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Epidemiology and Diseases Burden of Human Bocavirus 1 Infection in a Children's Hospital in Japan. 日本某儿童医院人类博卡病毒1型感染的流行病学和疾病负担
IF 2.2 4区 医学 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000005013
Yo Murata, Meiwa Shibata, Hanako Funakoshi, Kazue Kinoshita, Yuho Horikoshi

Background: Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is a respiratory pathogen predominantly affecting children. However, its epidemiology and clinical impact remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the seasonality, disease burden and clinical features of HBoV1 infection in hospitalized pediatric patients in Japan.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study at Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center from September 2023 to August 2024. Children ≤15 years old hospitalized with respiratory tract infections requiring oxygen therapy and/or noninvasive/invasive mechanical ventilation were included. HBoV1 DNA levels were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and acute HBoV1 infection was defined as ≥10 5 copies/mL. A quantitative PCR test was also performed for respiratory viruses simultaneously detected by a multiplex PCR, to distinguish between HBoV1 monoinfection and coinfection with other viruses.

Results: Among 327 eligible patients, acute HBoV1 infection was found in 13% (44/327), with peak incidence in June and July 2024. HBoV1 monoinfection was 41% (18/44). The patients with HBoV1 monoinfection had a median age of 25 months (interquartile range, 14-50), and 39% had underlying diseases. Fever and cough were common symptoms, and wheezing was observed in half of the patients. Intensive care unit admission was required in 33% of the patients with HBoV1 monoinfection, with 67% of them requiring mechanical ventilation. HBoV1 was the 3rd most common cause in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (19%).

Conclusions: HBoV1 was prevalent in the late spring and early summer during the 2023 to 2024 season in Tokyo, Japan. HBoV1 may contribute substantially to the burden of severe pediatric respiratory tract infections.

背景:人类bocavavirus 1 (HBoV1)是一种主要影响儿童的呼吸道病原体。然而,其流行病学和临床影响仍然知之甚少。本研究旨在了解日本住院儿童HBoV1感染的季节性、疾病负担和临床特征。方法:我们于2023年9月至2024年8月在东京都儿童医疗中心进行回顾性研究。年龄≤15岁的住院呼吸道感染患儿需要吸氧治疗和/或无创/有创机械通气。采用实时聚合酶链反应(real-time polymerase chain reaction, PCR)定量检测HBoV1 DNA水平,急性HBoV1感染定义为≥105拷贝/mL。对多重PCR同时检测到的呼吸道病毒进行了定量PCR检测,以区分HBoV1单感染和与其他病毒共感染。结果:327例符合条件的患者中,急性HBoV1感染占13%(44/327),发病高峰在2024年6月和7月。HBoV1单感染占41%(18/44)。HBoV1单感染患者的中位年龄为25个月(四分位数范围为14-50),39%有基础疾病。发热和咳嗽是常见症状,半数患者有喘息。33%的HBoV1单感染患者需要入住重症监护病房,其中67%需要机械通气。HBoV1是重症监护病房住院患者的第三大常见病因(19%)。结论:2023 - 2024年日本东京地区HBoV1流行季节为春末夏初。HBoV1可能在很大程度上造成儿童严重呼吸道感染的负担。
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引用次数: 0
Missed Opportunities to Prevent Mortality Among Youth Living With HIV: Insights From Verbal Autopsies and Clinical Record Reviews. 错过了预防青少年艾滋病毒感染者死亡的机会:来自口头尸检和临床记录回顾的见解。
IF 2.2 4区 医学 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000005005
Hellen Moraa, Irene N Njuguna, Caren Mburu, Grace John-Stewart, Dalton C Wamalwa

We conducted verbal autopsies and abstracted medical records of deceased youth living with HIV to identify missed opportunities for intervention. Of 60 deceased youth, the median age was 20 years, 65% acquired HIV perinatally and 67% were female. Overall, 55% of deaths occurred in hospitals, and 74% had adherence challenges. Mental health challenges and viral failure were key contributors to mortality.

