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Value of Innovative Multiple Myeloma Treatments from Patient and Healthcare Provider Perspectives: Evidence from a Discrete Choice Experiment. 从患者和医疗保健提供者的角度来看,创新多发性骨髓瘤治疗的价值:来自离散选择实验的证据。
IF 4.4 3区 医学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-06 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-024-01459-8
Sakil Syeed, Chia Jie Tan, Amandeep Godara, Kyna Gooden, Derek Tang, Samantha Slaff, Yu-Hsuan Shih, Surachat Ngorsuraches, Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk

Background: Although innovation generally provides measurable improvements in disease characteristics and patient survival, some benefits can remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate patient and healthcare provider (HCP) preferences for the innovative attributes of multiple myeloma (MM) treatments.

Methods: A cross-sectional, web-based, discrete choice experiment (DCE) survey was conducted among 200 patients with MM and 30 HCPs of patients with MM in the USA. A literature review, followed by interviews with patients with MM and HCPs, was undertaken to select five attributes (progression-free survival [PFS], chance of severe side effects, how patients live with MM treatments, scientific innovation, and monthly out-of-pocket [OOP] cost) and their levels. A Bayesian efficient design was used to generate DCE choice sets. Each choice set comprised two hypothetical MM treatment alternatives described by the selected attributes and their levels. Each patient and HCP was asked to choose a preferred alternative from each of the 11 choice sets. Mixed logit and latent class models were developed to estimate patient and HCP preferences for the treatment attributes.

Results: Overall, patients and HCPs preferred increased PFS, less chance of severe side effects, a treatment that offered life without treatment, scientific innovation, and lower OOP cost. From patients' perspectives, PFS had the highest conditional relative importance (44.7%), followed by how patients live with MM treatments (21.6%) and scientific innovation (16.0%).

Conclusions: In addition to PFS, patients and HCPs also valued innovative MM treatments that allowed them to live without treatments and/or offered scientific innovation. These attributes should be considered when evaluating MM treatments.

背景:虽然创新通常在疾病特征和患者生存方面提供了可衡量的改善,但一些益处仍不清楚。本研究旨在调查患者和医疗保健提供者(HCP)对多发性骨髓瘤(MM)治疗创新属性的偏好。方法:对美国200名MM患者和30名MM患者的HCPs进行了一项基于网络的横断面离散选择实验(DCE)调查。通过文献回顾,对MM和HCPs患者进行访谈,选择5个属性(无进展生存期(PFS)、严重副作用的可能性、MM治疗患者的生活方式、科学创新和每月自付费用(OOP))及其水平。采用贝叶斯高效设计生成DCE选择集。每个选择集包括两个假设的MM治疗方案,由所选的属性及其水平描述。每位患者和HCP被要求从11个选择组中选择一个首选方案。开发了混合logit和潜在类别模型来估计患者和HCP对治疗属性的偏好。结果:总体而言,患者和HCPs更倾向于增加PFS,减少严重副作用的机会,提供无需治疗的生命,科学创新和更低的OOP成本。从患者的角度来看,PFS具有最高的条件相对重要性(44.7%),其次是MM治疗患者的生活方式(21.6%)和科学创新(16.0%)。结论:除了PFS,患者和HCPs也重视创新的MM治疗方法,这些治疗方法使他们能够在没有治疗的情况下生活和/或提供科学创新。在评估MM治疗时应考虑这些属性。
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引用次数: 0
Home Urine Dipstick Screening for Bladder and Kidney Cancer in High-Risk Populations in England: A Microsimulation Study of Long-Term Impact and Cost-Effectiveness. 家庭尿试纸筛查膀胱癌和肾癌的高危人群在英国:长期影响和成本效益的微观模拟研究。
IF 4.4 3区 医学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-03 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-024-01463-y
Olena Mandrik, Chloe Thomas, Edifofon Akpan, James W F Catto, Jim Chilcott

Background: Testing high-risk populations for non-visible haematuria may enable earlier detection of bladder cancer, potentially decreasing mortality. This research aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of urine dipstick screening for bladder cancer in high-risk populations in England.

Methods:  A microsimulation model developed in R software was calibrated to national incidence data by age, sex and stage, and validated against mortality data. Individual risk factors included age, sex, smoking status and factory employment. We evaluated three one-time screening scenarios: (1) current and former smokers of different ages within the 55-70 years range, (2) a mixed-age cohort of smokers aged 55-80 years and (3) individuals aged 65-79 years from high-risk regions. Probabilistic and scenario analyses evaluated uncertainty. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated and compared with the standard £20,000/quality-adjusted life year (QALY) threshold using payer's perspective and 2022 year of evaluation with 3.5% discounting for both costs and effects.

Results:  Screening all current and former smokers (scenario 1) and both mixed-age cohorts (scenarios 2 and 3) was not cost-effective at the threshold of £20,000/QALY. Screening at age 58 years had a 33% probability of being cost-effective at £20,000/QALY threshold and a 64% probability at £30,000/QALY threshold. Screening current and former smoking men aged 58 and 60 years was cost-effective, with ICERs of £18,181 and £18,425 per QALY, respectively. Scenario results demonstrated the high impact of assumptions on lead time, diagnostic pathway, and screening efficacy on predictions.

Conclusions:  Screening smoking men aged 58 or 60 years for bladder cancer using urine dipstick tests may be cost-effective.

