infection and pathogenic bacteria originating from feed or water. These substances, if discharged, create pollution in the aquatic environment. Mitigating this problem requires implementing appropriate treatment methods. This study investigated the efficiency of uptake of nutrients in the wastewater and reduction of microbial pollution by chitosan. This product is a linear polysaccharide composed of β-linked D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and can be extracted from the shells of shrimps, lobsters, crabs and other crustaceans that are discarded in bulk quantities by seafood restaurants. The performance of laboratory-produced chitosan (S1) which was prepared from shells of Pacific white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) was compared with that of the commercial grade chitosan (S2). While the latter was more effective in nitrogen and phosphorus removal and reduction of total faecal coliform, the two products were comparable in the uptake of minerals from the effluents from a tilapia culture system. The results showed that S1 and S2 adsorbed the nutrients from aquaculture effluents, especially ammonia (NH4 + ), nitrite (NO2 - ), nitrate (NO3 - ) and phosphate (PO4 3-). However, differences were evident in terms of the efficiency of their removal and duration of treatment required for the purpose. In this respect, S2 performed better. Moreover, the anti-bacterial activity of S2 was higher than that of S1, and this appeared to be linked to differences in surface features of the two products. The chitosan extracted from shrimp waste and processed locally provides a low-cost solution to the environmental problems caused by aquaculture effluents.","PeriodicalId":197918,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Water and Wastewater Treatment","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115422524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A preliminary study of the selective electrodeposition of Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe), and Chromium (Cr) from industrial wastewater sludge using alternating current. There are no large-scale methods for recovering the metals contained in the sludge resulting from industrial wastewater treatment. This study expanded on a method for using Alternating Current (AC) and a Graphene-Oxide-Modified Carbon Felt Electrode (CF-GO) by using a larger volume than previously used in literature and optimizing AC settings for the selected metals. Cd concentration in solution was reduced by 5-10% over five hours using an AC setting of 4 MHz, 2 Vpp, and -5 VOffset. Fe had five AC settings that had regression line slopes less than -4 ppm/ hr, and Cr had one AC setting with regression line slope less than -4 ppm/hr. As the Cr AC setting of 1 Hz, 1 Vpp, and -8 VOffset also was efficient for the electrodeposition of Fe, the Fe would need to be removed from solution before Cr. Future work outlined includes further AC optimization, additional metals also found in industrial wastewater sludge, optimization of the order of metals electrodeposited, and testing the method on industrial wastewater sludge.
{"title":"Alternating Current for the Selective Electrodeposition of Cadmium, Iron, and Chromium Method Development for Simulated Industrial Wastewater Sludge","authors":"Higgs Jm, Bingham Br, Boyer R","doi":"10.16966/2381-5299.182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2381-5299.182","url":null,"abstract":"A preliminary study of the selective electrodeposition of Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe), and Chromium (Cr) from industrial wastewater sludge using alternating current. There are no large-scale methods for recovering the metals contained in the sludge resulting from industrial wastewater treatment. This study expanded on a method for using Alternating Current (AC) and a Graphene-Oxide-Modified Carbon Felt Electrode (CF-GO) by using a larger volume than previously used in literature and optimizing AC settings for the selected metals. Cd concentration in solution was reduced by 5-10% over five hours using an AC setting of 4 MHz, 2 Vpp, and -5 VOffset. Fe had five AC settings that had regression line slopes less than -4 ppm/ hr, and Cr had one AC setting with regression line slope less than -4 ppm/hr. As the Cr AC setting of 1 Hz, 1 Vpp, and -8 VOffset also was efficient for the electrodeposition of Fe, the Fe would need to be removed from solution before Cr. Future work outlined includes further AC optimization, additional metals also found in industrial wastewater sludge, optimization of the order of metals electrodeposited, and testing the method on industrial wastewater sludge.","PeriodicalId":197918,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Water and Wastewater Treatment","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129120994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reuse of treated wastewater in irrigation is a significant phenomenon in low-income countries because of polluted surface water sources. Water scarcity and population growth have led to find a lot of alternatives instead of fresh water. Approximately, seventy percent (70%) of world water are used for agricultural irrigation, so the reuse of Treated WasteWater (TWW) is an important for purposes such as agricultural and landscape irrigation. In this paper, the results obtained showed that using treated wastewater as irrigated water improved crop health compared with using fresh water as irrigated water. Irrigation with Secondary Treated Wastewater (STWW) has an impact on crop health. This paper showed the possibility of using STWW for irrigation of ornamental plants and it has a good effect on plant growth.
