首页 > 最新文献

Parasites & Vectors最新文献

英文 中文
Intra- and interspecific variation of Amblyomma ticks from southern Africa. 南部非洲 Amblyomma 扁虱的种内和种间变异。
IF 3 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06394-3
Andeliza Smit, Fernando Mulandane, Martinet Labuschagne, Stephané Heike Wójick, Choolwe Malabwa, Gourgelia Sili, Stephen Mandara, Zinathi Dlamkile, Rebecca Ackermann, Hannah Rose Vineer, Wilhelm Heinrich Stoltsz, Karine Huber, Ivan Gerard Horak, Darshana Morar-Leather, Benjamin Lawrence Makepeace, Luis Neves

Background: Amblyomma spp. ticks, known for their long mouthparts, bright ornate appearance and aggressive hunting behaviour, are vectors of a number of important pathogens. In southern Africa, 17 Amblyomma spp. are currently documented. Of these species, Amblyomma hebraeum and Amblyomma variegatum have been well studied due to their wide geographical range and their status as competent vectors of pathogens that are of veterinary and medical importance. Studies on other Amblyomma spp. in southern Africa have been neglected, fostering ongoing debates on the validity of certain species such as Amblyomma pomposum. This study investigated the inter- and intra-species variation of Amblyomma ticks collected in southern Africa, focusing on resolving the dispute about A. pomposum and A. variegatum being distinct species.

Methods: Four Amblyomma tick species were collected from Angola, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe, and were identified morphologically as Amblyomma eburneum (208), A. hebraeum (4758), A. pomposum (191) and A. variegatum (2577) using identification keys. Gene amplification targeting the 12S and 16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase I, cytochrome B and internal transcribed spacer-2 genes was conducted for 204 ticks, for which varying success was achieved during amplification for each of the markers. Maximum likelihood analyses were performed in IQ-TREE.

Results: The phylogenetic topologies and ABGD analyses of each individual gene clustered A. pomposum within the A. variegatum clade, while clearly separating A. eburneum and A. hebraeum from all other species. None of the genetic markers indicated intraspecific structuring on the basis of geographical origin, despite great distances between sampling sites.

Conclusion: Our study concludes that there is insufficient molecular evidence to differentiate A. pomposum and A. variegatum from each other. We highlight the need for whole mitochondrial genome sequencing of these two species to resolve the ongoing controversies. Furthermore, we propose mating and hybrid viability studies between the two species to confirm their reproductive isolation.

