Arabica coffee is cultivated by smallholders for commercial purposes, and it is commonly processed using wet Coffee Processing Technology. Burundi has more than 250 Coffee Processing factories which discharge their effluents to water bodies. The goal of this study was to determine the levels of physicochemical parameters in wastewater from Coffee Processing Technology factories in major coffee growing ecological zones in Burundi. Wastewater samples were collected from 19 sites representing private, public and cooperative owned coffee processing stations. Physicochemical analyses were determined in-situ field and laboratory conditions using standard procedures. Results indicate that the wastewater does not meet Burundi Effluent Discharge standards for Total Suspended solids, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, pH. The data revealed that the wet coffee processing pollutes the environment in terms of pH, Total Suspended solids, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biochemical Oxygen Demand. There is need to install quality polishing technologies to treat the water before disposal.
{"title":"Effluent Quality of Wet Process Coffee Processing Factories in Coffee Growing Ecological Zones in Burundi","authors":"Bisekwa E, Njogu Pm, Kufa-Obso T","doi":"10.16966/2381-5299.176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2381-5299.176","url":null,"abstract":"Arabica coffee is cultivated by smallholders for commercial purposes, and it is commonly processed using wet Coffee Processing Technology. Burundi has more than 250 Coffee Processing factories which discharge their effluents to water bodies. The goal of this study was to determine the levels of physicochemical parameters in wastewater from Coffee Processing Technology factories in major coffee growing ecological zones in Burundi. Wastewater samples were collected from 19 sites representing private, public and cooperative owned coffee processing stations. Physicochemical analyses were determined in-situ field and laboratory conditions using standard procedures. Results indicate that the wastewater does not meet Burundi Effluent Discharge standards for Total Suspended solids, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, pH. The data revealed that the wet coffee processing pollutes the environment in terms of pH, Total Suspended solids, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biochemical Oxygen Demand. There is need to install quality polishing technologies to treat the water before disposal.","PeriodicalId":197918,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Water and Wastewater Treatment","volume":"358 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115168116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this research is to find and show the effectiveness of Strychnos potatorum seeds as a natural coagulant for purifying and producing potable water in flood prone rural areas of Bangladesh. Strychnos potatorum, locally called ‘Nirmali’ or ‘Nirmala’, is a natural coagulant which was used in the Indian Subcontinent during the stone ages but has slowly become forgotten. This research was carried out to reintroduce this ancient coagulant and find its effectiveness during floods, particularly in Bangladesh. As a riverine country prone to flooding and devoid of quality water purification systems, coagulants like alum and ferric sulfates are often used although these synthetic chemicals have been found producing DBPs in water which are associated with certain health hazards. And so, replacing these synthetic chemicals with a natural coagulant such as Strychnos potatorum seeds in flood prone rural areas will be a beneficial and cheap water purification system for the populace. To prove the effectiveness, various tests (pH, HCO3 , Cl, Na, K, Na2 CO3 , NTU, TCU, Total Hardness (CaCO3 ), BOD, COD, CFU) were carried out across flood prone areas around Dhaleshwari River (Nagarpur, Tangail) to find out whether Strychnos potatorum seeds will be able to replace the commonly used chemical coagulants and provide drinkable water to the flood affected people or not. Experiments were carried out to find the optimal dosage, flocculation and settling time and reusability of the Strychnos potatorum seeds. The reason behind selecting this region for research purpose is that the soil and tree characteristics of this area is perfect for planting and growing Strychnos potatorum trees and they can be easily distributed among the populace when disaster hits. The test results proved that the parameters comply with the WHO Drinking Water Standards. So, our test results have shown that the Strychnos potatorum seeds are highly effective when it is used to treat water in these flood prone areas. And our initial estimation is Strychnos potatorum will provide a remarkably successful and high yield in these targeted areas. According to our calculations and research it will cost only 0.18 dollars or 18 cents versus 0.25 dollars for most conventional method (Potash Alum) for per liter of water treatment. As the project will require planting Strychnos potatorum trees, the project will improve the environment and distributing them to flood affected populace will increase the peoples’ awareness regarding tree plantation and drinking safe water. Also, this project will act as a replacement to the synthetic chemical coagulants used in the flood affected rural areas of Bangladesh and replacing those synthetic chemical coagulants with biodegradable Strychnos potatorum will be good for the environment as a whole there will be less chemical waste. This project will strengthen the water security of Bangladesh as well as play an important role in stopping the climate change and its adver