我们进行了口头尸检,并提取了感染艾滋病毒的已故青年的医疗记录,以确定错过的干预机会。在60名死亡青年中,中位年龄为20岁,65%是围产期感染艾滋病毒,67%是女性。总体而言,55%的死亡发生在医院,74%的人有依从性方面的挑战。精神健康挑战和病毒衰竭是导致死亡率的主要因素。
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引用次数: 0
In Reply: Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prevention in Infancy on Prevalence of Asthma Among Native American Children. 回复:婴儿呼吸道合胞病毒预防对美国原住民儿童哮喘患病率的影响。
IF 2.2 4区 医学 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000005016
Wasif Ullah Khan, Mehr Un Nisa, Aamir Khan
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引用次数: 0
Tricuspid Valve Vegetation in Neonatal Candida Endocarditis. 新生儿念珠菌心内膜炎的三尖瓣植被。
IF 2.2 4区 医学 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000004996
Rupendra Nath Saha, Bhanu Duggal, Raghuraj Chawla
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of Adherence to HIV Postexposure Prophylaxis and Follow-up in Pediatric Sexual Assault Victims in Turkey: A Tertiary Center Experience. 对土耳其儿童性侵犯受害者的HIV暴露后预防和随访依从性的评估:三级中心经验。
IF 2.2 4区 医学 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000004984
İlknur Çağlar, Özlem Bağ, Miray Yilmaz Çelebi, Elif Kiymet, Elif Böncüoğlu, Şahika Şahinkaya, Ela Cem, Mustafa Gülderen, Pelin Kaçar, Deniz Ergün, İlker Devrim

Background: Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is critical in preventing HIV acquisition after risky exposures, particularly in pediatric sexual assault victims. Despite its importance, adherence and follow-up remain significant challenges.

Objectives: This study evaluates PEP and follow-up adherence and efficacy among pediatric sexual assault victims treated at a tertiary care hospital in Turkey.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 119 pediatric patients 1 month to 18 years of age, treated between September 2017 and September 2022. Data were collected on demographics, PEP initiation and completion, follow-up rates and serologic testing for HIV. PEP compliance, follow-up adherence and outcomes were analyzed.

Results: PEP was initiated in 97% of the eligible 119 patients, with 70% completing the regimen. Compliance showed no significant differences by sex or age. Follow-up adherence decreased progressively, from 55% at the first month to 30% by the sixth month. Nausea and vomiting occurred in one case, indicating a low incidence of side effects. None of the patients seroconverted to HIV.

Conclusion: A structured care system involving multidisciplinary collaboration, pioneered by pediatric infectious diseases, can lead to high PEP initiation and completion rates in children. Single-pill PEP regimens may enhance adherence. However, the decline in follow-up rates underscores the need for improved follow-up mechanisms and future interventions.

背景:暴露后预防(PEP)是预防艾滋病毒感染后的危险暴露,特别是儿童性侵犯受害者的关键。尽管它很重要,但依从性和随访仍然是重大挑战。目的:本研究评估在土耳其一家三级护理医院治疗的儿童性侵犯受害者的PEP和随访依从性和疗效。方法:对2017年9月至2022年9月期间接受治疗的119例1个月~ 18岁儿童患者进行回顾性分析。收集了人口统计学、PEP启动和完成、随访率和艾滋病毒血清学检测的数据。分析PEP依从性、随访依从性和结局。结果:在符合条件的119例患者中,97%的患者开始了PEP治疗,70%的患者完成了该方案。依从性在性别和年龄方面没有显着差异。随访依从性逐渐下降,从第一个月的55%下降到第六个月的30%。恶心、呕吐1例,副反应发生率低。没有一个病人血清转化为艾滋病毒。结论:一个以儿科传染病为先导的多学科合作的结构化护理系统,可以提高儿童PEP的启动率和完成率。单片PEP方案可以增强依从性。然而,随访率的下降强调了改进随访机制和未来干预措施的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Infections in Young Elite Athletes: Risks, Impacts and Prevention. 青年优秀运动员的感染:风险、影响和预防。
IF 2.2 4区 医学 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000005035
Ernest Kuchar, Anna Piwowarczyk, Kamil Tkacz, Jarosław Krzywański
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引用次数: 0
Adenovirus Genotypes Associated With Severe Acute Respiratory Infections Outbreak in Children, in Antioquia, Colombia, 2022-2023. 2022-2023年哥伦比亚安蒂奥基亚儿童严重急性呼吸道感染暴发与腺病毒基因型相关
IF 2.2 4区 医学 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000005001
María Angélica Maya, Celeny Ortiz, Francisco Averhoff, Ana Isabel Davila, Diego Bastidas, Michael G Berg, Gavin A Cloherty, Laura S Perez-Restrepo, Karl Ciuoderis-Aponte, Jaime Usuga, Isabel Moreno, Juan P Hernandez-Ortiz, Paulina A Rebolledo, Jorge E Osorio