背景:Amblyomma spp.蜱以其长长的口器、鲜艳华丽的外表和凶猛的捕猎行为而闻名,是许多重要病原体的传播媒介。在南部非洲,目前记录有 17 个 Amblyomma 种类。在这些物种中,Amblyomma hebraeum 和 Amblyomma variegatum 的研究较多,因为它们的地理分布广泛,而且是具有兽医和医学重要性的病原体的合格传播媒介。对南部非洲其他 Amblyomma 种类的研究一直被忽视,导致对某些种类(如 Amblyomma pomposum)的有效性争论不休。本研究调查了在南部非洲采集的 Amblyomma 蜱的种间和种内变异,重点是解决关于 A. pomposum 和 A. variegatum 是不同物种的争议:方法:从安哥拉、莫桑比克、南非、赞比亚和津巴布韦采集了四个Amblyomma蜱种,使用识别钥匙从形态学上鉴定为Amblyomma eburneum(208)、A. hebraeum(4758)、A. pomposum(191)和A. variegatum(2577)。对 204 只蜱进行了针对 12S 和 16S rRNA、细胞色素氧化酶 I、细胞色素 B 和内部转录间隔-2 基因的基因扩增,每种标记的扩增成功率各不相同。在 IQ-TREE 中进行了最大似然分析:系统发生拓扑结构和每个基因的 ABGD 分析将 A. pomposum 聚类在 A. variegatum 支系中,同时将 A. eburneum 和 A. hebraeum 与所有其他物种明确区分开来。尽管采样地点之间距离遥远,但没有一个遗传标记表明种内结构是以地理起源为基础的:我们的研究得出结论,没有足够的分子证据来区分 A. pomposum 和 A. variegatum。我们强调有必要对这两个物种进行全线粒体基因组测序,以解决当前的争议。此外,我们建议对这两个物种进行交配和杂交可行性研究,以确认它们的生殖隔离。
{"title":"Intra- and interspecific variation of Amblyomma ticks from southern Africa.","authors":"Andeliza Smit, Fernando Mulandane, Martinet Labuschagne, Stephané Heike Wójick, Choolwe Malabwa, Gourgelia Sili, Stephen Mandara, Zinathi Dlamkile, Rebecca Ackermann, Hannah Rose Vineer, Wilhelm Heinrich Stoltsz, Karine Huber, Ivan Gerard Horak, Darshana Morar-Leather, Benjamin Lawrence Makepeace, Luis Neves","doi":"10.1186/s13071-024-06394-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-024-06394-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Amblyomma spp. ticks, known for their long mouthparts, bright ornate appearance and aggressive hunting behaviour, are vectors of a number of important pathogens. In southern Africa, 17 Amblyomma spp. are currently documented. Of these species, Amblyomma hebraeum and Amblyomma variegatum have been well studied due to their wide geographical range and their status as competent vectors of pathogens that are of veterinary and medical importance. Studies on other Amblyomma spp. in southern Africa have been neglected, fostering ongoing debates on the validity of certain species such as Amblyomma pomposum. This study investigated the inter- and intra-species variation of Amblyomma ticks collected in southern Africa, focusing on resolving the dispute about A. pomposum and A. variegatum being distinct species.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Four Amblyomma tick species were collected from Angola, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe, and were identified morphologically as Amblyomma eburneum (208), A. hebraeum (4758), A. pomposum (191) and A. variegatum (2577) using identification keys. Gene amplification targeting the 12S and 16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase I, cytochrome B and internal transcribed spacer-2 genes was conducted for 204 ticks, for which varying success was achieved during amplification for each of the markers. Maximum likelihood analyses were performed in IQ-TREE.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The phylogenetic topologies and ABGD analyses of each individual gene clustered A. pomposum within the A. variegatum clade, while clearly separating A. eburneum and A. hebraeum from all other species. None of the genetic markers indicated intraspecific structuring on the basis of geographical origin, despite great distances between sampling sites.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study concludes that there is insufficient molecular evidence to differentiate A. pomposum and A. variegatum from each other. We highlight the need for whole mitochondrial genome sequencing of these two species to resolve the ongoing controversies. Furthermore, we propose mating and hybrid viability studies between the two species to confirm their reproductive isolation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11351087/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142093664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
RaTexT®: a novel rapid tick exposure test for detecting acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus ticks in Brazil. RaTexT®:用于检测巴西 Rhipicephalus microplus 蜱虫抗杀螨剂性的新型快速蜱虫接触试验。
IF 3 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06448-6
Frans Jongejan, Laura Berger, José Reck, Priscila Teixeira Ferreira, Mariana Silveira de Jesus, Fabio Barbour Scott, Barbara Rauta de Avelar, Brena Gava Guimarães, Thais Ribeiro Correia, Dennis Muhanguzi, Patrick Vudriko, Joseph Byaruhanga, Maria Tumwebaze, Yakob Nagagi, Violet Temba, Abel S Biguezoton, Souaïbou Farougou, Safiou Adehan, Humphrey Jumba, Laura Homminga, Iris Hulsebos, Alita Petersen, Guilherme Klafke
<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acaricide resistance in cattle ticks is a significant concern in (sub)tropical regions, particularly Brazil. The Larval Packet Test (LPT) is the standard laboratory bioassay for resistance diagnosis, which requires triplicates of seven acaricidal dilutions plus controls to cover larval mortalities ranging between 0 and 100%. The value of the LPT lies in providing resistance ratios based on the ratio between the LC50 calculated with potentially resistant and susceptible ticks. However, LC50 ratios are difficult to translate into practical advice for farmers. Moreover, LPT requires laboratory facilities to maintain susceptible tick colonies, and it takes 6 weeks to obtain the larvae to be tested by LPT derived from engorged female ticks collected from cattle in the field. Our novel approach was twofold: first, we upgraded the LPT to the Resistance Intensity Test (RIT) by adopting the latest WHO guidelines for resistance detection in mosquitoes, which combines a 1 × recommended dose with 5 × and 10 × concentrated doses to reveal low, moderate and high resistance intensity, respectively. This reduced the number of test papers and tick larvae and, more importantly, provided relevant information on the resistance level. Our second innovative step was to abolish testing larvae entirely and expose partly engorged adult ticks to the same acaricidal doses immediately after removing them from cattle in the field. This resulted in the Rapid Tick exposure Test (RaTexT®), wherein partly engorged adult ticks were exposed to an acaricide-impregnated, specially designed matrix providing test results within 24 h. This approach directly compared resistance detection in tick larvae in the RIT with resistance in adult ticks in RaTexT®.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Laboratory validation was conducted in Brazil with resistant and susceptible colonies of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. For field validation, adult R. microplus ticks collected from different cattle farms in Brazil were evaluated for resistance to RaTexT®, and the results regarding their larval progenies were compared with those for the RIT. Partly engorged adult ticks derived from cattle infested with laboratory and field strains of R. microplus were exposed to deltamethrin in RaTexT® containers, which contained six rows of four interconnected compartments, accommodating five to eight semi-engorged female ticks with a preferred size ranging between 5 and 8 mm. The corresponding larvae of each strain were exposed in the RIT to the same deltamethrin concentrations in filter papers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In RaTexT®, mortality in adult ticks from a resistant strain of R. microplus from Seropédica in Brazil was 38.4%, 54.2% and 75.0% at the 1 ×, 5 × and 10 × doses of deltamethrin, respectively. In RIT, mortality of larvae from the same resistant strain was 2.0%, 4.9% and 19.5% at 1 ×, 5 × and 10 × doses, respectively. The results of RaTexT® and RIT agreed since both
背景:牛蜱对杀螨剂产生抗药性是(亚)热带地区,尤其是巴西的一个重大问题。幼虫药包试验(LPT)是诊断抗药性的标准实验室生物测定方法,它需要三份七种杀螨剂稀释液加对照,以覆盖 0 到 100% 的幼虫死亡率。LPT 的价值在于根据潜在抗药性蜱虫和易感蜱虫计算出的半数致死浓度之间的比率提供抗药性比率。然而,LC50 比率很难转化为对农民的实际建议。此外,LPT 需要实验室设施来维持易感蜱群,而且需要 6 周时间才能从田间从牛身上收集到的充血雌蜱中获得要进行 LPT 检测的幼虫。我们的新方法有两个方面:首先,我们将 LPT 升级为抗药性强度测试(RIT),采用世界卫生组织最新的蚊虫抗药性检测指南,将 1 倍推荐剂量与 5 倍和 10 倍浓缩剂量相结合,分别显示低、中和高抗药性强度。这减少了试纸和蜱幼虫的数量,更重要的是提供了抗药性水平的相关信息。我们的第二个创新步骤是完全取消对幼虫的测试,而是将部分充血的成蜱从田间的牛身上移除后,立即将其暴露在相同的杀螨剂量下。这种方法直接比较了 RIT 中蜱幼虫的抗药性检测和 RaTexT® 中成蜱的抗药性检测:方法:在巴西使用抗药性和易感性的 Rhipicephalus microplus 蜱群进行了实验室验证。为了进行实地验证,对从巴西不同养牛场采集的成蜱进行了抗 RaTexT® 的评估,并将其幼虫后代的结果与 RIT 的结果进行了比较。在 RaTexT® 容器中,来自受实验室和野外 R. microplus 株系侵害的牛的部分充血的成蜱暴露于溴氰菊酯,RaTexT® 容器包含六排四个相互连接的隔间,可容纳五到八只半充血的雌蜱,雌蜱的首选尺寸在 5 到 8 毫米之间。每个品系的相应幼虫在 RIT 中暴露于滤纸中相同浓度的溴氰菊酯:在 RaTexT® 中,1 ×、5 × 和 10 × 剂量的溴氰菊酯对来自巴西 Seropédica 的抗性 R. microplus 菌株的成蜱死亡率分别为 38.4%、54.2% 和 75.0%。在 RIT 中,同一抗性菌株的幼虫在 1 ×、5 × 和 10 × 剂量下的死亡率分别为 2.0%、4.9% 和 19.5%。RaTexT® 和 RIT 的结果一致,因为这两种试验都以 90% 的死亡率为临界值,确定了高水平的抗性。在 RaTexT® 中,来自阿雷格里港的易感菌株的成蜱在 1 ×、5 × 和 10 × 剂量下的死亡率分别为 73.8%、92.9% 和 97.6%。在 RIT 中,在 1 ×、5 × 和 10 × 剂量下,易感菌株幼虫的死亡率分别为 95.2%、95.2% 和 96.8%。有趣的是,由于幼虫和成虫的死亡率均未达到 100%,因此这两项试验都在易感菌株中发现了少量意外的抗性个体。在 LPT 试验中,根据抗性菌株的半数致死浓度除以易感菌株的半数致死浓度,抗性比率为 159.5。接着,使用来自巴西三种野外微加蜱菌株的成蜱和幼蜱对 RaTexT® 和 RIT 进行了比较。RaTexT® 在所有品系的成蜱中都检测到了对溴氰菊酯的高水平抗药性,这在 RIT 测试的幼蜱中得到了证实。两种测试的抗药性水平相同,幼虫的死亡率明显低于成蜱:RaTexT® 是一种新型的快速笔式现场检测方法,用于检测成年家畜蜱对杀螨剂的抗药性。它有可能取代使用幼蜱进行的费力的测试,并在 24 小时内提供与牲畜蜱抗杀螨剂管理相关的结果。
{"title":"RaTexT®: a novel rapid tick exposure test for detecting acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus ticks in Brazil.","authors":"Frans Jongejan, Laura Berger, José Reck, Priscila Teixeira Ferreira, Mariana Silveira de Jesus, Fabio Barbour Scott, Barbara Rauta de Avelar, Brena Gava Guimarães, Thais Ribeiro Correia, Dennis Muhanguzi, Patrick Vudriko, Joseph Byaruhanga, Maria Tumwebaze, Yakob Nagagi, Violet Temba, Abel S Biguezoton, Souaïbou Farougou, Safiou Adehan, Humphrey Jumba, Laura Homminga, Iris Hulsebos, Alita Petersen, Guilherme Klafke","doi":"10.1186/s13071-024-06448-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-024-06448-6","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Acaricide resistance in cattle ticks is a significant concern in (sub)tropical regions, particularly Brazil. The Larval Packet Test (LPT) is the standard laboratory bioassay for resistance diagnosis, which requires triplicates of seven acaricidal dilutions plus controls to cover larval mortalities ranging between 0 and 100%. The value of the LPT lies in providing resistance ratios based on the ratio between the LC50 calculated with potentially resistant and susceptible ticks. However, LC50 ratios are difficult to translate into practical advice for farmers. Moreover, LPT requires laboratory facilities to maintain susceptible tick colonies, and it takes 6 weeks to obtain the larvae to be tested by LPT derived from engorged female ticks collected from cattle in the field. Our novel approach was twofold: first, we upgraded the LPT to the Resistance Intensity Test (RIT) by adopting the latest WHO guidelines for resistance detection in mosquitoes, which combines a 1 × recommended dose with 5 × and 10 × concentrated doses to reveal low, moderate and high resistance intensity, respectively. This reduced the number of test papers and tick larvae and, more importantly, provided relevant information on the resistance level. Our second innovative step was to abolish testing larvae entirely and expose partly engorged adult ticks to the same acaricidal doses immediately after removing them from cattle in the field. This resulted in the Rapid Tick exposure Test (RaTexT®), wherein partly engorged adult ticks were exposed to an acaricide-impregnated, specially designed matrix providing test results within 24 h. This approach directly compared resistance detection in tick larvae in the RIT with resistance in adult ticks in RaTexT®.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Laboratory validation was conducted in Brazil with resistant and susceptible colonies of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. For field validation, adult R. microplus ticks collected from different cattle farms in Brazil were evaluated for resistance to RaTexT®, and the results regarding their larval progenies were compared with those for the RIT. Partly engorged adult ticks derived from cattle infested with laboratory and field strains of R. microplus were exposed to deltamethrin in RaTexT® containers, which contained six rows of four interconnected compartments, accommodating five to eight semi-engorged female ticks with a preferred size ranging between 5 and 8 mm. The corresponding larvae of each strain were exposed in the RIT to the same deltamethrin concentrations in filter papers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;In RaTexT®, mortality in adult ticks from a resistant strain of R. microplus from Seropédica in Brazil was 38.4%, 54.2% and 75.0% at the 1 ×, 5 × and 10 × doses of deltamethrin, respectively. In RIT, mortality of larvae from the same resistant strain was 2.0%, 4.9% and 19.5% at 1 ×, 5 × and 10 × doses, respectively. The results of RaTexT® and RIT agreed since both ","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11360494/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142093665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
First detection of kdr L1014F allele in Anopheles ziemanni and Anopheles pharoensis in Cameroon and distribution of the allele in members of the Anopheles gambiae complex. 首次在喀麦隆的齐曼尼按蚊(Anopheles ziemanni)和法罗按蚊(Anopheles pharoensis)中发现 kdr L1014F 等位基因,以及该等位基因在冈比亚按蚊复合体成员中的分布。
IF 3 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06420-4
Marie Paul Audrey Mayi, Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio, Roland Bamou, Claudia Damiani, Alessia Cappelli, Borel Djiappi-Tchamen, Landre Djamouko-Djonkam, Mahdokht Ilbeigi Khamseh Nejad, Verena Pichler, Irene Ricci, Guido Favia