{"title":"Using Strychnos potatorum Seeds as a Natural Coagulant in Flood Affected Areas of Bangladesh","authors":"Sharafi R, Anam N, K. T, Tazwar St","doi":"10.16966/2381-5299.188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2381-5299.188","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this research is to find and show the effectiveness of Strychnos potatorum seeds as a natural coagulant for purifying and producing potable water in flood prone rural areas of Bangladesh. Strychnos potatorum, locally called ‘Nirmali’ or ‘Nirmala’, is a natural coagulant which was used in the Indian Subcontinent during the stone ages but has slowly become forgotten. This research was carried out to reintroduce this ancient coagulant and find its effectiveness during floods, particularly in Bangladesh. As a riverine country prone to flooding and devoid of quality water purification systems, coagulants like alum and ferric sulfates are often used although these synthetic chemicals have been found producing DBPs in water which are associated with certain health hazards. And so, replacing these synthetic chemicals with a natural coagulant such as Strychnos potatorum seeds in flood prone rural areas will be a beneficial and cheap water purification system for the populace. To prove the effectiveness, various tests (pH, HCO3 , Cl, Na, K, Na2 CO3 , NTU, TCU, Total Hardness (CaCO3 ), BOD, COD, CFU) were carried out across flood prone areas around Dhaleshwari River (Nagarpur, Tangail) to find out whether Strychnos potatorum seeds will be able to replace the commonly used chemical coagulants and provide drinkable water to the flood affected people or not. Experiments were carried out to find the optimal dosage, flocculation and settling time and reusability of the Strychnos potatorum seeds. The reason behind selecting this region for research purpose is that the soil and tree characteristics of this area is perfect for planting and growing Strychnos potatorum trees and they can be easily distributed among the populace when disaster hits. The test results proved that the parameters comply with the WHO Drinking Water Standards. So, our test results have shown that the Strychnos potatorum seeds are highly effective when it is used to treat water in these flood prone areas. And our initial estimation is Strychnos potatorum will provide a remarkably successful and high yield in these targeted areas. According to our calculations and research it will cost only 0.18 dollars or 18 cents versus 0.25 dollars for most conventional method (Potash Alum) for per liter of water treatment. As the project will require planting Strychnos potatorum trees, the project will improve the environment and distributing them to flood affected populace will increase the peoples’ awareness regarding tree plantation and drinking safe water. Also, this project will act as a replacement to the synthetic chemical coagulants used in the flood affected rural areas of Bangladesh and replacing those synthetic chemical coagulants with biodegradable Strychnos potatorum will be good for the environment as a whole there will be less chemical waste. This project will strengthen the water security of Bangladesh as well as play an important role in stopping the climate change and its adver","PeriodicalId":197918,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Water and Wastewater Treatment","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127773065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effects of low to medium temperature (44-121°C) Thermal Hydrolysis (THP) treatment of Primary (PS) and Secondary (WAS) municipal Wastewater Sludge on formation of carbohydrates, proteins, Melanoidins and methane generation potential were evaluated. Results show that between 1.5 and 12% of Volatile Solids (VS) was hydrolyzed into Filtered Dissolved Solids (FDS), with 55-100% represented as carbohydrates and proteins depending on sludge type and THP temperature. Proteins are produced at 160 to 350% of the values for carbohydrates in terms of g gVS-1, and WAS values are 4 to 5 times as large as PS values. Much more Low Molecular Weight (LMW) proteins are formed than High MW (HMW) proteins at all temperatures for both PS and WAS. The same is true for carbohydrates from PS, but the quantities of LWM and HWM produced are similar for WAS. Low-medium temperature THP increased BMP of WAS from 145 ml CH4 gVS-1 in untreated WAS to up to 230 ml CH4 gVS-1 (44 to 57% increase depending on temperature), and only nominally increased BMP of PS (by 0 to 7.5%). THP caused the formation of much more Melanoidins in WAS than PS and showed little dependence on temperature in the range evaluated herein. There was a nearly 20-fold increase in supernatant color for both PS and WAS that was well correlated with increases in THP temperature. Overall, the effects of low-medium temperature THP are significant for WAS and limited for PS.
