Pub Date : 2021-07-16DOI: 10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/3069F
Yerodin L. Carrington
The First Innovation to Record Sound is an investigation to find the first invention to record sound. A lot of innovations emerged with various titles and purposes of sound recording but lack the ability to contend their presence. The phonograph, phonautograph, and quipu are inventions that claim to be the first device to record sound. It is obvious all three innovations are not the first to record sound, which ignited this historical research study. A thorough examination was conducted upon the phonograph, phonautograph, and quipu to find factual results regarding the First Innovation to Record Sound.
{"title":"The First Innovation to Record Sound","authors":"Yerodin L. Carrington","doi":"10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/3069F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/3069F","url":null,"abstract":"The First Innovation to Record Sound is an investigation to find the first invention to record sound. A lot of innovations emerged with various titles and purposes of sound recording but lack the ability to contend their presence. The phonograph, phonautograph, and quipu are inventions that claim to be the first device to record sound. It is obvious all three innovations are not the first to record sound, which ignited this historical research study. A thorough examination was conducted upon the phonograph, phonautograph, and quipu to find factual results regarding the First Innovation to Record Sound.","PeriodicalId":199049,"journal":{"name":"Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 11","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115054977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-16DOI: 10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/3188F
Germán Colomá
This paper presents a model of a game between a soccer kicker and a goalkeeper, in which each player is trying to score a goal or to avoid such goal. In this version of the penalty-kick game, there are two possible strategies for each player (related to the place that they choose to kick or to move themselves) and there is also uncertainty about the kicker’s type (with two possible types of kicker). To find a solution for this game we use the concept of Bayesian equilibrium, and we find that, typically, one the kicker’s types will play a mixed strategy while the other type will choose a pure strategy. Comparing this equilibrium with the corresponding Nash equilibria under complete information, we find that the expected scoring probability increases (so that, on average, the goalkeeper is worse off).
{"title":"Bayesian Equilibria in the Penalty-Kick Game","authors":"Germán Colomá","doi":"10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/3188F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/3188F","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a model of a game between a soccer kicker and a goalkeeper, in which each player is trying to score a goal or to avoid such goal. In this version of the penalty-kick game, there are two possible strategies for each player (related to the place that they choose to kick or to move themselves) and there is also uncertainty about the kicker’s type (with two possible types of kicker). To find a solution for this game we use the concept of Bayesian equilibrium, and we find that, typically, one the kicker’s types will play a mixed strategy while the other type will choose a pure strategy. Comparing this equilibrium with the corresponding Nash equilibria under complete information, we find that the expected scoring probability increases (so that, on average, the goalkeeper is worse off).","PeriodicalId":199049,"journal":{"name":"Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 11","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128730895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-16DOI: 10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/10691D
Victoria N. Mokwenye, R. Mordi
This study aimed at establishing the effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the distribution of zinc in the body of HIV seropositive women in their reproductive ages in both follicular and luteal phases of their menstrual cycle. Age ranges of 18-40 years (mean 29years) were considered. HIV is a retrovirus which slowly but steadily attacks and destroys vital organs of the immune system and also depletes essential elements including iron and zinc. The study was prospective, cross sectional and targeted for a particular group in a tertiary institution in Midwestern Nigeria. A targeted population of 100 HIV seropositive women of reproductive age group and 50 seronegative women of same age group as control were recruited into the study. They were recruited before the commencement of HAART and monitored for nine months at three months interval after initiation. The parameter that was measured was zinc distribution in both follicular and luteal phases of their menstrual cycles. Mean values and their standard errors of means (SEM) were computed on Microcal Origin 5.0 statistical software. Comparism of means was done using ANOVA and Student t-test. HAART significantly (P<0.05) elevated zinc levels in the first three months of therapy in both phases and later decreased gradually till the ninth month, with higher reductions recorded in the luteal phases at all times. Conclusion: In this group of young reproductive women, HAART led to elevated values of zinc in the first three months (repletion) of therapy with subsequent decrease thereafter and at all stages, lower in the luteal phase than follicular phase showing a tie with the type of sex hormones.