Background: Knockdown resistance (kdr) is one of the primary resistance mechanisms present in anopheline species. Although this mutation is largely spread across the Anopheles gambiae s.l. members, its prevalence in other species is still not well documented.

Methods: The present study investigated the distribution and allelic frequencies of kdr in An. gambiae s.l., An. pharoensis, and An. ziemanni samples collected in 2022 and 2023 in nine sites spread across five ecogeographical settings in Cameroon. Members of the An. gambiae complex were identified molecularly by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). kdr L1014F and L1014S alleles were screened by PCR and confirmed by sequencing.

Results: An. gambiae (49.9%), An. coluzzii (36.5%), and An. arabiensis (13%) were identified, and the frequency of the kdr L1014F was high in both An. gambiae and An. coluzzii in all sites. The kdr L1014F allele was detected for the first time in 8 out of 14 An. ziemanni samples examined and in 5 out of 22 An. pharoensis samples examined. The kdr L1014S allele was scarce and found only in the heterozygote "RS" state in An. arabiensis and An. gambiae in Yangah and Santchou.

Conclusions: The present study sheds light on the rapid expansion of the kdr L1014F allele in malaria vectors in Cameroon and stresses the need for surveillance activities also targeting secondary malaria vectors to improve the control of malaria transmission.

背景:击倒抗性(kdr)是按蚊物种的主要抗性机制之一。尽管这种突变在冈比亚按蚊成员中广泛传播,但在其他物种中的流行情况仍未得到很好的记录:本研究调查了 2022 年和 2023 年在喀麦隆五个生态地理环境中的九个地点采集的冈比亚疟蚊、法罗疟蚊和齐曼疟蚊样本中 kdr 的分布和等位基因频率。通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)对冈比亚蚁复合体成员进行分子鉴定,通过PCR筛选kdr L1014F和L1014S等位基因,并通过测序进行确认:结果:发现了冈比亚蚁(49.9%)、科鲁兹蚁(36.5%)和阿拉伯蚁(13%),所有地点的冈比亚蚁和科鲁兹蚁的 kdr L1014F 频率都很高。在检测的 14 份齐曼尼蝇样本中,有 8 份首次检测到 kdr L1014F 等位基因;在检测的 22 份法罗蝇样本中,有 5 份首次检测到 kdr L1014F 等位基因。kdr L1014S等位基因很少见,仅在Yangah和Santchou的阿拉伯疟蚊和冈比亚疟蚊中以杂合子 "RS "状态发现:本研究揭示了 kdr L1014F 等位基因在喀麦隆疟疾病媒中的迅速扩展,并强调有必要针对次要疟疾病媒开展监测活动,以改善对疟疾传播的控制。
{"title":"First detection of kdr L1014F allele in Anopheles ziemanni and Anopheles pharoensis in Cameroon and distribution of the allele in members of the Anopheles gambiae complex.","authors":"Marie Paul Audrey Mayi, Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio, Roland Bamou, Claudia Damiani, Alessia Cappelli, Borel Djiappi-Tchamen, Landre Djamouko-Djonkam, Mahdokht Ilbeigi Khamseh Nejad, Verena Pichler, Irene Ricci, Guido Favia","doi":"10.1186/s13071-024-06420-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-024-06420-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Knockdown resistance (kdr) is one of the primary resistance mechanisms present in anopheline species. Although this mutation is largely spread across the Anopheles gambiae s.l. members, its prevalence in other species is still not well documented.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The present study investigated the distribution and allelic frequencies of kdr in An. gambiae s.l., An. pharoensis, and An. ziemanni samples collected in 2022 and 2023 in nine sites spread across five ecogeographical settings in Cameroon. Members of the An. gambiae complex were identified molecularly by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). kdr L1014F and L1014S alleles were screened by PCR and confirmed by sequencing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>An. gambiae (49.9%), An. coluzzii (36.5%), and An. arabiensis (13%) were identified, and the frequency of the kdr L1014F was high in both An. gambiae and An. coluzzii in all sites. The kdr L1014F allele was detected for the first time in 8 out of 14 An. ziemanni samples examined and in 5 out of 22 An. pharoensis samples examined. The kdr L1014S allele was scarce and found only in the heterozygote \"RS\" state in An. arabiensis and An. gambiae in Yangah and Santchou.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The present study sheds light on the rapid expansion of the kdr L1014F allele in malaria vectors in Cameroon and stresses the need for surveillance activities also targeting secondary malaria vectors to improve the control of malaria transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11348551/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142081129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mating of unfed, engorged, and partially to fully gravid Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) female mosquitoes in producing viable eggs. 埃及伊蚊(双翅目:Culicidae)雌蚊在未进食、充血和部分至完全进食情况下交配产卵的情况。
IF 3 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-25 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06433-z
Muniaraj Mayilsamy, Surendiran Subramani, Rajamannar Veeramanoharan, Asifa Vijayakumar, Amuthalingam T Asaithambi, Arthi Murugesan, Nandhakumar Selvaraj, Vijayakumar Balakrishnan, Paramasivan Rajaiah

Background: Understanding the relationship between blood-feeding and mating is important in effectively managing the most well-adapted vector insect, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus). Although extensive studies have investigated the behavioural aspects of Aedes such as blood-feeding, mating, and their relationship, several knowledge gaps still exist. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine the possibility of successful mating by unfed, engorged, and partially to fully gravid (up to 5 days after blood-feeding with fully developed eggs) female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and production of viable eggs.