Background: Human Adenovirus (HAdV) is a common cause of acute respiratory infections, typically mild in healthy individuals. However, in late 2022, an outbreak of severe acute respiratory infection caused by HAdV emerged among children in Colombia and other countries.

Methods: We described an HAdV outbreak between February 2022 and April 2023. Children with severe acute respiratory infection and HAdV infection confirmed by polymerase chain reaction were included in 4 institutions in Antioquia, Colombia. Our study investigated the clinical manifestations and circulating HAdV genotypes before, during and after this HAdV outbreak.

Results: A total of 133 HAdV cases were analyzed, 37 (27.8%) cases were classified as the preoutbreak group, 88 (66.1%) as the outbreak and 8 (6.0%) as the postoutbreak group. Predominant symptoms were fever (87.0%), rhinorrhea (57.1%) and dyspnea (36.8%). The need for intensive care unit admission and supplemental oxygen increased during the outbreak and peaked in the postoutbreak period. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 71.4% (10/14) of preoutbreak sequences belonged to genotype HAdV-C89, while during the outbreak, 75.6% (28/37) were HAdV-B3. Clinical symptoms did not significantly differ between HAdV-C89 and HAdV-B3 infections, but children infected with HAdV-B3 were significantly older.

Conclusions: This study highlights the shifting dynamics of HAdV genotypes in children and their epidemiologic impact. The emergence of HAdV-B3 in the post-COVID-19 period contributed to a severe acute respiratory infection outbreak, emphasizing the need for ongoing surveillance.

背景:人腺病毒(hav)是急性呼吸道感染的常见原因,在健康个体中通常是轻微的。然而,在2022年底,在哥伦比亚和其他国家的儿童中出现了由hav引起的严重急性呼吸道感染疫情。方法:我们描述了2022年2月至2023年4月期间的一次hav暴发。经聚合酶链反应确诊的严重急性呼吸道感染和hav感染儿童被纳入哥伦比亚安蒂奥基亚的4家机构。本研究调查了此次hav暴发前、期间和之后的临床表现和流行hav基因型。结果:共分析hav病例133例,其中爆发前组37例(27.8%),爆发后组88例(66.1%),爆发后组8例(6.0%)。主要症状为发热(87.0%)、鼻漏(57.1%)和呼吸困难(36.8%)。在疫情期间,重症监护病房住院和补充氧气的需求增加,并在疫情后时期达到高峰。系统发育分析显示,爆发前序列中有71.4%(10/14)属于HAdV-C89基因型,爆发期间有75.6%(28/37)属于HAdV-B3基因型。临床症状在HAdV-C89和HAdV-B3感染之间无显著差异,但感染HAdV-B3的儿童明显年龄较大。结论:本研究强调了儿童hav基因型的变化动态及其流行病学影响。在covid -19后时期出现的HAdV-B3导致了严重急性呼吸道感染暴发,这强调了持续监测的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Intraventricular Antibiotics in Children. 儿童脑室内抗生素。
IF 2.2 4区 医学 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000005023
Johann Ragnarsson, Valtyr Thors
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引用次数: 0
Liposomal Amphotericin B-induced Cardiac Arrhythmias in Infantile Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Case Report. 两性霉素b脂质体致婴儿内脏利什曼病心律失常1例。
IF 2.2 4区 医学 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000005015
Garyfallia Syridou, Sofia Karagiannidou, Maria Eleni Papakonstantinou, Myrto Manzana Peteinelli, Konstantinos Giannakopoulos, Vasiliki Papaevangelou