{"title":"Effect of HAART on Zinc Level in HIV Positive Women: A Prospective Cross-sectional Study at a Tertiary Institution in Midwestern part of Nigeria","authors":"Victoria N. Mokwenye, R. Mordi","doi":"10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/10691D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/10691D","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed at establishing the effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the distribution of zinc in the body of HIV seropositive women in their reproductive ages in both follicular and luteal phases of their menstrual cycle. Age ranges of 18-40 years (mean 29years) were considered. HIV is a retrovirus which slowly but steadily attacks and destroys vital organs of the immune system and also depletes essential elements including iron and zinc. The study was prospective, cross sectional and targeted for a particular group in a tertiary institution in Midwestern Nigeria. A targeted population of 100 HIV seropositive women of reproductive age group and 50 seronegative women of same age group as control were recruited into the study. They were recruited before the commencement of HAART and monitored for nine months at three months interval after initiation. The parameter that was measured was zinc distribution in both follicular and luteal phases of their menstrual cycles. Mean values and their standard errors of means (SEM) were computed on Microcal Origin 5.0 statistical software. Comparism of means was done using ANOVA and Student t-test. HAART significantly (P<0.05) elevated zinc levels in the first three months of therapy in both phases and later decreased gradually till the ninth month, with higher reductions recorded in the luteal phases at all times. Conclusion: In this group of young reproductive women, HAART led to elevated values of zinc in the first three months (repletion) of therapy with subsequent decrease thereafter and at all stages, lower in the luteal phase than follicular phase showing a tie with the type of sex hormones.","PeriodicalId":199049,"journal":{"name":"Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 11","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133856842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-16DOI: 10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/10155D
A. Naji, Khalid Abdul Hussein Hafedh, Kreem Idan Fadheel
Solar cells lose high percent of their capacity as a result of insufficient solar radiation, due to changing of the solar angle of projection during the day. Solar energy coming from sunlight is converted by a cell panel into electrical energy called Photo Voltage (PV). These cells are made by trade of various semiconductor materials using P-N dipole technology. Thus this research aims to increase the cell efficiency by a novel method which is based on collecting rays in the convex focus and dispersed in the concave lens, to make the rays always perpendicular on cells. To achieve this purpose, glass balls with a diameter of 10 mm were used and arranged on the cell area. This work found an obvious increasing in the cell efficiency, where it is possible to have an increasing in generating voltage by an estimated 7.53%, and the current 1.086% by this novel method.
{"title":"Study on Increasing the Solar Cell Efficiency by Using Glass Balls","authors":"A. Naji, Khalid Abdul Hussein Hafedh, Kreem Idan Fadheel","doi":"10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/10155D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/10155D","url":null,"abstract":"Solar cells lose high percent of their capacity as a result of insufficient solar radiation, due to changing of the solar angle of projection during the day. Solar energy coming from sunlight is converted by a cell panel into electrical energy called Photo Voltage (PV). These cells are made by trade of various semiconductor materials using P-N dipole technology. Thus this research aims to increase the cell efficiency by a novel method which is based on collecting rays in the convex focus and dispersed in the concave lens, to make the rays always perpendicular on cells. To achieve this purpose, glass balls with a diameter of 10 mm were used and arranged on the cell area. This work found an obvious increasing in the cell efficiency, where it is possible to have an increasing in generating voltage by an estimated 7.53%, and the current 1.086% by this novel method.","PeriodicalId":199049,"journal":{"name":"Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 11","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124079123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-16DOI: 10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/2948F
Tao Yu
The two-station positioning system based on time difference and azimuth measurement has measurement redundancy. Therefore, not only can a positioning solution which is completely independent of the baseline length between two stations be derived, but also the baseline length can be solved as an unknown quantity. The analytical solutions of ranging are derived in polar coordinate system and rectangular coordinate system respectively, and the characteristics of the solutions are briefly described. On this basis, the ranging error is given further. The results of this paper can not only enhance the performance of the two-station positioning system, but also provide a design basis for the construction of the dynamic intelligent positioning system with self-organizing ability.