背景:检测高危人群的不可见血尿可能有助于膀胱癌的早期发现,潜在地降低死亡率。本研究旨在评估尿试纸筛查膀胱癌在英国高危人群中的成本效益。方法:在R软件中建立微观模拟模型,按年龄、性别和分期对全国发病率数据进行校准,并根据死亡率数据进行验证。个人风险因素包括年龄、性别、吸烟状况和工厂就业情况。我们评估了三种一次性筛查情景:(1)55-70岁范围内不同年龄的吸烟者和既往吸烟者;(2)55-80岁的混合年龄吸烟者队列;(3)来自高风险地区的65-79岁个体。概率和情景分析评估了不确定性。计算增量成本效益比(ICER),并使用付款人的角度和2022年的评估年,将其与标准的20,000英镑/质量调整生命年(QALY)阈值进行比较,成本和效果均有3.5%的折扣。结果:在20,000英镑/QALY的阈值下,筛查所有当前和曾经的吸烟者(场景1)以及两个混合年龄队列(场景2和3)并不具有成本效益。58岁筛查在20,000英镑/QALY阈值下具有成本效益的概率为33%,在30,000英镑/QALY阈值下具有成本效益的概率为64%。筛查58岁和60岁的吸烟男性和戒烟男性具有成本效益,每QALY的ICERs分别为18181英镑和18425英镑。情景结果表明,假设对预测的前置时间、诊断途径和筛查效果有很大影响。结论:使用尿试纸试验筛查58或60岁吸烟男性膀胱癌可能具有成本效益。
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引用次数: 0
A Framework for Using Cost-effectiveness Analysis to Support Pricing and Reimbursement Decisions for New Pharmaceuticals in a Context of Evolving Treatments, Prices, and Evidence. 在不断发展的治疗、价格和证据背景下,使用成本效益分析支持新药定价和报销决策的框架。
IF 4.4 3区 医学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-31 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-024-01450-3
Beth Woods, Alfredo Palacios, Mark Sculpher

Current approaches to the pricing and funding of new pharmaceuticals often focus on a one-time decision about a product for each clinical indication. This can result in multiple options being available to health systems without a clear signal about how to prioritise between them. This runs the risk that, as available treatments, evidence, and drug prices evolve, clinical and patient choices may not be aligned with the objective of allocating resources to promote population health. We propose a framework for using cost-effectiveness analysis to support pricing and funding policies for new pharmaceuticals in multi-comparator indications, some of the key aspects of which evolve over time. The framework comprises three core considerations: (1) designing proportionate processes, (2) assessing the costs and benefits of recommending multiple treatment options, and (3) appropriate application of cost-effectiveness analysis 'decision rules' to support recommendations and price negotiations. We highlight that proportionate processes require prioritisation of topics for reassessment to be aligned with clear objectives, the need for full flexibility of decision making at the point of reassessment, and that in some contexts contractual re-specification rather than typical deliberative health technology assessment processes may be more appropriate. We discuss reasons why the recommendation of multiple treatment options rather than a single cost-effective treatment may be appropriate and urge health technology assessment bodies to explicitly address the trade-offs that may be associated with recommending multiple treatments. Finally, we discuss how value-based pricing could be achieved when multiple competitor manufacturers offer confidential discounts.

目前新药的定价和融资方法往往侧重于针对每种临床适应症一次性决定一种产品。这可能导致卫生系统有多种选择,但没有明确的信号表明如何在它们之间优先考虑。随着现有治疗方法、证据和药物价格的变化,这种做法可能会带来风险,即临床和患者的选择可能与分配资源以促进人口健康的目标不一致。我们提出了一个使用成本效益分析的框架,以支持多比较适应症新药的定价和资助政策,其中一些关键方面随着时间的推移而发展。该框架包括三个核心考虑因素:(1)设计比例流程,(2)评估推荐多种治疗方案的成本和收益,以及(3)适当应用成本效益分析“决策规则”来支持建议和价格谈判。我们强调,比例化进程要求重新评估主题的优先次序与明确的目标保持一致,在重新评估时需要充分灵活地决策,并且在某些情况下,合同重新规范而不是典型的审议性卫生技术评估进程可能更合适。我们讨论了为什么推荐多种治疗方案而不是单一的具有成本效益的治疗可能更合适的原因,并敦促卫生技术评估机构明确处理可能与推荐多种治疗相关的权衡。最后,我们讨论了当多个竞争厂商提供保密折扣时,如何实现基于价值的定价。
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引用次数: 0
Cost Effectiveness of Exclusionary EGFR Testing for Taiwanese Patients Newly Diagnosed with Advanced Lung Adenocarcinoma. 台湾新诊断晚期肺腺癌患者排他性EGFR检测的成本效益。
IF 4.4 3区 医学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-03 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-024-01462-z
Huang-Tz Ou, Jui-Hung Tsai, Yi-Lin Chen, Tzu-I Wu, Li-Jun Chen, Szu-Chun Yang

Background and objective: Approximately half of lung adenocarcinomas in East Asia harbor epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. EGFR testing followed by tissue-based next-generation sequencing (NGS), upfront tissue-based NGS, and complementary NGS approaches have emerged on the front line to guide personalized therapy. We study the cost effectiveness of exclusionary EGFR testing for Taiwanese patients newly diagnosed with advanced lung adenocarcinoma.

Methods: This economic evaluation was conducted from the perspective of the healthcare sector with a lifetime horizon. Simulated patients were entered into a joint model combining decision trees and partitioned survival models upon diagnosis of advanced lung adenocarcinoma. We compared exclusionary EGFR testing with upfront tissue-based NGS and complementary NGS approaches. The model inputs were derived from regional estimates (prevalence of targetable gene alterations), trials (testing accuracy, survival outcomes, and adverse events), ACT Genomics (testing costs), National Health Insurance payments, retail prices (drug costs), and hospital cohorts (utility values). All costs were made equivalent to 2023 US dollars. An annual discount rate of 3% was applied. We adopted a willingness-to-pay threshold of US$70,000 per quality-adjusted life-year. One-way deterministic and probabilistic analyses were performed.