Methods: Mating of sexually mature adult Aedes aegypti was allowed in three different ways. In control 1, the females were allowed to mate before taking blood meal, and in control 2, the females were not at all allowed to mate. In the experiment, the females were separated into six categories, viz. D-0 to D-5. In D-0, the females were allowed to mate immediately after the bloodmeal and, in D-1, the females were allowed to mate on the first day of blood feeding, likewise, the females of D-2, D-3, D-4 and D-5 were allowed to mate on 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th day of blood feeding. Ovitrap was uniformly kept on the 4th day of blood feeding for the cages D-0 to D-3 for 1 h and then removed and for the cages D-4, and D-5, the ovitrap was kept on 4th and 5th day of blood feeding for 1h immediately after mating. The total number of eggs and the total number of hatching were counted. In the subsequent days, the entire experiment was replicated two times with different cohorts of mosquitoes, and the mean value of three experiments was used to draw Excel bars with 5% error bars and also for the statistical analysis.

Results: It was found that mating just before oviposition was sufficient to produce 1581 eggs (70% compared with control) and fertilize 1369 eggs (85% compared with total eggs laid), which is far higher than the 676 non-hatching (unfertilized) eggs (30%) laid by unmated females. Although mating is not essential for producing eggs, our study shows that even brief exposure to the semen and seminal fluids greatly enhances the oviposition and hatching efficiency, even if the mating occurs just before oviposition. However, those females mating before blood-feeding and those mating after blood-feeding produced 2266 and 2128 eggs, with hatching rates of 96.78% and 95.54%, respectively. Hence, the retention time of seminal fluid in the female seems to influence the number of eggs laid and the number of eggs hatched.

Conclusions: In general, mating is possible in Ae. aegypti even minutes before oviposition and is sufficient to produce a greater number of viable eggs.

背景:了解吸血与交配之间的关系对于有效管理埃及伊蚊(林奈)这种适应性最强的媒介昆虫非常重要。尽管已有大量研究调查了埃及伊蚊的行为方面,如吸血、交配及其关系,但仍存在一些知识空白。因此,本研究旨在确定未吸血、充血和部分至完全受精(吸血后 5 天内有发育完全的卵子)的雌性埃及伊蚊成功交配的可能性,以及产生有活力卵子的可能性:方法:用三种不同的方法让性成熟的成年埃及伊蚊交配。在对照 1 中,雌蚊可以在吃血餐前交配;在对照 2 中,雌蚊完全不可以交配。在实验中,雌虫被分为六类,即 D-0 至 D-5。D-0的雌性在吃完血餐后立即交配,D-1的雌性在吃血餐的第一天交配,同样,D-2、D-3、D-4和D-5的雌性在吃血餐的第2、3、4和5天交配。D-0至D-3笼在采血第4天统一放置诱卵器1小时后取出,D-4和D-5笼在采血第4天和第5天交配后立即放置诱卵器1小时。计算总卵数和总孵化数。在随后的几天里,整个实验用不同的蚊群重复了两次,并用三次实验的平均值绘制了带 5%误差的 Excel 栅,同时还进行了统计分析:结果发现,在产卵前交配足以产生 1581 个卵(与对照组相比为 70%)和受精 1369 个卵(与产卵总数相比为 85%),这远远高于未交配雌蚊产下的 676 个未孵化(未受精)卵(30%)。虽然交配不是产卵的必要条件,但我们的研究表明,即使交配发生在产卵前,雌鸟即使短暂接触精液和精液也会大大提高产卵和孵化效率。然而,在采血前交配和采血后交配的雌性分别产卵2266枚和2128枚,孵化率分别为96.78%和95.54%。因此,精液在雌性体内的停留时间似乎会影响产卵数量和孵化数量:结论:一般来说,埃及姬蜂在产卵前几分钟就可以交配,这足以产生更多有活力的卵。
{"title":"Mating of unfed, engorged, and partially to fully gravid Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) female mosquitoes in producing viable eggs.","authors":"Muniaraj Mayilsamy, Surendiran Subramani, Rajamannar Veeramanoharan, Asifa Vijayakumar, Amuthalingam T Asaithambi, Arthi Murugesan, Nandhakumar Selvaraj, Vijayakumar Balakrishnan, Paramasivan Rajaiah","doi":"10.1186/s13071-024-06433-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-024-06433-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Understanding the relationship between blood-feeding and mating is important in effectively managing the most well-adapted vector insect, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus). Although extensive studies have investigated the behavioural aspects of Aedes such as blood-feeding, mating, and their relationship, several knowledge gaps still exist. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine the possibility of successful mating by unfed, engorged, and partially to fully gravid (up to 5 days after blood-feeding with fully developed eggs) female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and production of viable eggs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Mating of sexually mature adult Aedes aegypti was allowed in three different ways. In control 1, the females were allowed to mate before taking blood meal, and in control 2, the females were not at all allowed to mate. In the experiment, the females were separated into six categories, viz. D-0 to D-5. In D-0, the females were allowed to mate immediately after the bloodmeal and, in D-1, the females were allowed to mate on the first day of blood feeding, likewise, the females of D-2, D-3, D-4 and D-5 were allowed to mate on 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th day of blood feeding. Ovitrap was uniformly kept on the 4th day of blood feeding for the cages D-0 to D-3 for 1 h and then removed and for the cages D-4, and D-5, the ovitrap was kept on 4th and 5th day of blood feeding for 1h immediately after mating. The total number of eggs and the total number of hatching were counted. In the subsequent days, the entire experiment was replicated two times with different cohorts of mosquitoes, and the mean value of three experiments was used to draw Excel bars with 5% error bars and also for the statistical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was found that mating just before oviposition was sufficient to produce 1581 eggs (70% compared with control) and fertilize 1369 eggs (85% compared with total eggs laid), which is far higher than the 676 non-hatching (unfertilized) eggs (30%) laid by unmated females. Although mating is not essential for producing eggs, our study shows that even brief exposure to the semen and seminal fluids greatly enhances the oviposition and hatching efficiency, even if the mating occurs just before oviposition. However, those females mating before blood-feeding and those mating after blood-feeding produced 2266 and 2128 eggs, with hatching rates of 96.78% and 95.54%, respectively. Hence, the retention time of seminal fluid in the female seems to influence the number of eggs laid and the number of eggs hatched.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In general, mating is possible in Ae. aegypti even minutes before oviposition and is sufficient to produce a greater number of viable eggs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11346051/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142056237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sylvatic vector-borne pathogens including Cytauxzoon europaeus in the European wildcat (Felis silvestris) from southwestern Germany. 德国西南部的欧洲野猫(Felis silvestris)体内包括 Cytauxzoon europaeus 在内的西尔维特病媒传播的病原体。
IF 3 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-24 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06428-w
Anna Obiegala, Luisa Fischer, Sara Weilage, Nina Król, Katharina M Westhoff, Saskia Nemitz, Michael Lierz, Johannes Lang, Martin Pfeffer, Zaida Renteria-Solís

Background: European wildcats (Felis silvestris) are widely distributed in Europe and a strictly protected species in Germany. Lately, anthropogenic protective efforts lead to increasing numbers of wildcats in southwestern Germany. Moreover, in recent years the numbers of domestic cats are increasing. Thus, the contact between domestic and wildcats may lead to the spread of zoonotic pathogens in both animal species. As data on vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) in wildcats from Germany are limited to date, the objective of this study was to investigate the presence and current distribution of VBPs in wildcats from southwestern Germany.