{"title":"Study on Two-Station Passive Locating Solution Independent of the Baseline Length","authors":"Tao Yu","doi":"10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/2948F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/2948F","url":null,"abstract":"The two-station positioning system based on time difference and azimuth measurement has measurement redundancy. Therefore, not only can a positioning solution which is completely independent of the baseline length between two stations be derived, but also the baseline length can be solved as an unknown quantity. The analytical solutions of ranging are derived in polar coordinate system and rectangular coordinate system respectively, and the characteristics of the solutions are briefly described. On this basis, the ranging error is given further. The results of this paper can not only enhance the performance of the two-station positioning system, but also provide a design basis for the construction of the dynamic intelligent positioning system with self-organizing ability.","PeriodicalId":199049,"journal":{"name":"Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 11","volume":"367 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115978289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-16DOI: 10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/11307D
C. Muniyandi, S. Rajagopal, C. Marimuthu
{"title":"Implementation of Standalone Dynamic Solar Array Fed PMSM Drive Using DC-DC Converter for the Reduction of Switching Losses","authors":"C. Muniyandi, S. Rajagopal, C. Marimuthu","doi":"10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/11307D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/11307D","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":199049,"journal":{"name":"Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 11","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133927751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-16DOI: 10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/10917D
Asumani Ungwe
In some parts of the world, supply of safe water is intermittent. In Malawi, some water supply interruptions are so long that they force consumers to fetch water from other sources. Majority of the alternative sources, however, provide unsafe water which puts people at risk of contracting waterborne diseases. This leads to high percentage of waterborne diseases. While this is the case, the period beyond which safe water supply interruptions force consumers in Malawi to fetch water from other sources was not known. As such, the purpose of this research was to establish this timespan. According to the study, people in Malawi are forced to fetch water from other sources whenever safe water supply interruptions last for 1.4 days or longer. We, therefore, we encourage Malawi's water utilities to ensure that water supply interruptions do not lsat for this long. Strategies for ensuring that safe water supply interruptions are not too long have been discussed in this chapter.
{"title":"Recommended Timeframe for Restoring Drinking Water Supply in Malawi","authors":"Asumani Ungwe","doi":"10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/10917D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/10917D","url":null,"abstract":"In some parts of the world, supply of safe water is intermittent. In Malawi, some water supply interruptions are so long that they force consumers to fetch water from other sources. Majority of the alternative sources, however, provide unsafe water which puts people at risk of contracting waterborne diseases. This leads to high percentage of waterborne diseases. While this is the case, the period beyond which safe water supply interruptions force consumers in Malawi to fetch water from other sources was not known. As such, the purpose of this research was to establish this timespan. According to the study, people in Malawi are forced to fetch water from other sources whenever safe water supply interruptions last for 1.4 days or longer. We, therefore, we encourage Malawi's water utilities to ensure that water supply interruptions do not lsat for this long. Strategies for ensuring that safe water supply interruptions are not too long have been discussed in this chapter.","PeriodicalId":199049,"journal":{"name":"Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 11","volume":"163 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115632113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-16DOI: 10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/6826D
S. Suppiah
The construction industry consumes large quantity of steel and emits carbon leading to global warming, which is a dampener for sustainable growth all over the world. As an alternative to steel, bamboo has been tried as reinforcement in different countries (e. g., Indonesia, China, Malaysia, India) on a limited scale only. Presently, fence walls erected with precast steel reinforced concrete (SRC) panels are widely in demand due to saving in time and simple craftsmanship when compared to conventional fence walls erected with materials such as stone, brick or barbed wire. Preparation of SRC panels has become a cottage industry due to a higher demand. However, these panels are prepared without adhering to any specification or standards. This work aims at exploring the methods of adopting bamboo as an alternative to steel for erecting fence walls. As many as thirty (30) bamboo reinforced concrete (BRC) slabs of dimension 1000 mm x 300 mm x 50 mm (length: height: thickness) were cast in the laboratory adopting M20 mix. Fifteen (15) slabs each were cast with (i) bambusa balcooa and (ii) bambusa polymorpha species as reinforcement with a pretreatment using coal tar creosote. The slabs were tested using (a) ultrasonic instrument to assess the quality of concrete used and (b) universal testing machine to establish the load versus deflection characteristics. As a comparative study these tests were repeated on precast, SRC panels, procured from a locally manufacturing unit. The test results reveal that the quality of concrete in BRC slabs was better than that of the SRC slabs. The BRC slabs with either type of species failed at approximately 50% of the magnitude of load taken by SRC slabs at failure. The deflection and the associated crack width also followed the same trend. The cost analysis performed indicates that BRC slabs are cheaper by 30 to 35% in comparison to SRC panels. Therefore, it is recommended to adopt BRC slabs for erecting fence walls and barns leading to benefits such as, sustainable growth of the environment, wider cultivation of bamboo species and more rural employment.