Results: The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of exclusionary EGFR testing versus upfront tissue-based NGS was US$15,521 per quality-adjusted life-year, whereas the incremental net monetary benefit was US$2530. The costs of osimertinib and pembrolizumab were the major determinants. The incremental net monetary benefit of exclusionary EGFR testing versus complementary NGS approach was US$2174, and its major determinants included the true-negative rate of EGFR testing and the prevalence rate of an EGFR mutation. Given the willingness-to-pay thresholds of US$35,000, US$70,000, and US$105,000 (1, 2, and 3 per capita gross domestic product) per quality-adjusted life-year, the probabilities that exclusionary EGFR testing would be cost effective were 79.1%, 95.6%, and 91.2%, respectively.

Conclusions: Our analysis suggests that exclusionary EGFR testing is a cost-effective strategy for Taiwanese patients newly diagnosed with advanced lung adenocarcinoma.

背景和目的:东亚地区大约一半的肺腺癌存在表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)突变。EGFR检测之后的基于组织的下一代测序(NGS)、基于组织的前期NGS和补充NGS方法已经出现在指导个性化治疗的一线。本研究针对台湾新诊断为晚期肺腺癌的患者,研究排他性EGFR检测的成本效益。方法:从医疗保健部门的角度进行终身经济评价。模拟患者在诊断为晚期肺腺癌时,将其纳入决策树与分区生存模型相结合的联合模型。我们比较了排他性EGFR检测与基于前期组织的NGS和互补的NGS方法。模型输入来自区域估计(可靶向基因改变的流行程度)、试验(检测准确性、生存结果和不良事件)、ACT基因组学(检测成本)、国民健康保险支付、零售价格(药品成本)和医院队列(效用值)。所有费用均折合为2023美元。采用3%的年贴现率。我们采用了每质量调整生命年7万美元的支付意愿门槛。进行了单向确定性和概率分析。结果:排他性EGFR检测与前期基于组织的NGS的增量成本-效果比为每个质量调整生命年15,521美元,而增量净货币效益为2530美元。奥西替尼和派姆单抗的成本是主要决定因素。与补充NGS方法相比,排他性EGFR检测的增量净货币效益为2174美元,其主要决定因素包括EGFR检测的真阴性率和EGFR突变的流行率。考虑到每个质量调整生命年的支付意愿阈值为3.5万美元、7万美元和10.5万美元(人均国内生产总值1、2和3),排除性EGFR检测具有成本效益的概率分别为79.1%、95.6%和91.2%。结论:我们的分析显示,对于台湾新诊断为晚期肺腺癌的患者,排他性EGFR检测是一种具有成本效益的策略。
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引用次数: 0
Examination of Methods to Estimate Productivity Losses in an Economic Evaluation: Using Foodborne Illness as a Case Study. 在经济评估中评估生产力损失的方法的检验:使用食源性疾病作为案例研究。
IF 4.4 3区 医学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-04 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-024-01458-9
Kathleen Manipis, Paula Cronin, Deborah Street, Jody Church, Rosalie Viney, Stephen Goodall
<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cost-utility analyses commonly use two primary methods to value productivity: the human capital approach (HCA) and the friction cost approach (FCA). Another less frequently used method is the willingness-to-pay (WTP) approach, which estimates the monetary value individuals assign to avoiding an illness. In the context of foodborne illnesses (FBI), productivity loss represents one of the most significant economic impacts, particularly in developed nations. These losses arise from factors such as missed workdays, reduced workplace efficiency due to illness, and long-term health complications that can limit an individual's ability to work. As a result, accurately quantifying productivity loss is critical in understanding the broader economic burden of FBI.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>Our aim was to compare the impact of valuation methods used to measure productivity loss in an economic evaluation, using a hypothetical intervention for FBI caused by campylobacter as a case study. Cost effectiveness from three perspectives is examined: health care system, employee, and employer.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A Markov model with a 10-year time horizon was developed to evaluate the morbidity and productivity impacts of FBI caused by campylobacter. The model included four health states: 'healthy', 'acute gastroenteritis', 'irritable bowel syndrome and being unable to work some of the time', and 'irritable bowel syndrome and unable to work'. Five approaches to valuing productivity loss were compared: model 1 (cost-utility analysis), model 2 (HCA), model 3 (FCA), model 4 (FCA+WTP to avoid illness with paid sick leave), and model 5 (WTP to avoid illness without paid sick leave). Health outcomes and costs were discounted using a 5% discount rate. Costs were reported in 2024 Australian dollars ($AUD).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Model 1, which did not include productivity losses, yielded the highest incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) at $56,467 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. The inclusion of productivity costs (models 2-5) significantly increased the total costs in both arms of the models but led to a marked reduction in the ICERs. For example, model 2 (HCA) resulted in an ICER of $11,174/QALY gained, whereas model 3 (FCA) resulted in $21,136/QALY gained. Models 4 and 5, which included WTP approaches, had ICERs of $19,661/QALY gained and $24,773/QALY gained, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings underscore the significant impact of different modelling approaches to productivity loss on ICER estimates and consequently the decision to adopt a new policy or intervention. The choice of perspective in the analysis is critical, as it determines how the short-term and long-term productivity losses are accounted for and valued. This highlights the importance of carefully selecting and justifying the perspective and valuation methods used in economic evaluations to ensure informed a