Background: Visceral Leishmaniasis is a systemic vector-borne infection with a poor prognosis if not treated. Classical antiparasitic therapy with liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) is effective, but occasionally not well-tolerated.

Case presentation: An 11-month-old male infant was admitted to our hospital due to prolonged fever, following an RSV infection. The patient had pale skin and splenomegaly, but was hemodynamically stable. An infectious cause was investigated through serology for Leishmania species , Brucella melitensis , Toxoplasma gondii , EBV, CMV, PB19 and Salmonella species . After admission, the infant developed Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH, with pancytopenia, triglycerides: 346 U/L, ferritin: 1071 ng/mL; γ-globulin was administered without clinical response). On the second hospitalization day, the Leishmania rapid test was positive, while blood polymerase chain reaction identified Leishmania Infantum as the cause of infection, and LAmB was initiated. After the 4th dose, the patient developed hypokalemia, bradycardia and premature supraventricular complexes. The arrhythmia persisted despite electrolyte replacement; amphotericin-induced cardiotoxicity was suspected, and LAmB was discontinued. Oral miltefosine was started after approval by the National Public Health Organization, since the medicine was given in Greece for the first time to a pediatric patient. Miltefosine therapy lasted 1 month, with remission. Hepatotoxicity occurred at the end of the treatment and gradually resolved over the following 4 months with complete normalization of hepatic markers. The child remained asymptomatic at the 1-year follow-up.

Conclusions: Leishmaniasis should always be investigated in pediatric patients with secondary HLH, especially in endemic countries. Cardiotoxicity of LAmB is extremely rare; in this case, however, miltefosine is an effective and safe alternative.

背景:内脏利什曼病是一种全身性媒介传播感染,如果不及时治疗,预后很差。经典的两性霉素B (LAmB)脂质体抗寄生虫治疗是有效的,但有时耐受性不佳。病例介绍:一名11个月大的男婴因呼吸道合胞病毒感染后持续发热入院。患者皮肤苍白,脾肿大,但血流动力学稳定。通过血清学调查利什曼原虫、梅利氏布鲁氏菌、刚地弓形虫、EBV、CMV、PB19和沙门氏菌的感染原因。入院后患儿出现噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症(HLH,伴全血细胞减少,甘油三酯:346 U/L,铁蛋白:1071 ng/mL;给予γ-球蛋白,无临床反应)。住院第2天,利什曼原虫快速检测阳性,血液聚合酶链反应确定感染原因为婴儿利什曼原虫,启动兰姆治疗。第4次给药后,患者出现低钾血症、心动过缓和过早室上复合体。尽管补充了电解质,心律失常仍然存在;怀疑是两性霉素引起的心脏毒性,停用兰姆。口服米替福辛是在国家公共卫生组织(National Public Health Organization)批准后开始使用的,因为这种药物首次在希腊被用于儿科患者。米替福辛治疗持续1个月,缓解。肝毒性在治疗结束时出现,并在随后的4个月内逐渐消退,肝脏标志物完全正常化。在1年的随访中,儿童仍无症状。结论:在继发性HLH患儿中应始终调查利什曼病,特别是在流行国家。羊肉的心脏毒性极为罕见;然而,在这种情况下,米替福辛是一种有效和安全的替代品。
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引用次数: 0
Causes of Fever in a Cohort of Nepali Children and the Potential Impact of Molecular Testing During a Dengue Fever Outbreak. 一群尼泊尔儿童发烧的原因和登革热爆发期间分子检测的潜在影响
IF 2.2 4区 医学 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000005167
Peter J O'Reilly, Madhav C Gautam, Bhishma Pokhrel, Sonu Shrestha, Meeru Gurung, Sanjeev M Bijukchhe, Elizabeth O'Mahony, Catherine Davis, Andrew Taylor, Sarah Kelly, Ruby Basi, Anushiya Kattel, Kushal Gautam, Shriya Bista, Roshan Jha, Ram Khadka, Saugat Bhandari, Puja Amatya, Ganesh Shah, Ira Shrestha, Michael Carter, Shreekrishna Maharjan, Colin Fink, Michael Levin, Aubrey J Cunnington, Andrew J Pollard, Shrijana Shrestha