Methods: Skin and spleen samples from 117 European wildcats, originating from a regional carcass-monitoring program in southwestern Germany, were examined by real-time and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Rickettsia spp., Bartonella spp., and Piroplasmida.

Results: In total, 6.8% (n = 8) of the wildcats were Rickettsia-positive, specified as R. helvetica. Three wildcats were positive for A. phagocytophilum (2.6%), one for Bartonella spp., namely B. taylorii (0.8%), and 84 for Cytauxzoon spp. (71.8%). Out of these 84 samples, 23 were further sequenced revealing very high identity levels (99.84-100%) to C. europaeus, which is considered to be pathogenic for domestic cats. All wildcats were negative for the presence of N. mikurensis DNA.

Conclusions: European wildcats in southwestern Germany are hosting several VBPs. With the exception of Cytauxzoon spp., low prevalence rates of most examined pathogens suggest that wildcats are primarily incidental hosts for sylvatic pathogens associated with rodents, in contrast to domestic cats. However, the high prevalence of the cat-associated pathogen C. europaeus suggests that wildcats in southwestern Germany may serve as reservoirs for this pathogen.

背景:欧洲野猫(Felis silvestris)广泛分布于欧洲,在德国是受严格保护的物种。最近,人为的保护努力导致德国西南部野猫的数量不断增加。此外,近年来家猫的数量也在不断增加。因此,家猫和野猫之间的接触可能会导致人畜共患病病原体在这两种动物中传播。由于迄今为止有关德国野猫体内病媒传播病原体(VBPs)的数据有限,本研究旨在调查德国西南部野猫体内 VBPs 的存在和当前分布情况:方法:通过实时和传统聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测了 117 只欧洲野猫的皮肤和脾脏样本,这些样本来自德国西南部的一个地区性胴体监测项目,目的是检测是否存在噬细胞嗜血杆菌、米库雷氏新埃希氏菌、立克次体属、巴顿氏菌属和螺旋体:共有 6.8%(n = 8)的野猫为立克次体阳性,即螺旋立克次体。3只野猫的噬菌体(2.6%)呈阳性,1只野猫的巴顿氏菌(即泰勒氏巴氏杆菌)呈阳性(0.8%),84只野猫的赛陶尊属菌(71.8%)呈阳性。在这 84 个样本中,有 23 个样本经过进一步测序,发现与被认为对家猫具有致病性的 C. europaeus 具有极高的同一性(99.84%-100%)。所有野猫的 N. mikurensis DNA 均为阴性:结论:德国西南部的欧洲野猫寄生着几种VBPs。除 Cytauxzoon spp.外,大多数受检病原体的流行率都很低,这表明野猫主要是与啮齿类动物相关的啮齿类病原体的偶然宿主,这与家猫不同。不过,与猫有关的病原体 C. europaeus 的高流行率表明,德国西南部的野猫可能是这种病原体的贮藏地。
{"title":"Sylvatic vector-borne pathogens including Cytauxzoon europaeus in the European wildcat (Felis silvestris) from southwestern Germany.","authors":"Anna Obiegala, Luisa Fischer, Sara Weilage, Nina Król, Katharina M Westhoff, Saskia Nemitz, Michael Lierz, Johannes Lang, Martin Pfeffer, Zaida Renteria-Solís","doi":"10.1186/s13071-024-06428-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-024-06428-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>European wildcats (Felis silvestris) are widely distributed in Europe and a strictly protected species in Germany. Lately, anthropogenic protective efforts lead to increasing numbers of wildcats in southwestern Germany. Moreover, in recent years the numbers of domestic cats are increasing. Thus, the contact between domestic and wildcats may lead to the spread of zoonotic pathogens in both animal species. As data on vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) in wildcats from Germany are limited to date, the objective of this study was to investigate the presence and current distribution of VBPs in wildcats from southwestern Germany.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Skin and spleen samples from 117 European wildcats, originating from a regional carcass-monitoring program in southwestern Germany, were examined by real-time and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Rickettsia spp., Bartonella spp., and Piroplasmida.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 6.8% (n = 8) of the wildcats were Rickettsia-positive, specified as R. helvetica. Three wildcats were positive for A. phagocytophilum (2.6%), one for Bartonella spp., namely B. taylorii (0.8%), and 84 for Cytauxzoon spp. (71.8%). Out of these 84 samples, 23 were further sequenced revealing very high identity levels (99.84-100%) to C. europaeus, which is considered to be pathogenic for domestic cats. All wildcats were negative for the presence of N. mikurensis DNA.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>European wildcats in southwestern Germany are hosting several VBPs. With the exception of Cytauxzoon spp., low prevalence rates of most examined pathogens suggest that wildcats are primarily incidental hosts for sylvatic pathogens associated with rodents, in contrast to domestic cats. However, the high prevalence of the cat-associated pathogen C. europaeus suggests that wildcats in southwestern Germany may serve as reservoirs for this pathogen.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11344307/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142056238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sand fly blood meal volumes and their relation to female body weight under experimental conditions. 实验条件下沙蝇的血粉量及其与雌蝇体重的关系。
IF 3 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06418-y
Věra Volfová, Magdalena Jančářová, Petr Volf

Background: Sand fly females require a blood meal to develop eggs. The size of the blood meal is crucial for fecundity and affects the dose of pathogens acquired by females when feeding on infected hosts or during experimental membrane-feeding.

Methods: Under standard laboratory conditions, we compared blood meal volumes taken by females of ten sand fly species from four genera: Phlebotomus, Lutzomyia, Migonomyia, and Sergentomyia. The amount of ingested blood was determined using a haemoglobin assay. Additionally, we weighed unfed sand flies to calculate the ratio between body weight and blood meal weight.

Results: The mean blood meal volume ingested by sand fly females ranged from 0.47 to 1.01 µl. Five species, Phlebotomus papatasi, P. duboscqi, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Sergentomyia minuta, and S. schwetzi, consumed about double the blood meal size compared to Migonomyia migonei. The mean body weight of females ranged from 0.183 mg in S. minuta to 0.369 mg in P. duboscqi. In males, the mean body weight ranged from 0.106 mg in M. migonei to 0.242 mg in P. duboscqi. Males were always lighter than females, with the male-to-female weight ratio ranging from 75% (in Phlebotomus argentipes) to 52% (in Phlebotomus tobbi).

Conclusions: Females of most species took a blood meal 2.25-3.05 times their body weight. Notably, the relatively tiny females of P. argentipes consumed blood meals 3.34 times their body weight. The highest (Mbl/Mf) ratios were found in both Sergentomyia species studied; females of S. minuta and S. schwetzi took blood meals 4.5-5 times their body weight. This parameter is substantially higher than that reported for mosquitoes and biting midges.