建筑行业消耗大量钢材，排放大量碳，导致全球变暖，这是全球可持续增长的阻碍。作为钢的替代品，竹子已经在不同的国家(如印度尼西亚、中国、马来西亚、印度)进行了小规模的加固试验。目前，与用石头、砖或铁丝网等材料建造的传统围栏墙相比，用预制钢筋混凝土(SRC)板建造的围栏墙由于节省时间和工艺简单而受到广泛需求。由于更高的需求，SRC板的制备已经成为一个家庭手工业。然而，这些面板是在不遵守任何规范或标准的情况下制备的。这项工作旨在探索采用竹子作为钢的替代品来竖立栅栏墙的方法。多达三十(30)块尺寸为1000mm x 300mm x 50mm(长:高:厚)的竹钢筋混凝土(BRC)板在实验室中采用M20混合料浇筑。每块板用(i)竹叶和(ii)多形竹作为加固，用煤焦油杂酚油预处理。使用(a)超声波仪器来评估所用混凝土的质量，(b)万能试验机来确定荷载与挠度的特性。作为一项比较研究，这些测试在从当地制造单位采购的预制SRC面板上重复进行。试验结果表明，BRC板的混凝土质量优于SRC板。两种类型的BRC板在破坏时所承受的荷载约为SRC板的50%。挠度和相关裂缝宽度也遵循相同的趋势。成本分析表明，BRC板比SRC板便宜30 - 35%。因此，建议采用BRC板建造围栏墙和谷仓，从而带来诸如环境可持续增长，更广泛的竹种种植和更多的农村就业等效益。
{"title":"Bamboo Reinforced Panels for Fence Walls","authors":"S. Suppiah","doi":"10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/6826D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/6826D","url":null,"abstract":"The construction industry consumes large quantity of steel and emits carbon leading to global warming, which is a dampener for sustainable growth all over the world. As an alternative to steel, bamboo has been tried as reinforcement in different countries (e. g., Indonesia, China, Malaysia, India) on a limited scale only. Presently, fence walls erected with precast steel reinforced concrete (SRC) panels are widely in demand due to saving in time and simple craftsmanship when compared to conventional fence walls erected with materials such as stone, brick or barbed wire. Preparation of SRC panels has become a cottage industry due to a higher demand. However, these panels are prepared without adhering to any specification or standards. This work aims at exploring the methods of adopting bamboo as an alternative to steel for erecting fence walls. As many as thirty (30) bamboo reinforced concrete (BRC) slabs of dimension 1000 mm x 300 mm x 50 mm (length: height: thickness) were cast in the laboratory adopting M20 mix. Fifteen (15) slabs each were cast with (i) bambusa balcooa and (ii) bambusa polymorpha species as reinforcement with a pretreatment using coal tar creosote. The slabs were tested using (a) ultrasonic instrument to assess the quality of concrete used and (b) universal testing machine to establish the load versus deflection characteristics. As a comparative study these tests were repeated on precast, SRC panels, procured from a locally manufacturing unit. The test results reveal that the quality of concrete in BRC slabs was better than that of the SRC slabs. The BRC slabs with either type of species failed at approximately 50% of the magnitude of load taken by SRC slabs at failure. The deflection and the associated crack width also followed the same trend. The cost analysis performed indicates that BRC slabs are cheaper by 30 to 35% in comparison to SRC panels. Therefore, it is recommended to adopt BRC slabs for erecting fence walls and barns leading to benefits such as, sustainable growth of the environment, wider cultivation of bamboo species and more rural employment.","PeriodicalId":199049,"journal":{"name":"Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 11","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122467878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-16DOI: 10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/2610F
M. S. Sulaiman, R. Wahab, Mohammad Haziq Razak, N. Mokhtar, T. Edin, R. S. M. Ghani
The microstructures of selected tropical bamboo species were investigated. Harvested three-year-old Gigantochloa scortechinii segregated into different locations and positions. Bamboo samples were treated using copper-chrome-arsenic (CCA), ammonia-copper-quaternary (ACQ), and a borax-boric-acid (BBA) through the vacuum pressure, sap displacement, and soaking technique. The samples then undergo using Electron Microscopy (EM), especially Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) as an efficient tools for microstructure viewing. The coating process and spurr resin techniques followed for SEM and TEM, respectively. The study focused on the changes of vascular bundles, fibers, and parenchyma cells located at the internodes and nodes; also at the outer, middle, and inner sections of natural and preservatives treated bamboos. Found that the bamboo species exhibit similarity in their characteristics but the anatomical features and microstructure were different. This paper also describes the effects of treated and untreated samples through the ground contact test using SEM and TEM micrographs.