背景:成本效用分析通常使用两种主要方法来评估生产力:人力资本法(HCA)和摩擦成本法(FCA)。另一种较少使用的方法是支付意愿(WTP)方法,它估计个人为避免疾病而分配的货币价值。在食源性疾病(FBI)的背景下,生产力损失是最重大的经济影响之一,特别是在发达国家。这些损失是由诸如错过工作日、因病工作效率降低以及可能限制个人工作能力的长期健康并发症等因素造成的。因此,准确量化生产力损失对于理解联邦调查局更广泛的经济负担至关重要。目的:我们的目的是比较经济评估中用于衡量生产力损失的评估方法的影响,以弯曲杆菌引起的FBI假设干预为案例研究。从三个角度考察成本效益:医疗保健系统、雇员和雇主。方法:建立10年时间范围的马尔可夫模型,评价弯曲杆菌引起的FBI的发病率和生产力影响。该模型包括四种健康状态:“健康”、“急性肠胃炎”、“肠易激综合症,有时无法工作”和“肠易激综合症,无法工作”。比较了五种评估生产力损失的方法:模型1(成本效用分析),模型2 (HCA),模型3 (FCA),模型4 (FCA+WTP避免带薪病假的疾病)和模型5 (WTP避免无带薪病假的疾病)。使用5%的贴现率对健康结果和成本进行贴现。报告的成本为2024澳元($AUD)。结果:模型1,不包括生产力损失,产生最高的增量成本效益比(ICER)为56,467美元每质量调整生命年(QALY)获得。纳入生产率成本(模型2-5)显著增加了模型两部分的总成本,但导致ICERs显著降低。例如,模型2 (HCA)的ICER为11,174美元/QALY获得,而模型3 (FCA)的ICER为21,136美元/QALY获得。模型4和模型5,包括WTP方法,ICERs分别为$19,661/QALY和$24,773/QALY。结论:这些发现强调了不同的生产力损失建模方法对ICER估计的重大影响,从而决定采用新的政策或干预措施。分析中视角的选择是至关重要的,因为它决定了短期和长期的生产力损失是如何计算和评估的。这突出了仔细选择和证明经济评估中使用的观点和评估方法的重要性,以确保知情和平衡的政策决定。
{"title":"Examination of Methods to Estimate Productivity Losses in an Economic Evaluation: Using Foodborne Illness as a Case Study.","authors":"Kathleen Manipis, Paula Cronin, Deborah Street, Jody Church, Rosalie Viney, Stephen Goodall","doi":"10.1007/s40273-024-01458-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40273-024-01458-9","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Cost-utility analyses commonly use two primary methods to value productivity: the human capital approach (HCA) and the friction cost approach (FCA). Another less frequently used method is the willingness-to-pay (WTP) approach, which estimates the monetary value individuals assign to avoiding an illness. In the context of foodborne illnesses (FBI), productivity loss represents one of the most significant economic impacts, particularly in developed nations. These losses arise from factors such as missed workdays, reduced workplace efficiency due to illness, and long-term health complications that can limit an individual's ability to work. As a result, accurately quantifying productivity loss is critical in understanding the broader economic burden of FBI.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aim: &lt;/strong&gt;Our aim was to compare the impact of valuation methods used to measure productivity loss in an economic evaluation, using a hypothetical intervention for FBI caused by campylobacter as a case study. Cost effectiveness from three perspectives is examined: health care system, employee, and employer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Method: &lt;/strong&gt;A Markov model with a 10-year time horizon was developed to evaluate the morbidity and productivity impacts of FBI caused by campylobacter. The model included four health states: 'healthy', 'acute gastroenteritis', 'irritable bowel syndrome and being unable to work some of the time', and 'irritable bowel syndrome and unable to work'. Five approaches to valuing productivity loss were compared: model 1 (cost-utility analysis), model 2 (HCA), model 3 (FCA), model 4 (FCA+WTP to avoid illness with paid sick leave), and model 5 (WTP to avoid illness without paid sick leave). Health outcomes and costs were discounted using a 5% discount rate. Costs were reported in 2024 Australian dollars ($AUD).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Model 1, which did not include productivity losses, yielded the highest incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) at $56,467 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. The inclusion of productivity costs (models 2-5) significantly increased the total costs in both arms of the models but led to a marked reduction in the ICERs. For example, model 2 (HCA) resulted in an ICER of $11,174/QALY gained, whereas model 3 (FCA) resulted in $21,136/QALY gained. Models 4 and 5, which included WTP approaches, had ICERs of $19,661/QALY gained and $24,773/QALY gained, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;These findings underscore the significant impact of different modelling approaches to productivity loss on ICER estimates and consequently the decision to adopt a new policy or intervention. The choice of perspective in the analysis is critical, as it determines how the short-term and long-term productivity losses are accounted for and valued. This highlights the importance of carefully selecting and justifying the perspective and valuation methods used in economic evaluations to ensure informed a","PeriodicalId":19807,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics","volume":" ","pages":"453-467"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142927650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Projections of Public Spending on Pharmaceuticals: A Review of Methods. 药品公共支出预测:方法综述。