背景:沙蝇雌虫需要血餐来产卵。血餐的大小对繁殖力至关重要,并影响雌蝇在取食受感染宿主或在实验性膜食过程中获得病原体的剂量:方法:在标准实验室条件下,我们比较了四属十种沙蝇雌虫的血餐摄取量:方法:在标准实验室条件下,我们比较了四种沙蝇属(Phlebotomus、Lutzomyia、Migonomyia 和 Sergentomyia)中十种沙蝇雌虫的血餐摄取量。摄取的血量是通过血红蛋白测定法确定的。此外,我们还称量了未进食沙蝇的体重,以计算体重与血餐重量的比率:结果:雌性沙蝇摄入的平均血粉量在 0.47 至 1.01 µl 之间。与 Migonomyia migonei 相比,Phlebotomus papatasi、P. duboscqi、Lutzomyia longipalpis、Sergentomyia minuta 和 S. schwetzi 五种沙蝇摄入的血粉量大约是后者的两倍。雌性的平均体重从S. minuta的0.183毫克到P. duboscqi的0.369毫克不等。雄性的平均体重从M. migonei的0.106毫克到P. duboscqi的0.242毫克不等。雄性总是比雌性轻,雄性与雌性的体重比从 75%(Phlebotomus argentipes)到 52%(Phlebotomus tobbi)不等:结论:大多数物种的雌性食血量是其体重的 2.25-3.05 倍。值得注意的是,体型相对较小的箭鱼雌性的血餐摄入量是体重的 3.34 倍。所研究的两个塞根托米亚种的(Mbl/Mf)比率都最高;S. minuta和S. schwetzi的雌性摄取的血餐是体重的4.5-5倍。这一参数大大高于蚊子和咬蠓的参数。
{"title":"Sand fly blood meal volumes and their relation to female body weight under experimental conditions.","authors":"Věra Volfová, Magdalena Jančářová, Petr Volf","doi":"10.1186/s13071-024-06418-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-024-06418-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sand fly females require a blood meal to develop eggs. The size of the blood meal is crucial for fecundity and affects the dose of pathogens acquired by females when feeding on infected hosts or during experimental membrane-feeding.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Under standard laboratory conditions, we compared blood meal volumes taken by females of ten sand fly species from four genera: Phlebotomus, Lutzomyia, Migonomyia, and Sergentomyia. The amount of ingested blood was determined using a haemoglobin assay. Additionally, we weighed unfed sand flies to calculate the ratio between body weight and blood meal weight.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean blood meal volume ingested by sand fly females ranged from 0.47 to 1.01 µl. Five species, Phlebotomus papatasi, P. duboscqi, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Sergentomyia minuta, and S. schwetzi, consumed about double the blood meal size compared to Migonomyia migonei. The mean body weight of females ranged from 0.183 mg in S. minuta to 0.369 mg in P. duboscqi. In males, the mean body weight ranged from 0.106 mg in M. migonei to 0.242 mg in P. duboscqi. Males were always lighter than females, with the male-to-female weight ratio ranging from 75% (in Phlebotomus argentipes) to 52% (in Phlebotomus tobbi).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Females of most species took a blood meal 2.25-3.05 times their body weight. Notably, the relatively tiny females of P. argentipes consumed blood meals 3.34 times their body weight. The highest (Mbl/Mf) ratios were found in both Sergentomyia species studied; females of S. minuta and S. schwetzi took blood meals 4.5-5 times their body weight. This parameter is substantially higher than that reported for mosquitoes and biting midges.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11342606/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142047021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Environmental contamination with feces of free-roaming dogs and the risk of transmission of Echinococcus and Taenia species in urban regions of southeastern Iran. 伊朗东南部城市地区自由遛狗粪便造成的环境污染与棘球蚴和泰尼亚虫的传播风险。
IF 3 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06435-x
Saeedeh Shamsaddini, Carina Schneider, Sonja Dumendiak, Hossein Aghassi, Hossein Kamyabi, Elham Akhlaghi, Marion Wassermann, Majid Fasihi Harandi, Peter Deplazes, Thomas Romig

Background: Dogs are the most important definitive hosts of zoonotic taeniid helminths worldwide. Different Echinococcus and Taenia species of domestic and wild carnivores pose a potential risk to human population. High populations of free-roaming dogs (FRDs) in urban areas of Iran and widespread contamination of the environment with dog feces is a potential source of infecting people living in the urban regions with cystic echinococcosis (CE). Our knowledge on the risk of CE transmission in the urban settings in the endemic regions is limited. The present study surveyed the species and genotypes of E. granulosus sensu lato and other taeniids by examining feces of free-roaming dogs in the urban areas in the city of Kerman, southeastern Iran.

Methods: The city was divided into 100 consecutive blocks of which 25 blocks were randomly selected. Fecal samples of FRDs were counted, mapped and fresh samples were collected. Then Zinc chloride flotation, and sequential sieving was performed, and the samples were examined under an inverted microscope. Single individual taeniid eggs were isolated, partial nad1 gene was amplified and sequenced to identify species and genotypes.

Results: In total 5607 fecal samples of dogs were mapped and 83 fresh samples were collected. Taeniid eggs were detected in nine fecal samples (10.8%) from seven out of the 25 city blocks (28.0%). Echinococcus eggs were found in four samples (4.8%) from three city blocks, two samples containing E. granulosus sensu stricto (2.4%), two samples containing E. canadensis G6/7 (2.4%). In addition, three samples contained eggs of Taenia hydatigena (3.6%), and one sample of Taenia serialis (1.2%).

Conclusions: This study documented the potential risk of CE transmission to humans resulting from the feces of dogs roaming freely in urban areas.

