This paper reviews about twenty years in the history of the Mrs. America Pageant and examines how it was initiated as a beauty contest like the Miss America Pageant but later transformed into a professionalized contest on the “good old-fashioned wifely arts” as well as on pulchritude. This close look at the formation and transformation of the contest for married women reveals connections between American standards of beauty, consumerism, and the commodification of female domesticity during the postwar period. The speaker
{"title":"The Mrs. America Pageant: From Beauty Contest to Homemaking Olympics","authors":"Nogin Chung","doi":"10.15640/ijgws.v7n2p3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15640/ijgws.v7n2p3","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews about twenty years in the history of the Mrs. America Pageant and examines how it was initiated as a beauty contest like the Miss America Pageant but later transformed into a professionalized contest on the “good old-fashioned wifely arts” as well as on pulchritude. This close look at the formation and transformation of the contest for married women reveals connections between American standards of beauty, consumerism, and the commodification of female domesticity during the postwar period. The speaker","PeriodicalId":198281,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GENDER & WOMEN'S STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121875461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beauty advertisements have long been the focus of feminists as the promotion of idealised beauty standards is seen as oppressive and even demeaning to women. The overwhelming majority of research in this topic has concluded that traditional advertising tends to represent stereotyped images of women in which they are often portrayed as submissive and vulnerable. However, as there is now a pronounced shift towards online advertising, possible changes in the portrayal of women in a non-traditional medium such as social media are investigated in this study as the portrayal of women in social media is still a relatively unexplored area of investigation. In this study, the visual representation of women on the Instagram posts of two cosmetic companies, a multi-national US-based company (Maybelline) and a Middle-Eastern based independent company (Huda Beauty) are examined. The images of women in sixty posts from the two Instagram accounts of both companies were analyzed using Goffman's (1979) and Kang‟s (1997) frameworks of gender display in advertisements. The results show that despite the popular perception of social media as the „great equalizer‟ in terms of the creation and depiction of content, the vast majority of the images analyzed still depict women in the categories that are associated with disempowerment. Surprisingly, however, the images that depict independence and self-assertiveness by both companies feature women wearing the Muslim veil.
{"title":"A Cross-Cultural Study of the Representation of Women in Instagram Cosmetic Advertisements","authors":"Mennatalla Shalaby, Sharifah Nurul Huda Alkaff","doi":"10.15640/ijgws.v7n2p6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15640/ijgws.v7n2p6","url":null,"abstract":"Beauty advertisements have long been the focus of feminists as the promotion of idealised beauty standards is seen as oppressive and even demeaning to women. The overwhelming majority of research in this topic has concluded that traditional advertising tends to represent stereotyped images of women in which they are often portrayed as submissive and vulnerable. However, as there is now a pronounced shift towards online advertising, possible changes in the portrayal of women in a non-traditional medium such as social media are investigated in this study as the portrayal of women in social media is still a relatively unexplored area of investigation. In this study, the visual representation of women on the Instagram posts of two cosmetic companies, a multi-national US-based company (Maybelline) and a Middle-Eastern based independent company (Huda Beauty) are examined. The images of women in sixty posts from the two Instagram accounts of both companies were analyzed using Goffman's (1979) and Kang‟s (1997) frameworks of gender display in advertisements. The results show that despite the popular perception of social media as the „great equalizer‟ in terms of the creation and depiction of content, the vast majority of the images analyzed still depict women in the categories that are associated with disempowerment. Surprisingly, however, the images that depict independence and self-assertiveness by both companies feature women wearing the Muslim veil.","PeriodicalId":198281,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GENDER & WOMEN'S STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130834070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study is encouraged by the concept of morality towards men and women which proposed by Gilligan and Kohlberg. According to Gilligan, women’s orientation includes caring, such as affection, attention, and responsibility towards others. The issue of women in the critique of feminism is dominated by equality and justice in the social strata that men and women should have equal rights. This study focus on the concept of morality proposed by Gilligan which believes that women’s attitudes are categorized in three aspects, namely preconvention (individualist), conventional (willing to sacrifice), post conventional (decision making). A number of female figures were analyzed in Indonesian newspapers, Kompasis a popular newspapers in Indonesia that issues short story weekly. The method employed in this study is content analysis. There were 23 out of 130 short stories which analyzed based on 2010-2015 collection of selected short storiesin Kompas. The results of the study show that the individualistic (pre-conventional) attitude of women is caused by her self-interest, security, and worry. Women’s sacrifice (conventional) is caused by compassion and affection. Meanwhile, the decision (post-conventional) of women is caused by reciprocal relationships with feelings of regret, happiness, hesitation, confidence, despair, and resignation.