IF 4.4 3区 医学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-11 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-024-01465-w
Irina Odnoletkova, Patrice X Chalon, Stephan Devriese, Irina Cleemput
<p><strong>Background: </strong>Forecasting future public pharmaceutical expenditure is a challenge for healthcare payers, particularly owing to the unpredictability of new market introductions and their economic impact. No best-practice forecasting methods have been established so far. The literature distinguishes between the top-down approach, based on historical trends, and the bottom-up approach, using a combination of historical and horizon scanning data. The objective of this review is to describe the methods for projections of pharmaceutical expenditure that apply the "bottom-up" approach and to synthesize the knowledge of their predictive accuracy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Projections of public pharmaceutical expenditure applicable to Western economies including a comprehensive method description and published 2000-2024 were searched in scientific databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and EconLit) and in gray literature (websites of international health organizations and national healthcare authorities). The data sources, assumptions about the future market dynamics, analytical approaches, and the projection results are summarized.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-four out of 3492 screened publications were included, associated with nine expenditure projection models. Four models were developed for all reimbursable drugs in the USA, the UK, the Stockholm region (Sweden), and seven European Union (EU) countries: France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Portugal, and the UK, respectively. The other five models concerned specific groups of medicines: orphan drugs in Belgium, the Eurozone plus the UK, and Canada, respectively; psychotropic medications in the USA; and outpatient intravenous cancer medicines in the Province of Ontario (Canada). For trend analysis, drug coverage claims or sales data were used, applying linear and/or nonlinear models. The budget impact of new launches and patent expirations was estimated through (a form of) horizon scanning, i.e., a systematic monitoring of the pharmaceutical pipeline, with engagement of clinical expert judgment. Projections with a predictive time window greater than 3 years largely relied on previously observed trends to model new market introductions. Four models were validated through an ex post comparison of projected and observed expenditure. The absolute difference between the forecasted and actual percentual change in pharmaceutical expenditure was: 0.3% ("UK model"), 1.9% ("Stockholm model"), and 2% (nonfederal hospitals, "US model"). The "Ontario cancer drug model" overestimated the actual expenditure by 1%. Overall, the largest errors were attributable to new market launches and unforeseen policy reforms. Prediction accuracy decreased substantially for forecasts beyond 1 year in the future. For two not validated projections, a face validity check was feasible. One of the models forecasted a decrease in pharmaceutical expenditure from 2012 to 2016 in six European countries, contrasti
背景:预测未来的公共医药支出对医疗保健支付者来说是一个挑战,特别是由于新市场的引入及其经济影响的不可预测性。到目前为止还没有确定最佳的预测方法。文献区分了基于历史趋势的自顶向下方法和结合历史和水平扫描数据的自底向上方法。本综述的目的是描述应用“自下而上”方法的药物支出预测方法,并综合其预测准确性的知识。方法:在科学数据库(MEDLINE、EMBASE和EconLit)和灰色文献(国际卫生组织和国家卫生保健当局网站)中检索适用于西方经济体的公共医药支出预测,包括综合方法描述和2000-2024年发表的文献。总结了数据来源、对未来市场动态的假设、分析方法和预测结果。结果:筛选的3492份出版物中包括24份,与9个支出预测模型相关。在美国、英国、斯德哥尔摩地区(瑞典)和七个欧盟国家(法国、德国、希腊、匈牙利、波兰、葡萄牙和英国)分别为所有可报销药物开发了四个模型。其他五个模型涉及特定的药物群体:孤儿药分别在比利时、欧元区加英国和加拿大;美国的精神药物;和门诊静脉注射癌症药物在安大略省(加拿大)。对于趋势分析,采用线性和/或非线性模型,使用药品覆盖索赔或销售数据。新产品上市和专利到期的预算影响是通过(一种形式)水平扫描来估计的,即对制药管道进行系统监测,并参与临床专家判断。预测时间窗大于3年的预测主要依赖于先前观察到的趋势来模拟新市场的引入。通过对预计支出和实际支出的事后比较,验证了四个模型。药品支出预测和实际百分比变化之间的绝对差异为:0.3%(“英国模式”)、1.9%(“斯德哥尔摩模式”)和2%(非联邦医院,“美国模式”)。“安大略省抗癌药物模型”将实际支出高估了1%。总体而言,最大的错误可归因于新市场的推出和不可预见的政策改革。对于未来1年以上的预测,预测精度大幅下降。对于两个未验证的投影,人脸有效性检查是可行的。其中一个模型预测,从2012年到2016年,六个欧洲国家的药品支出将减少,这与目前的统计数据形成了对比。对孤儿药支出的10年预测将欧洲治疗的罕见病数量低估了100%以上。结论:公布的国家药品支出预测很少,而且方法上存在显著差异。基于高质量历史数据和严格的水平扫描的短期预测往往比建立在理论假设上的长期预测更准确。进一步探索数学算法与专家判断相结合的方法,提高药品支出预测的准确性和效率。
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引用次数: 0
A Hemophilia Joint Health Score-Based Model for the Economic Evaluation of Hemophilia A Prophylaxis Interventions.
IF 4.4 3区 医学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-025-01484-1
Sam Hirniak, Andrea N Edginton, Alfonso Iorio, William W L Wong