研究了低至中温(44-121℃)热水解(THP)处理对初级(PS)和次级(WAS)城市污水污泥中碳水化合物、蛋白质、类黑素和甲烷生成潜力的影响。结果表明，1.5 - 12%的挥发性固体(VS)被水解成过滤溶解固体(FDS)，其中55-100%为碳水化合物和蛋白质，具体取决于污泥类型和THP温度。以g - gVS-1计算，蛋白质的产量是碳水化合物的160 - 350%，WAS值是PS值的4 - 5倍。在所有温度下，PS和WAS的低分子量(LMW)蛋白都比高分子量(HMW)蛋白多。来自PS的碳水化合物也是如此，但WAS产生的LWM和HWM的数量相似。中低温THP使未经处理的WAS的BMP从145 ml CH4 gVS-1增加到230 ml CH4 gVS-1(根据温度增加44%至57%)，而仅在名义上增加了PS的BMP(0至7.5%)。THP在WAS中比PS中产生更多的类黑素，并且在本文评估的范围内对温度的依赖性很小。PS和was的上清液颜色都增加了近20倍，这与THP温度的增加密切相关。总体而言，中低温THP对WAS的影响显著，对PS的影响有限。
{"title":"Formation of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Melanoidins during LowTemperature Thermal Hydrolysis of Primary and Secondary Sewage Sludge","authors":"Hu B, Babcock Jr R, Wong Tp","doi":"10.16966/2381-5299.170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2381-5299.170","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of low to medium temperature (44-121°C) Thermal Hydrolysis (THP) treatment of Primary (PS) and Secondary (WAS) municipal Wastewater Sludge on formation of carbohydrates, proteins, Melanoidins and methane generation potential were evaluated. Results show that between 1.5 and 12% of Volatile Solids (VS) was hydrolyzed into Filtered Dissolved Solids (FDS), with 55-100% represented as carbohydrates and proteins depending on sludge type and THP temperature. Proteins are produced at 160 to 350% of the values for carbohydrates in terms of g gVS-1, and WAS values are 4 to 5 times as large as PS values. Much more Low Molecular Weight (LMW) proteins are formed than High MW (HMW) proteins at all temperatures for both PS and WAS. The same is true for carbohydrates from PS, but the quantities of LWM and HWM produced are similar for WAS. Low-medium temperature THP increased BMP of WAS from 145 ml CH4 gVS-1 in untreated WAS to up to 230 ml CH4 gVS-1 (44 to 57% increase depending on temperature), and only nominally increased BMP of PS (by 0 to 7.5%). THP caused the formation of much more Melanoidins in WAS than PS and showed little dependence on temperature in the range evaluated herein. There was a nearly 20-fold increase in supernatant color for both PS and WAS that was well correlated with increases in THP temperature. Overall, the effects of low-medium temperature THP are significant for WAS and limited for PS.","PeriodicalId":197918,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Water and Wastewater Treatment","volume":"955 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127027666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the potential of two local reed species (Arundo donax and Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) from Uíge province, Angola, to purify wastewater from the Kimpa Vita University Campus, under a vertical flow regime, and in a tropical climate. The assessment performance of these macrophytes is based on an experimental system with three plastic basins, with a capacity of 84 L each, containing a 0.25 m-thick layer of gravel and topped with a layer of sand of 0.1 m. The first basin is planted with Arundo donax, the second with Pennisetum p. Schumach, and the last is without vegetation cover. The obtained results show that the effluent treated by the planted filters has a better mineralization, with a satisfactory Chemical Demand for Oxygen (COD), unlike the unplanted filter. Indeed, the action of the roots and rhizomes allows a significant elimination of nutrients, although the average abatement in Biochemical Demand for Oxygen for five days (BOD5 ) of the whole system is low. In addition, the microbiological elimination of faecal coliforms is good on average and the effluents purified by these filters are clear and odorless. The planted filter of Arundo donax allows better elimination of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and enterococci compared to that of Pennisetum p. Schumach.