{"title":"Potrait of Women’s Morality in Short Stories Published in Indonesian Newspapers","authors":"Aji Septiaji, A. Rahmat","doi":"10.15640/ijgws.v7n1a13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15640/ijgws.v7n1a13","url":null,"abstract":"This study is encouraged by the concept of morality towards men and women which proposed by Gilligan and Kohlberg. According to Gilligan, women’s orientation includes caring, such as affection, attention, and responsibility towards others. The issue of women in the critique of feminism is dominated by equality and justice in the social strata that men and women should have equal rights. This study focus on the concept of morality proposed by Gilligan which believes that women’s attitudes are categorized in three aspects, namely preconvention (individualist), conventional (willing to sacrifice), post conventional (decision making). A number of female figures were analyzed in Indonesian newspapers, Kompasis a popular newspapers in Indonesia that issues short story weekly. The method employed in this study is content analysis. There were 23 out of 130 short stories which analyzed based on 2010-2015 collection of selected short storiesin Kompas. The results of the study show that the individualistic (pre-conventional) attitude of women is caused by her self-interest, security, and worry. Women’s sacrifice (conventional) is caused by compassion and affection. Meanwhile, the decision (post-conventional) of women is caused by reciprocal relationships with feelings of regret, happiness, hesitation, confidence, despair, and resignation.","PeriodicalId":198281,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GENDER & WOMEN'S STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133899865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examined gender and the profession of architecture in Nigeria. It took a cursory look at the malefemale dichotomy in the practice of the architectural profession, specifically on membership, certification, experience, project types and work schedule. Professionally certified architects from the North Central, South east and South Western regions of the countries were sampled by the use of a structured questionnaire. The results showed that female architects made up about a quarter of the total number of architects in Nigeria. It further showed that gender differentiation has significant relationship with the professional experience of the architects. On the other hand, gender has little impact on the professional service rendered by the architects nor in the types of projects participated in. Architectural profession in Nigeria is still strongly male dominated despite the fact that female architects can to a large extent perform same tasks as their male counterparts. This then raises the need for more gender inclusiveness in the training, employment and retention of architects in Nigeria. Keyword: Architects, Architectural profession, Construction industry, Gender
{"title":"Gender and Architectural Profession in Nigeria: Are Female Architects Up to the Task","authors":"Olayeni Kofoworola, A. Buki","doi":"10.15640/ijgws.v7n2p11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15640/ijgws.v7n2p11","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examined gender and the profession of architecture in Nigeria. It took a cursory look at the malefemale dichotomy in the practice of the architectural profession, specifically on membership, certification, experience, project types and work schedule. Professionally certified architects from the North Central, South east and South Western regions of the countries were sampled by the use of a structured questionnaire. The results showed that female architects made up about a quarter of the total number of architects in Nigeria. It further showed that gender differentiation has significant relationship with the professional experience of the architects. On the other hand, gender has little impact on the professional service rendered by the architects nor in the types of projects participated in. Architectural profession in Nigeria is still strongly male dominated despite the fact that female architects can to a large extent perform same tasks as their male counterparts. This then raises the need for more gender inclusiveness in the training, employment and retention of architects in Nigeria. Keyword: Architects, Architectural profession, Construction industry, Gender","PeriodicalId":198281,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GENDER & WOMEN'S STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127232233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In our contemporary post-feminist media culture, new forms of constraint and regulation emerge through a seeming proliferation of female “freedoms” that are adopted by advertisers using the surface terminology of feminism to sell products. Rosalind Gill has addressed a significant shift in ads, where women are no longer presented as passive sexual objects, but are seen as active, desiring sexual subjects, who enthusiastically participate in practices and forms of self-presentation that earlier generations of feminist scholars considered to be forms of sexism and subordination. In our contemporary post-feminist media culture, post-feminist ideology adopts discourses of feminist “resistance” in order to reinforce patriarchal norms. Thus, women are only “empowered” to make choices insofar as they do not disrupt patriarchal norms that govern marriage, motherhood, consumerism, female beauty and female sexuality. This paper will address the ways in which “empowerment” is utilized as a part of an ideological agenda to direct women‟s attention away from the fact that they have not gained equality, with particular attention being paid to media representations of female beauty and female sexuality.
{"title":"Empowerment without Feminism? Sexual Objectification Post-feminist Style","authors":"Ashley McKay, S. Moore, W. Kubik","doi":"10.15640/ijgws.v7n1a9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15640/ijgws.v7n1a9","url":null,"abstract":"In our contemporary post-feminist media culture, new forms of constraint and regulation emerge through a seeming proliferation of female “freedoms” that are adopted by advertisers using the surface terminology of feminism to sell products. Rosalind Gill has addressed a significant shift in ads, where women are no longer presented as passive sexual objects, but are seen as active, desiring sexual subjects, who enthusiastically participate in practices and forms of self-presentation that earlier generations of feminist scholars considered to be forms of sexism and subordination. In our contemporary post-feminist media culture, post-feminist ideology adopts discourses of feminist “resistance” in order to reinforce patriarchal norms. Thus, women are only “empowered” to make choices insofar as they do not disrupt patriarchal norms that govern marriage, motherhood, consumerism, female beauty and female sexuality. This paper will address the ways in which “empowerment” is utilized as a part of an ideological agenda to direct women‟s attention away from the fact that they have not gained equality, with particular attention being paid to media representations of female beauty and female sexuality.","PeriodicalId":198281,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GENDER & WOMEN'S STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121808287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：