{"title":"Reuse Treated Wastewater in Irrigation-Review Specie of Palm Trees (Pritchardia Beccariana)","authors":"Harivandi Ma, Halawa Aea","doi":"10.16966/2381-5299.183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2381-5299.183","url":null,"abstract":"Reuse of treated wastewater in irrigation is a significant phenomenon in low-income countries because of polluted surface water sources. Water scarcity and population growth have led to find a lot of alternatives instead of fresh water. Approximately, seventy percent (70%) of world water are used for agricultural irrigation, so the reuse of Treated WasteWater (TWW) is an important for purposes such as agricultural and landscape irrigation. In this paper, the results obtained showed that using treated wastewater as irrigated water improved crop health compared with using fresh water as irrigated water. Irrigation with Secondary Treated Wastewater (STWW) has an impact on crop health. This paper showed the possibility of using STWW for irrigation of ornamental plants and it has a good effect on plant growth.","PeriodicalId":197918,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Water and Wastewater Treatment","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131866219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There was pollution of effluents from some of the industries inside Eastern industrial park. Consequently, the paper intended to assess the liquid waste management practices and the role of communal treatment plant. The researcher used mixed approach. Accordingly, the existing liquid waste management practices were not sufficient. The perception of employees of industries also revealed, there was no effective liquid waste communal treatment plant and the existing equipments and facilities was not sufficient. Based on multinomial logistic regression model, formulation and enforcement of legislation and training and motivation of personnel were the factors that determine the existence of effective liquid waste management practices. While financing and investment in equipment and facilities, training and motivation of personnel and public education and involvement are the factors that determine the existence of sufficient facilities and equipment for liquid waste management practices. Each company was recommended to have efficient primary treatment plant and sufficient facilities.
{"title":"Liquid Waste Management Practices and the Role of Communal Treatment Plant in the Eastern Industrial Park of Dukem town, Ethiopia","authors":"Ayele Bg, Assefa E","doi":"10.16966/2381-5299.184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2381-5299.184","url":null,"abstract":"There was pollution of effluents from some of the industries inside Eastern industrial park. Consequently, the paper intended to assess the liquid waste management practices and the role of communal treatment plant. The researcher used mixed approach. Accordingly, the existing liquid waste management practices were not sufficient. The perception of employees of industries also revealed, there was no effective liquid waste communal treatment plant and the existing equipments and facilities was not sufficient. Based on multinomial logistic regression model, formulation and enforcement of legislation and training and motivation of personnel were the factors that determine the existence of effective liquid waste management practices. While financing and investment in equipment and facilities, training and motivation of personnel and public education and involvement are the factors that determine the existence of sufficient facilities and equipment for liquid waste management practices. Each company was recommended to have efficient primary treatment plant and sufficient facilities.","PeriodicalId":197918,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Water and Wastewater Treatment","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133676130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In drinking water treatment plants, chemical reagents are employed to aggregate and remove suspended particles. However, not all reagents are eco-friendly and exists concerns over environmental, economic, and health issues. This study shows features of the sustainability of commercial coagulants/flocculants and presents experimental research on floc characterization and settling of dispersed solids with a combination of Ferric Chloride (FeCl3 ) and gelatinized starch. Bench studies were conducted using kaolin suspensions and results were validated with raw water collected from a river (Rio dos Sinos, Brazil). Flocculation indexes, floc structure, and residual turbidities were compared with Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC), as a reference. All techniques showed that the combination of FeCl3 and starch formed well-structured, larger, and more settleable flocs than those produced with PAC. Superficial loadings, in a continuous separation tank (2 to 4 m.h-1) were studied with and without lamellae. Best results were obtained with 15 mg.L-1 Fe3+ and 10 mg.L-1 starch, with a velocity gradient, G, of 60 s-1 in the slow mixing and with 60° inclined lamellae spaced 1.3 cm apart. Best conditions were applied to the clarification of the raw water and again, due to the rapid settling of flocs with FeCl3 and starch, better results were obtained compared to PAC. A turbidity reduction of 94% and a residual value of 2.5 NTU with superficial loadings of 3 m.h-1 were obtained. Results were discussed in terms of interfacial and operating parameters and a promising potential for the combination of FeCl3 with starch for solid/liquid separation was envisaged.