{"title":"Residual Wastewater Treatment by an Aquatic Plant System in Tropical Area: Assessment of Arundo Donax and Pennisetum Purpureum Schumach","authors":"Fidele Mk, Audra P","doi":"10.16966/2381-5299.177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2381-5299.177","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the potential of two local reed species (Arundo donax and Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) from Uíge province, Angola, to purify wastewater from the Kimpa Vita University Campus, under a vertical flow regime, and in a tropical climate. The assessment performance of these macrophytes is based on an experimental system with three plastic basins, with a capacity of 84 L each, containing a 0.25 m-thick layer of gravel and topped with a layer of sand of 0.1 m. The first basin is planted with Arundo donax, the second with Pennisetum p. Schumach, and the last is without vegetation cover. The obtained results show that the effluent treated by the planted filters has a better mineralization, with a satisfactory Chemical Demand for Oxygen (COD), unlike the unplanted filter. Indeed, the action of the roots and rhizomes allows a significant elimination of nutrients, although the average abatement in Biochemical Demand for Oxygen for five days (BOD5 ) of the whole system is low. In addition, the microbiological elimination of faecal coliforms is good on average and the effluents purified by these filters are clear and odorless. The planted filter of Arundo donax allows better elimination of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and enterococci compared to that of Pennisetum p. Schumach.","PeriodicalId":197918,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Water and Wastewater Treatment","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132651858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study undertook the generation of electricity from abattoir waste with the aim of eliminating the polluting effects of this waste. To achieve the aim of the study, three abattoirs were randomly selected within Ile-Ife in Osun State, southwest Nigeria. Using interactive and investigative methods, the average number of cows and goats that were slaughtered daily, weekly and monthly was established; and the amount of waste generated was subsequently estimated. Water samples were collected from water sources for the abattoirs. Wastewater samples were also collected at different carefully selected stages of the abattoir processes. The wastewater samples were exposed to air for 6 hours to 48 hours. The water and wastewater samples were then subjected to physico-chemical analysis, using standard procedures. Using standard method and appropriate materials, salt bridge was prepared and Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) were assembled. Subsequently, electrical set up was done, abattoir wastewater introduced into the chamber and electricity generated and evaluated. Voltage, voltage drop, power and current readings were observed and recorded for a period of six (6) days (between 131-144 hours). Surveys revealed that an average of two (2) cows was slaughtered daily in each abattoir. Results showed that the quantity of waste generated from each abattoir per day stands at 100-120 kg per day. For fresh water samples, the pH fell within WHO standard (6.98 to 7.05); while the average pH value for the wastewaters showed that it is basic. Also, for fresh water samples, TS, TSS and BOD values met WHO standard (340 to 440 mg/l), 200 to 220 mg/l and 240 to 600 mg/l) respectively, while the values were excessively high for wastewaters. Generally, the voltage generated from waste with longest exposure to air had the least values. The study concluded that electricity generation is possible from abattoir waste using microbial fuel cells.