背景:狗是全球人畜共患泰尼蠕虫最重要的宿主。家养和野生食肉动物的不同棘球蚴和泰尼亚种对人类构成潜在风险。伊朗城市地区自由放养狗(FRDs)的数量很多,狗粪便对环境的污染也很普遍,这是使生活在城市地区的人感染囊性棘球蚴病(CE)的潜在来源。我们对流行地区城市环境中的囊状棘球蚴病传播风险了解有限。本研究通过检查伊朗东南部克尔曼市城区自由遛狗的粪便,调查了普通粒棘球蚴和其他奚尼类的种类和基因型:该市被划分为 100 个连续的街区,其中 25 个街区被随机选中。对 FRD 的粪便样本进行计数、绘图并收集新鲜样本。然后进行氯化锌浮选和顺序筛分,并在倒置显微镜下检查样本。分离出单个奚尼虫卵,扩增部分 nad1 基因并进行测序,以确定物种和基因型:结果:共绘制了 5607 份狗粪便样本图,采集了 83 份新鲜样本。在 25 个城市街区中的 7 个街区(28.0%)的 9 份粪便样本(10.8%)中检测到大肠杆菌卵。在 3 个城市街区的 4 个样本(4.8%)中发现了棘球蚴卵,其中 2 个样本含有严格颗粒棘球蚴卵(2.4%),2 个样本含有卡达氏棘球蚴 G6/7(2.4%)。此外,三个样本中含有水蛭卵(3.6%),一个样本中含有串珠藻(1.2%):这项研究记录了在城市地区自由漫步的狗的粪便可能导致 CE 传播给人类的潜在风险。
{"title":"Environmental contamination with feces of free-roaming dogs and the risk of transmission of Echinococcus and Taenia species in urban regions of southeastern Iran.","authors":"Saeedeh Shamsaddini, Carina Schneider, Sonja Dumendiak, Hossein Aghassi, Hossein Kamyabi, Elham Akhlaghi, Marion Wassermann, Majid Fasihi Harandi, Peter Deplazes, Thomas Romig","doi":"10.1186/s13071-024-06435-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-024-06435-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dogs are the most important definitive hosts of zoonotic taeniid helminths worldwide. Different Echinococcus and Taenia species of domestic and wild carnivores pose a potential risk to human population. High populations of free-roaming dogs (FRDs) in urban areas of Iran and widespread contamination of the environment with dog feces is a potential source of infecting people living in the urban regions with cystic echinococcosis (CE). Our knowledge on the risk of CE transmission in the urban settings in the endemic regions is limited. The present study surveyed the species and genotypes of E. granulosus sensu lato and other taeniids by examining feces of free-roaming dogs in the urban areas in the city of Kerman, southeastern Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The city was divided into 100 consecutive blocks of which 25 blocks were randomly selected. Fecal samples of FRDs were counted, mapped and fresh samples were collected. Then Zinc chloride flotation, and sequential sieving was performed, and the samples were examined under an inverted microscope. Single individual taeniid eggs were isolated, partial nad1 gene was amplified and sequenced to identify species and genotypes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total 5607 fecal samples of dogs were mapped and 83 fresh samples were collected. Taeniid eggs were detected in nine fecal samples (10.8%) from seven out of the 25 city blocks (28.0%). Echinococcus eggs were found in four samples (4.8%) from three city blocks, two samples containing E. granulosus sensu stricto (2.4%), two samples containing E. canadensis G6/7 (2.4%). In addition, three samples contained eggs of Taenia hydatigena (3.6%), and one sample of Taenia serialis (1.2%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study documented the potential risk of CE transmission to humans resulting from the feces of dogs roaming freely in urban areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11342595/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142047020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Climate influences the gut eukaryome of wild rodents in the Great Rift Valley of Jordan. 气候对约旦大裂谷野生啮齿动物肠道真核细胞组的影响。
IF 3 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06451-x
Sanaz Khadem, David Berry, Enas Al-Khlifeh

Background: The mammalian gut microbiome includes a community of eukaryotes with significant taxonomic and functional diversity termed the eukaryome. The molecular analysis of eukaryotic diversity in microbiomes of wild mammals is still in its early stages due to the recent emergence of interest in this field. This study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by collecting data on eukaryotic species found in the intestines of wild rodents. Because little is known about the influence of climate on the gut eukaryome, we compared the composition of the gut eukaryotes in two rodent species, Mus musculus domesticus and Acomys cahirinus, which inhabit a transect crossing a temperate and tropical zone on the Jordanian side of the Great Rift Valley (GRV).

Methods: We used high-throughput amplicon sequencing targeting the 18S rRNA gene in fecal samples from rodents to identify eukaryotic organisms, their relative abundance, and their potential for pathogenicity.

Results: Nematodes and protozoa were the most prevalent species in the eukaryome communities, whereas fungi made up 6.5% of the total. Sixty percent of the eukaryotic ASVs belonged to taxa that included known pathogens. Eighty percent of the rodents were infected with pinworms, specifically Syphacia obvelata. Eukaryotic species diversity differed significantly between bioclimatic zones (p = 0.001). Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Aspiculuris tetraptera were found to be present exclusively in the Sudanian zone rodents. This area has not reported any cases of Trichuris infections. Yet, Capillaria infestations were unique to the Mediterranean region, while Trichuris vulpis infestations were also prevalent in the Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian regions.

Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of considering host species diversity and environmental factors when studying eukaryome composition in wild mammals. These data will be valuable as a reference to eukaryome study.

背景:哺乳动物肠道微生物组包括真核生物群落,具有显著的分类和功能多样性,被称为真核生物群。对野生哺乳动物微生物组中真核生物多样性的分子分析仍处于早期阶段,因为人们对这一领域的兴趣刚刚兴起。本研究旨在通过收集野生啮齿动物肠道中发现的真核物种数据来填补这一知识空白。由于人们对气候对肠道真核细胞组的影响知之甚少,因此我们比较了两种啮齿类动物(家啮齿麝和Acomys cahirinus)肠道真核细胞的组成:方法:我们利用针对啮齿动物粪便样本中 18S rRNA 基因的高通量扩增子测序技术来鉴定真核生物、其相对丰度及其潜在的致病性:结果:线虫和原生动物是真核生物群落中最常见的物种,而真菌占总数的 6.5%。60%的真核 ASV 属于包括已知病原体的类群。80%的啮齿动物感染了蛲虫,特别是钝头蜱。不同生物气候区的真核生物物种多样性差异显著(p = 0.001)。在苏丹地区的啮齿动物中只发现了巴西栉水母(Nippostrongylus brasiliensis)和四爪栉水母(Aspiculuris tetraptera)。该地区未报告任何毛滴虫感染病例。然而,Capillaria感染是地中海地区特有的,而Trichuris vulpis感染在地中海和伊朗-土耳其地区也很普遍:本研究强调了在研究野生哺乳动物真核细胞组组成时考虑宿主物种多样性和环境因素的重要性。这些数据将对真核生物群的研究具有重要的参考价值。
{"title":"Climate influences the gut eukaryome of wild rodents in the Great Rift Valley of Jordan.","authors":"Sanaz Khadem, David Berry, Enas Al-Khlifeh","doi":"10.1186/s13071-024-06451-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-024-06451-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The mammalian gut microbiome includes a community of eukaryotes with significant taxonomic and functional diversity termed the eukaryome. The molecular analysis of eukaryotic diversity in microbiomes of wild mammals is still in its early stages due to the recent emergence of interest in this field. This study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by collecting data on eukaryotic species found in the intestines of wild rodents. Because little is known about the influence of climate on the gut eukaryome, we compared the composition of the gut eukaryotes in two rodent species, Mus musculus domesticus and Acomys cahirinus, which inhabit a transect crossing a temperate and tropical zone on the Jordanian side of the Great Rift Valley (GRV).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used high-throughput amplicon sequencing targeting the 18S rRNA gene in fecal samples from rodents to identify eukaryotic organisms, their relative abundance, and their potential for pathogenicity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nematodes and protozoa were the most prevalent species in the eukaryome communities, whereas fungi made up 6.5% of the total. Sixty percent of the eukaryotic ASVs belonged to taxa that included known pathogens. Eighty percent of the rodents were infected with pinworms, specifically Syphacia obvelata. Eukaryotic species diversity differed significantly between bioclimatic zones (p = 0.001). Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Aspiculuris tetraptera were found to be present exclusively in the Sudanian zone rodents. This area has not reported any cases of Trichuris infections. Yet, Capillaria infestations were unique to the Mediterranean region, while Trichuris vulpis infestations were also prevalent in the Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian regions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study highlights the importance of considering host species diversity and environmental factors when studying eukaryome composition in wild mammals. These data will be valuable as a reference to eukaryome study.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11342738/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142047019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Correction: Molecular assessment of voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene mutations in Rhipicephalus microplus from Guangxi, China. 更正:电压门控钠通道(VGSC)基因突变的分子评估。
IF 3 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06443-x
Na Jiang, Ting Xie, Chunfu Li, Rui Ma, Ai Gao, Mengyun Liu, Shurong Wang, Qingan Zhou, Xiankai Wei, Jian Li, Wei Hu, Xinyu Feng
{"title":"Correction: Molecular assessment of voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene mutations in Rhipicephalus microplus from Guangxi, China.","authors":"Na Jiang, Ting Xie, Chunfu Li, Rui Ma, Ai Gao, Mengyun Liu, Shurong Wang, Qingan Zhou, Xiankai Wei, Jian Li, Wei Hu, Xinyu Feng","doi":"10.1186/s13071-024-06443-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-024-06443-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11342638/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142036563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Relapses in canine leishmaniosis: risk factors identified through mixed-effects logistic regression. 犬利什曼病复发:通过混合效应逻辑回归确定的风险因素。
IF 3 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06423-1
Juliana Sarquis, Letícia Martins Raposo, Carolina R Sanz, Ana Montoya, Juan Pedro Barrera, Rocío Checa, Blanca Perez-Montero, María Luisa Fermín Rodríguez, Guadalupe Miró