Background and objective: Hemophilia A is a costly, lifelong illness with multiple prophylaxis options. Previously, these options were assessed using a Peterson score-based model to simulate joint damage over time. This study built a model for the economic evaluation of hemophilia A with less socioeconomic selection bias utilizing the hemophilia joint health score (HJHS).

Methods: A mechanistically defined HJHS-based state-transition microsimulation model was implemented for the cost-utility analysis conducted over a lifetime horizon from a Canadian provincial Ministry of Health perspective, with a 1.5% discount rate on (costs and outcomes), to compare the following interventions: standard half-life (SHL), extended half-life (EHL), emicizumab, and efanesocotog alfa (EA). The health states are HJHS levels, waiting for surgery, postoperative time, and death. Individuals experience bleeds, joint bleeds (increasing the HJHS), and surgery in each health state. Disutilities include injections and postoperative time. Model validation included face validity, internal validity, comparison analysis, external validity, and predictive validity. Probabilistic analysis, pricing threshold analysis, and one-way scenario analyses were completed.

Results: EA showed lower levels of hospitalizations and surgeries and an improved joint damage experience in the simulation. However, EA was not cost-effective against emicizumab, which continued to be the most cost-effective intervention. Pricing threshold analysis indicated that a price decrease would be required for EA to dominate SHL (50% decrement) and emicizumab (55% decrement).

Conclusions: This is the first cost-effectiveness model incorporating HJHS to apply sequential joint damage to hemophilia A. While EA offers clinical benefits, our analysis suggests it will not be cost-effective from a Canadian provincial Ministry of Health perspective without a significant price decrease.

{"title":"A Hemophilia Joint Health Score-Based Model for the Economic Evaluation of Hemophilia A Prophylaxis Interventions.","authors":"Sam Hirniak, Andrea N Edginton, Alfonso Iorio, William W L Wong","doi":"10.1007/s40273-025-01484-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-025-01484-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>Hemophilia A is a costly, lifelong illness with multiple prophylaxis options. Previously, these options were assessed using a Peterson score-based model to simulate joint damage over time. This study built a model for the economic evaluation of hemophilia A with less socioeconomic selection bias utilizing the hemophilia joint health score (HJHS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A mechanistically defined HJHS-based state-transition microsimulation model was implemented for the cost-utility analysis conducted over a lifetime horizon from a Canadian provincial Ministry of Health perspective, with a 1.5% discount rate on (costs and outcomes), to compare the following interventions: standard half-life (SHL), extended half-life (EHL), emicizumab, and efanesocotog alfa (EA). The health states are HJHS levels, waiting for surgery, postoperative time, and death. Individuals experience bleeds, joint bleeds (increasing the HJHS), and surgery in each health state. Disutilities include injections and postoperative time. Model validation included face validity, internal validity, comparison analysis, external validity, and predictive validity. Probabilistic analysis, pricing threshold analysis, and one-way scenario analyses were completed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>EA showed lower levels of hospitalizations and surgeries and an improved joint damage experience in the simulation. However, EA was not cost-effective against emicizumab, which continued to be the most cost-effective intervention. Pricing threshold analysis indicated that a price decrease would be required for EA to dominate SHL (50% decrement) and emicizumab (55% decrement).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is the first cost-effectiveness model incorporating HJHS to apply sequential joint damage to hemophilia A. While EA offers clinical benefits, our analysis suggests it will not be cost-effective from a Canadian provincial Ministry of Health perspective without a significant price decrease.</p>","PeriodicalId":19807,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143753897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How Does Bereavement Affect the Health-Related Quality of Life of Household Members Who Do and Do Not Provide Unpaid Care? Difference-in-Differences Analyses Using the UK Household Longitudinal Survey. 丧亲之痛如何影响提供和不提供无偿护理的家庭成员的健康相关生活质量?使用英国家庭纵向调查的差异分析。
IF 4.4 3区 医学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-05 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-024-01452-1
Becky Pennington, Mónica Hernández Alava, Mark Strong

Background: Guidelines for modelling in economic evaluation recommend that it may be necessary to consider costs and outcomes until all modelled patients have died. Some guidelines also recommend that carers' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes should be included. However, it is unclear whether economic evaluations should continue to include carers' HRQoL after patients have died, and whether there is any evidence to support an additional bereavement effect for carers.

Methods: We used the UK Household Longitudinal Study waves 1-12. We used Difference-in-Differences to estimate the short- and long-term bereavement effects on the SF-6D for people who reported that they did and did not provide care to a household member who then died. We assumed parallel trends conditional on age, sex, long-term health conditions, education, and household income.

Results: Carers and non-carers experienced a significant loss in HRQoL in the year immediately following bereavement. Carers potentially experienced a loss in HRQoL in the year before bereavement, whereas the bereavement effect may have lasted longer for non-carers. For both groups, HRQoL became comparable to the non-bereaved population around 3 years after bereavement.

Conclusions: Bereavement has a statistically significant negative impact on HRQoL in the short-term, for both carers and non-carers. However, the effect size is small and is not sustained, suggesting that including bereavement in economic evaluation would make little difference to results.