{"title":"Description of an Anatomical Structure and Changes of Microstructure through the Grave Yard Test on Treated and Untreated Three-Year-Old Gigantochloa scortechinii via Electron Microscopy","authors":"M. S. Sulaiman, R. Wahab, Mohammad Haziq Razak, N. Mokhtar, T. Edin, R. S. M. Ghani","doi":"10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/2610F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/2610F","url":null,"abstract":"The microstructures of selected tropical bamboo species were investigated. Harvested three-year-old Gigantochloa scortechinii segregated into different locations and positions. Bamboo samples were treated using copper-chrome-arsenic (CCA), ammonia-copper-quaternary (ACQ), and a borax-boric-acid (BBA) through the vacuum pressure, sap displacement, and soaking technique. The samples then undergo using Electron Microscopy (EM), especially Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) as an efficient tools for microstructure viewing. The coating process and spurr resin techniques followed for SEM and TEM, respectively. The study focused on the changes of vascular bundles, fibers, and parenchyma cells located at the internodes and nodes; also at the outer, middle, and inner sections of natural and preservatives treated bamboos. Found that the bamboo species exhibit similarity in their characteristics but the anatomical features and microstructure were different. This paper also describes the effects of treated and untreated samples through the ground contact test using SEM and TEM micrographs.","PeriodicalId":199049,"journal":{"name":"Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 11","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130262518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-16DOI: 10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/11177D
B. R. Reddy
Different interferometer techniques and their applications are surveyed. The principle of optical heterodyne detection and its applications to in situ measurement of crystal growth rate, surface roughness measurement of coated mirrors and temperature changes due to laser heating are described in detail. Application of fluorescence ratio method, fluorescence lifetime measurement, Michelson interferometer and Mach-Zehnder interferometer techniques, for the measurement of temperature changes, are described in detail. The use of Mach-Zehnder interferometer to monitor changes in solution refractive index or concentration is described. A detailed error analysis is given for some of the measurements.
{"title":"Applications of Optical Interferometer Techniques for Precision Measurements of Changes in Temperature, Growth and Refractive Index of Materials: A Brief Review","authors":"B. R. Reddy","doi":"10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/11177D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BPI/CASTR/V11/11177D","url":null,"abstract":"Different interferometer techniques and their applications are surveyed. The principle of optical heterodyne detection and its applications to in situ measurement of crystal growth rate, surface roughness measurement of coated mirrors and temperature changes due to laser heating are described in detail. Application of fluorescence ratio method, fluorescence lifetime measurement, Michelson interferometer and Mach-Zehnder interferometer techniques, for the measurement of temperature changes, are described in detail. The use of Mach-Zehnder interferometer to monitor changes in solution refractive index or concentration is described. A detailed error analysis is given for some of the measurements.","PeriodicalId":199049,"journal":{"name":"Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 11","volume":"178 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120944194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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