Background: Canine leishmaniosis (CanL), caused by Leishmania infantum, is an important vector-borne parasitic disease in dogs with implications for human health. Despite advancements, managing CanL remains challenging due to its complexity, especially in chronic, relapsing cases. Mathematical modeling has emerged as a powerful tool in various medical fields, but its application in understanding CanL relapses remains unexplored.

Methods: This retrospective study aimed to investigate risk factors associated with disease relapse in a cohort of dogs naturally infected with L. infantum. Data from 291 repeated measures of 54 dogs meeting the inclusion criteria were included. Two logistic mixed-effects models were created to identify clinicopathological variables associated with an increased risk of clinical relapses requiring a leishmanicidal treatment in CanL. A backward elimination approach was employed, starting with a full model comprising all potential predictors. Variables were iteratively eliminated on the basis of their impact on the model, considering both statistical significance and model complexity. All analyses were conducted using R software, primarily employing the lme4 package, and applying a significance level of 5% (P < 0.05).

Results: This study identified clinicopathological variables associated with an increased risk of relapses requiring a leishmanicidal treatment. Model 1 revealed that for each 0.1 increase in the albumin/globulin ratio (A/G) ratio, the odds of requiring treatment decreased by 45%. Conversely, for each unit increase in the total clinical score (CS), the odds of requiring treatment increase by 22-30%. Indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) was not a significant risk factor in model 1. Model 2, incorporating individual albumin and globulins values, showed that dogs with high IFAT titers, hyper beta-globulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, anemia, and high CS were at increased risk of relapse. Both models demonstrated a good fit and explained a substantial amount of variability in treatment decisions.

Conclusions: Dogs exhibiting higher CS, dysproteinemia, anemia, and high IFAT titers are at increased risk of requiring leishmanicidal treatment upon clinical relapse in CanL. Regular monitoring and assessment of risk factors prove essential for early detection of relapses and effective intervention in CanL cases. The contrasting findings between the two models highlight the complexity of aspects influencing treatment decisions in this disease and the importance of tailored management strategies to improve outcomes for affected dogs.

背景:犬利什曼病(CanL)由幼年利什曼原虫引起,是一种重要的犬媒传寄生虫病,对人类健康有影响。尽管取得了进步,但由于 CanL 的复杂性,尤其是在慢性、复发性病例中,管理 CanL 仍具有挑战性。数学模型已成为各医学领域的有力工具,但其在理解坎拉复发方面的应用仍有待探索:这项回顾性研究旨在调查与犬幼年淋病自然感染群中疾病复发相关的风险因素。研究纳入了符合纳入标准的 54 只犬的 291 个重复测量数据。研究人员建立了两个逻辑混合效应模型,以确定与需要利什曼杀虫剂治疗的CanL临床复发风险增加相关的临床病理变量。我们采用了后向剔除法,从包含所有潜在预测因素的完整模型开始。根据变量对模型的影响,同时考虑统计显著性和模型的复杂性,反复剔除变量。所有分析均使用 R 软件进行,主要使用 lme4 软件包,显著性水平为 5%(P 结果):本研究确定了与需要利什曼杀菌剂治疗的复发风险增加相关的临床病理变量。模型 1 显示,白蛋白/球蛋白比率(A/G)每增加 0.1,需要治疗的几率就会降低 45%。相反,临床总分(CS)每增加一个单位,需要治疗的几率就会增加 22-30%。在模型 1 中,间接免疫荧光抗体检测(IFAT)不是一个重要的风险因素。模型 2 结合了单个白蛋白和球蛋白值,显示 IFAT 滴度高、高 beta-球蛋白血症、低白蛋白血症、贫血和高 CS 的犬复发风险增加。两个模型都显示出良好的拟合度,并能解释治疗决策中的大量变异:结论:表现出高CS、蛋白血症、贫血和高IFAT滴度的犬只在CanL临床复发时需要利什曼杀菌剂治疗的风险增加。定期监测和评估风险因素对早期发现复发和有效干预 CanL 病例至关重要。两种模型之间截然不同的研究结果凸显了影响该疾病治疗决策的复杂性,以及为改善患病犬的预后而采取量身定制的管理策略的重要性。
{"title":"Relapses in canine leishmaniosis: risk factors identified through mixed-effects logistic regression.","authors":"Juliana Sarquis, Letícia Martins Raposo, Carolina R Sanz, Ana Montoya, Juan Pedro Barrera, Rocío Checa, Blanca Perez-Montero, María Luisa Fermín Rodríguez, Guadalupe Miró","doi":"10.1186/s13071-024-06423-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13071-024-06423-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Canine leishmaniosis (CanL), caused by Leishmania infantum, is an important vector-borne parasitic disease in dogs with implications for human health. Despite advancements, managing CanL remains challenging due to its complexity, especially in chronic, relapsing cases. Mathematical modeling has emerged as a powerful tool in various medical fields, but its application in understanding CanL relapses remains unexplored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study aimed to investigate risk factors associated with disease relapse in a cohort of dogs naturally infected with L. infantum. Data from 291 repeated measures of 54 dogs meeting the inclusion criteria were included. Two logistic mixed-effects models were created to identify clinicopathological variables associated with an increased risk of clinical relapses requiring a leishmanicidal treatment in CanL. A backward elimination approach was employed, starting with a full model comprising all potential predictors. Variables were iteratively eliminated on the basis of their impact on the model, considering both statistical significance and model complexity. All analyses were conducted using R software, primarily employing the lme4 package, and applying a significance level of 5% (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study identified clinicopathological variables associated with an increased risk of relapses requiring a leishmanicidal treatment. Model 1 revealed that for each 0.1 increase in the albumin/globulin ratio (A/G) ratio, the odds of requiring treatment decreased by 45%. Conversely, for each unit increase in the total clinical score (CS), the odds of requiring treatment increase by 22-30%. Indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) was not a significant risk factor in model 1. Model 2, incorporating individual albumin and globulins values, showed that dogs with high IFAT titers, hyper beta-globulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, anemia, and high CS were at increased risk of relapse. Both models demonstrated a good fit and explained a substantial amount of variability in treatment decisions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Dogs exhibiting higher CS, dysproteinemia, anemia, and high IFAT titers are at increased risk of requiring leishmanicidal treatment upon clinical relapse in CanL. Regular monitoring and assessment of risk factors prove essential for early detection of relapses and effective intervention in CanL cases. The contrasting findings between the two models highlight the complexity of aspects influencing treatment decisions in this disease and the importance of tailored management strategies to improve outcomes for affected dogs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11342489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142036564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Parasites & Vectors
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1