{"title":"Generation of Electricity from Abattoir Waste Using Microbial Fuel Cell","authors":"J. Jo, Oladepo Kt, Oyegoke So","doi":"10.16966/2381-5299.189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2381-5299.189","url":null,"abstract":"This study undertook the generation of electricity from abattoir waste with the aim of eliminating the polluting effects of this waste. To achieve the aim of the study, three abattoirs were randomly selected within Ile-Ife in Osun State, southwest Nigeria. Using interactive and investigative methods, the average number of cows and goats that were slaughtered daily, weekly and monthly was established; and the amount of waste generated was subsequently estimated. Water samples were collected from water sources for the abattoirs. Wastewater samples were also collected at different carefully selected stages of the abattoir processes. The wastewater samples were exposed to air for 6 hours to 48 hours. The water and wastewater samples were then subjected to physico-chemical analysis, using standard procedures. Using standard method and appropriate materials, salt bridge was prepared and Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) were assembled. Subsequently, electrical set up was done, abattoir wastewater introduced into the chamber and electricity generated and evaluated. Voltage, voltage drop, power and current readings were observed and recorded for a period of six (6) days (between 131-144 hours). Surveys revealed that an average of two (2) cows was slaughtered daily in each abattoir. Results showed that the quantity of waste generated from each abattoir per day stands at 100-120 kg per day. For fresh water samples, the pH fell within WHO standard (6.98 to 7.05); while the average pH value for the wastewaters showed that it is basic. Also, for fresh water samples, TS, TSS and BOD values met WHO standard (340 to 440 mg/l), 200 to 220 mg/l and 240 to 600 mg/l) respectively, while the values were excessively high for wastewaters. Generally, the voltage generated from waste with longest exposure to air had the least values. The study concluded that electricity generation is possible from abattoir waste using microbial fuel cells.","PeriodicalId":197918,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Water and Wastewater Treatment","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123928017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sepideh Sadeghi, S. Burckhard, C. Schmit, B. Klein
The toxic impact of combined selenium (Se) and hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) salts on activated sludge from a local wastewater treatment facility has been studied through respiration inhibition tests. Results indicated that Se had inhibitory effects at concentration values above 500 mg Se/L, while, Cr6+ inhibited acetate biodegradation above a concentration of 0.05 mg Cr6+/L. The effects of the combination of Se and Cr6+ on activated sludge was also found to be inhibitory for acetate biodegradation; 20% biomass respiration inhibition was achieved at the combination of 500 mg Se/L with 0.05 mg Cr6+/L. However, the biomass performance for acetate removal was enhanced by 10% using 50 mg Se/L combined with 0.05 mg Cr6+/L. The effect of heavy metals on microbial communities’ metabolic activity in activated sludge was also investigated using EcoPlatesTM. The results showed that the presence of Cr6+ increased the activated sludge acclimation time for metabolic activity compared to the presence of Se. The highest and the lowest functional diversity were recorded for activated sludge without added heavy metals and activated sludge fed with Cr6+, respectively.
{"title":"A Study of Toxic Dosage of Combined Selenium and Hexavalent Chromium on Activated Sludge Bacteria","authors":"Sepideh Sadeghi, S. Burckhard, C. Schmit, B. Klein","doi":"10.16966/2381-5299.161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2381-5299.161","url":null,"abstract":"The toxic impact of combined selenium (Se) and hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) salts on activated sludge from a local wastewater treatment facility has been studied through respiration inhibition tests. Results indicated that Se had inhibitory effects at concentration values above 500 mg Se/L, while, Cr6+ inhibited acetate biodegradation above a concentration of 0.05 mg Cr6+/L. The effects of the combination of Se and Cr6+ on activated sludge was also found to be inhibitory for acetate biodegradation; 20% biomass respiration inhibition was achieved at the combination of 500 mg Se/L with 0.05 mg Cr6+/L. However, the biomass performance for acetate removal was enhanced by 10% using 50 mg Se/L combined with 0.05 mg Cr6+/L. The effect of heavy metals on microbial communities’ metabolic activity in activated sludge was also investigated using EcoPlatesTM. The results showed that the presence of Cr6+ increased the activated sludge acclimation time for metabolic activity compared to the presence of Se. The highest and the lowest functional diversity were recorded for activated sludge without added heavy metals and activated sludge fed with Cr6+, respectively.","PeriodicalId":197918,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Water and Wastewater Treatment","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126583795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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