背景:经济评估中的建模指南建议,在所有建模的患者死亡之前,可能有必要考虑成本和结果。一些指南还建议将护理者与健康相关的生活质量(HRQoL)结果纳入其中。然而,目前尚不清楚经济评估是否应继续包括患者死亡后护理人员的HRQoL,以及是否有证据支持对护理人员的额外丧亲效应。方法:我们使用英国家庭纵向研究波1-12。我们使用差异中的差异来估计短期和长期的丧亲之痛对SF-6D的影响,这些人报告说他们照顾或没有照顾后来去世的家庭成员。我们假设了年龄、性别、长期健康状况、教育程度和家庭收入等条件下的平行趋势。结果:照顾者和非照顾者在丧亲后一年内的HRQoL均有显著下降。照顾者可能在丧亲前一年经历了HRQoL的损失,而丧亲对非照顾者的影响可能持续更长时间。两组的HRQoL在丧亲3年后与非丧亲人群相当。结论:无论是照顾者还是非照顾者,丧亲对HRQoL的短期负向影响均有统计学意义。然而,效应量很小且不持久,这表明在经济评估中包括丧亲之痛对结果的影响不大。
{"title":"How Does Bereavement Affect the Health-Related Quality of Life of Household Members Who Do and Do Not Provide Unpaid Care? Difference-in-Differences Analyses Using the UK Household Longitudinal Survey.","authors":"Becky Pennington, Mónica Hernández Alava, Mark Strong","doi":"10.1007/s40273-024-01452-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40273-024-01452-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Guidelines for modelling in economic evaluation recommend that it may be necessary to consider costs and outcomes until all modelled patients have died. Some guidelines also recommend that carers' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes should be included. However, it is unclear whether economic evaluations should continue to include carers' HRQoL after patients have died, and whether there is any evidence to support an additional bereavement effect for carers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used the UK Household Longitudinal Study waves 1-12. We used Difference-in-Differences to estimate the short- and long-term bereavement effects on the SF-6D for people who reported that they did and did not provide care to a household member who then died. We assumed parallel trends conditional on age, sex, long-term health conditions, education, and household income.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Carers and non-carers experienced a significant loss in HRQoL in the year immediately following bereavement. Carers potentially experienced a loss in HRQoL in the year before bereavement, whereas the bereavement effect may have lasted longer for non-carers. For both groups, HRQoL became comparable to the non-bereaved population around 3 years after bereavement.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Bereavement has a statistically significant negative impact on HRQoL in the short-term, for both carers and non-carers. However, the effect size is small and is not sustained, suggesting that including bereavement in economic evaluation would make little difference to results.</p>","PeriodicalId":19807,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics","volume":" ","pages":"389-402"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11929705/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142785662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Value-Based Indication-Specific Pricing and Weighted-Average Pricing: Estimated Price and Cost Savings for Cancer Drugs. 基于价值的特定适应症定价和加权平均定价:癌症药物的估计价格和成本节约。
IF 4.4 3区 医学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-024-01448-x
Daniel Tobias Michaeli, Thomas Michaeli

Objectives: For US Medicare and Medicaid, single drug prices do not reflect the value of supplemental indications. Value-based indication-specific and weighted-average pricing has been suggested for drugs with multiple indications. Under indication-specific pricing, a distinct price is assigned to the differential value a drug offers in each indication. Under weighted-average pricing, a single drug price is calculated that reflects the value and/or volume of each indication. This study estimates price reductions and cost savings for cancer drugs under value-based indication-specific pricing and weighted-average pricing.

Methods: We collected data on US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved cancer drugs and indications (2003-2020) from FDA labels, the Global Burden of Disease study, clinicaltrials.gov, and Medicare and Medicaid. A multivariable regression analysis, informed by characteristics of original indications, was used to predict value-based indication-specific prices for supplemental indications. These indication-specific prices were combined with each indication's prevalence data to estimate value-based weighted-average prices and potential cost savings under each policy.

Results: We identified 123 cancer drugs with 308 indications. Medicare and Medicaid spent a total of $28.2 billion on these drugs in 2020. Adopting value-based indication-specific pricing would increase drug prices by an average of 3.9%, with cost savings of $3.0 billion (10.6%). However, 43.7% higher prices for ultra-rare diseases would increase spending by 16.8% ($44 million). Adopting value-based weighted-average pricing would reduce prices by an average of 4.6% and spending by $3.0 billion (10.6%). Under weighted-average pricing, prices for and spending on ultra-rare diseases would be reduced by 22.6% and $55 million, respectively.

Conclusions: Value-based indication-specific and weighted-average pricing could help to align the value and price of new indications, thereby reducing expenditure on drugs with multiple indications.

目的:对于美国医疗保险和医疗补助,单一药物价格不能反映补充适应症的价值。对于具有多种适应症的药物,建议采用基于价值的特定适应症和加权平均定价。在特定适应症定价下,药物在每个适应症中的不同价值被赋予不同的价格。在加权平均定价下,单一药物价格的计算反映了每个适应症的价值和/或数量。本研究估计了基于价值的特定适应症定价和加权平均定价下癌症药物的降价和成本节约。方法:我们收集了美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准的癌症药物和适应症(2003-2020年)的数据,包括FDA标签、全球疾病负担研究、临床试验。gov和医疗保险和医疗补助。根据原始适应症的特点,采用多变量回归分析来预测补充适应症的基于价值的特定适应症价格。这些特定适应症的价格与每种适应症的流行率数据相结合,以估计每种政策下基于价值的加权平均价格和潜在的成本节约。结果:我们鉴定出123种抗癌药,308种适应症。2020年,医疗保险和医疗补助在这些药物上总共花费了282亿美元。采用基于价值的特定适应症定价将使药品价格平均上涨3.9%,节约成本30亿美元(10.6%)。然而,超罕见疾病的价格上涨43.7%将使支出增加16.8%(4400万美元)。采用基于价值的加权平均定价将使价格平均降低4.6%,支出平均减少30亿美元(10.6%)。在加权平均定价下,超罕见病的价格和支出将分别减少22.6%和5500万美元。结论:基于价值的特定适应症和加权平均定价有助于使新适应症的价值和价格保持一致,从而减少多适应症药物的支出。
{"title":"Value-Based Indication-Specific Pricing and Weighted-Average Pricing: Estimated Price and Cost Savings for Cancer Drugs.","authors":"Daniel Tobias Michaeli, Thomas Michaeli","doi":"10.1007/s40273-024-01448-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40273-024-01448-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>For US Medicare and Medicaid, single drug prices do not reflect the value of supplemental indications. Value-based indication-specific and weighted-average pricing has been suggested for drugs with multiple indications. Under indication-specific pricing, a distinct price is assigned to the differential value a drug offers in each indication. Under weighted-average pricing, a single drug price is calculated that reflects the value and/or volume of each indication. This study estimates price reductions and cost savings for cancer drugs under value-based indication-specific pricing and weighted-average pricing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We collected data on US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved cancer drugs and indications (2003-2020) from FDA labels, the Global Burden of Disease study, clinicaltrials.gov, and Medicare and Medicaid. A multivariable regression analysis, informed by characteristics of original indications, was used to predict value-based indication-specific prices for supplemental indications. These indication-specific prices were combined with each indication's prevalence data to estimate value-based weighted-average prices and potential cost savings under each policy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified 123 cancer drugs with 308 indications. Medicare and Medicaid spent a total of $28.2 billion on these drugs in 2020. Adopting value-based indication-specific pricing would increase drug prices by an average of 3.9%, with cost savings of $3.0 billion (10.6%). However, 43.7% higher prices for ultra-rare diseases would increase spending by 16.8% ($44 million). Adopting value-based weighted-average pricing would reduce prices by an average of 4.6% and spending by $3.0 billion (10.6%). Under weighted-average pricing, prices for and spending on ultra-rare diseases would be reduced by 22.6% and $55 million, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Value-based indication-specific and weighted-average pricing could help to align the value and price of new indications, thereby reducing expenditure on drugs with multiple indications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19807,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics","volume":" ","pages":"415-427"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11929628/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142910139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Defining Biological and Clinical Plausibility: The DICSA Framework for Protocolized Assessment in Survival Extrapolations Across Therapeutic Areas.
IF 4.4 3区 医学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-03-29 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-025-01485-0
Bart Heeg, Dawn Lee, Jane Adam, Maarten Postma, Mario Ouwens