{"title":"On the Use of Iron Chloride and Starch for Clarification in Drinking Water Treatment","authors":"Gomes Cep, Oliveira Ha, Azevedo Ac, Rubio J","doi":"10.16966/2381-5299.178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2381-5299.178","url":null,"abstract":"In drinking water treatment plants, chemical reagents are employed to aggregate and remove suspended particles. However, not all reagents are eco-friendly and exists concerns over environmental, economic, and health issues. This study shows features of the sustainability of commercial coagulants/flocculants and presents experimental research on floc characterization and settling of dispersed solids with a combination of Ferric Chloride (FeCl3 ) and gelatinized starch. Bench studies were conducted using kaolin suspensions and results were validated with raw water collected from a river (Rio dos Sinos, Brazil). Flocculation indexes, floc structure, and residual turbidities were compared with Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC), as a reference. All techniques showed that the combination of FeCl3 and starch formed well-structured, larger, and more settleable flocs than those produced with PAC. Superficial loadings, in a continuous separation tank (2 to 4 m.h-1) were studied with and without lamellae. Best results were obtained with 15 mg.L-1 Fe3+ and 10 mg.L-1 starch, with a velocity gradient, G, of 60 s-1 in the slow mixing and with 60° inclined lamellae spaced 1.3 cm apart. Best conditions were applied to the clarification of the raw water and again, due to the rapid settling of flocs with FeCl3 and starch, better results were obtained compared to PAC. A turbidity reduction of 94% and a residual value of 2.5 NTU with superficial loadings of 3 m.h-1 were obtained. Results were discussed in terms of interfacial and operating parameters and a promising potential for the combination of FeCl3 with starch for solid/liquid separation was envisaged.","PeriodicalId":197918,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Water and Wastewater Treatment","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127441002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The widely available and easily accessible natural resources are very important to remove organic dyes from wastewater. Here in this work, Methyele Blue (MB) removal efficiency of Jemma Silica Sand (JSS) and Sugar Cane Bagasse ash (SCBA) from aqueous solutions was investigated. The XRD patterns revealed that both JSS and SCBA are crystalline, but the crystalline size of JSS is 56.27 nm and that of SCBA is 70.90 nm. In addition to the percentage of silicon dioxide in JSS was 98% and in that of SCBA was 71.5% as confirmed by XRF results. The morphology and elemental composition of the two materials were revealed by SEM and EDX. The MB removal efficiency of SCBA (~99.14%) is greater than that of JSS (~93.75) because of its higher porosities nature. The adsorption of MB by SCBA follows the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model indicating chemisorption. Therefore, SCBA is promising absorbent for removing MB from wastewater because of its efficient, cost-effectiveness, and environmentally friendly nature.
{"title":"Comparative Study on Removal Efficiency of Methylene Blue from Wastewater by using Nano-Scaled Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Jema Silica Sand","authors":"Asefa Mt, Lelisa W, Feyisa Gb","doi":"10.16966/2381-5299.181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2381-5299.181","url":null,"abstract":"The widely available and easily accessible natural resources are very important to remove organic dyes from wastewater. Here in this work, Methyele Blue (MB) removal efficiency of Jemma Silica Sand (JSS) and Sugar Cane Bagasse ash (SCBA) from aqueous solutions was investigated. The XRD patterns revealed that both JSS and SCBA are crystalline, but the crystalline size of JSS is 56.27 nm and that of SCBA is 70.90 nm. In addition to the percentage of silicon dioxide in JSS was 98% and in that of SCBA was 71.5% as confirmed by XRF results. The morphology and elemental composition of the two materials were revealed by SEM and EDX. The MB removal efficiency of SCBA (~99.14%) is greater than that of JSS (~93.75) because of its higher porosities nature. The adsorption of MB by SCBA follows the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model indicating chemisorption. Therefore, SCBA is promising absorbent for removing MB from wastewater because of its efficient, cost-effectiveness, and environmentally friendly nature.","PeriodicalId":197918,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Water and Wastewater Treatment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128797434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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