Background: Identifying the cause of infection is important for clinical management and public health decisions, including vaccination strategies. In low-resource settings, causes of fever are often not identified. In this study, molecular testing panels were used to identify the causes of pediatric fever in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. A dengue fever outbreak facilitated the investigation of dengue diagnostics.

Methods: Children under 14 years of age were recruited to this prospective cohort study at Patan Hospital, Nepal. Clinical data and routine diagnostics were used to classify cases, including nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) antigen testing for dengue. Additional molecular diagnostics were performed on blood (12 viral, 26 bacterial and 6 fungal targets) and respiratory samples (17 viral and 3 bacterial targets).

Results: From September 1, 2021, to April 19, 2023, 565 children were enrolled, median age 3 (interquartile-range 1-7) years. Pathogens identified included dengue virus (n = 101), respiratory syncytial virus (n = 30), influenza (n = 25), typhoidal Salmonella spp. (n = 7) and Neisseria meningitidis (n = 2). During the dengue outbreak, dengue polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and NS1 positivity rates were both high early in dengue disease, but if >3 days of symptoms, PCR positivity rates declined (10.3%) while NS1 positivity remained high into the second week of illness (80%).

Conclusions: This prospective cohort study is the most comprehensive effort to date to describe the causes of pediatric fever in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends dengue PCR or NS1 antigen testing during the first 7 days of dengue fever. Our data indicate that PCR positivity declines after 3 days of symptoms, resulting in missed cases when relying solely on PCR.

背景:确定感染原因对临床管理和公共卫生决策(包括疫苗接种策略)非常重要。在资源匮乏的环境中,发烧的原因往往无法确定。在这项研究中,分子检测小组被用来确定尼泊尔加德满都谷地儿童发烧的原因。一次登革热疫情促进了对登革热诊断的调查。方法:在尼泊尔帕坦医院招募14岁以下的儿童进行前瞻性队列研究。临床资料和常规诊断用于病例分类,包括登革热非结构蛋白1 (NS1)抗原检测。对血液(12个病毒靶点、26个细菌靶点和6个真菌靶点)和呼吸道样本(17个病毒靶点和3个细菌靶点)进行了额外的分子诊断。结果:从2021年9月1日至2023年4月19日,565名儿童入组,中位年龄3岁(四分位间距1-7岁)。鉴定的病原体包括登革热病毒(101例)、呼吸道合胞病毒(30例)、流感病毒(25例)、伤寒沙门氏菌(7例)和脑膜炎奈瑟菌(2例)。在登革热暴发期间,登革热聚合酶链反应(PCR)和NS1阳性率在登革热发病早期均较高,但在出现症状3天后,PCR阳性率下降(10.3%),而NS1阳性率在发病第二周仍保持较高水平(80%)。结论:这项前瞻性队列研究是迄今为止描述尼泊尔加德满都谷地儿童发烧原因的最全面的努力。美国疾病控制和预防中心建议在登革热的头7天进行登革热聚合酶链反应或NS1抗原检测。我们的数据显示,症状出现3天后,PCR阳性下降,导致单纯依靠PCR漏诊。
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引用次数: 0
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Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
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