Background: Numerous health technology assessment guidance documents emphasize the importance of biological/clinical plausibility of modeled lifetime incremental survival without clearly defining it.

Objectives: This paper defines biologically and clinically plausible lifetime survival extrapolations and proposes a framework to systematically assess this by comparing survival expectations estimated premodeling, with the final modeled survival extrapolations. This framework is embedded in a survival extrapolation protocol template, which ensures that both the expectations and extrapolations are based on unified, comprehensive evidence.

Methods: A targeted review was conducted of 29 guidance documents from National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee, Haute Autorité de Santé, Canada's Drug Agency, and European joint clinical assessment, focusing on survival analysis, evidence synthesis, cost-effectiveness modeling methods, and use of observational data.

Results: Survival extrapolations are biologically/clinically plausible when "predicted survival estimates that fall within the range considered plausible a-priori, obtained using a-priori justified methodology." These a priori expectations should utilize the totality of evidence available and take into account local target setting (i.e., survival-influencing aspects such as patient population, treatment pathway, and country). Pre-protocolized biologically/clinically plausible survival extrapolation was operationalized in a five-step DICSA approach: (1) Describe the target setting as defined by all relevant treatment and disease aspects that influence survival; (2) collect Information from relevant sources; (3) Compare survival-influencing aspects across information sources; (4) Set pre-protocolized survival expectations and plausible ranges; and (5) Assess how trial-based extrapolations align with the set expectations by comparing modeled survival extrapolations to the range of values a priori considered to be plausible.

Conclusion: The definition of plausibility of survival extrapolations, the operationalization of its assessment, and the corresponding extrapolation protocol template can contribute to the transparent development of biologically/clinically plausible survival extrapolations.

{"title":"Defining Biological and Clinical Plausibility: The DICSA Framework for Protocolized Assessment in Survival Extrapolations Across Therapeutic Areas.","authors":"Bart Heeg, Dawn Lee, Jane Adam, Maarten Postma, Mario Ouwens","doi":"10.1007/s40273-025-01485-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-025-01485-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Numerous health technology assessment guidance documents emphasize the importance of biological/clinical plausibility of modeled lifetime incremental survival without clearly defining it.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This paper defines biologically and clinically plausible lifetime survival extrapolations and proposes a framework to systematically assess this by comparing survival expectations estimated premodeling, with the final modeled survival extrapolations. This framework is embedded in a survival extrapolation protocol template, which ensures that both the expectations and extrapolations are based on unified, comprehensive evidence.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A targeted review was conducted of 29 guidance documents from National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee, Haute Autorité de Santé, Canada's Drug Agency, and European joint clinical assessment, focusing on survival analysis, evidence synthesis, cost-effectiveness modeling methods, and use of observational data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Survival extrapolations are biologically/clinically plausible when \"predicted survival estimates that fall within the range considered plausible a-priori, obtained using a-priori justified methodology.\" These a priori expectations should utilize the totality of evidence available and take into account local target setting (i.e., survival-influencing aspects such as patient population, treatment pathway, and country). Pre-protocolized biologically/clinically plausible survival extrapolation was operationalized in a five-step DICSA approach: (1) Describe the target setting as defined by all relevant treatment and disease aspects that influence survival; (2) collect Information from relevant sources; (3) Compare survival-influencing aspects across information sources; (4) Set pre-protocolized survival expectations and plausible ranges; and (5) Assess how trial-based extrapolations align with the set expectations by comparing modeled survival extrapolations to the range of values a priori considered to be plausible.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The definition of plausibility of survival extrapolations, the operationalization of its assessment, and the corresponding extrapolation protocol template can contribute to the transparent development of biologically/clinically plausible survival extrapolations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19807,"journal":{"name":"PharmacoEconomics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143743541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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PharmacoEconomics
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