Pub Date : 1996-10-01DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199610)48:2<189::AID-PS461>3.0.CO;2-#
I. Boddy, G. Briggs, R. Harrison, T. H. Jones, M. J. O'mahony, I. Marlow, B. Roberts, R. Willis, R. Bardsley, J. Reid
Two synthetic routes to 2-aryl-1,2,3-triazoles are outlined. These have been used to synthesise a wide range of compounds of this structural type. Their insecticidal activities were evaluated against a number of veterinary and public health pests. The activity of these compounds is especially good against the housefly (Musca domestica). Structure-activity relationships are discussed particularly in relation to the physical properties of the compounds.
{"title":"The Synthesis and Insecticidal Activity of a Series of 2‐Aryl‐1,2,3‐triazoles","authors":"I. Boddy, G. Briggs, R. Harrison, T. H. Jones, M. J. O'mahony, I. Marlow, B. Roberts, R. Willis, R. Bardsley, J. Reid","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199610)48:2<189::AID-PS461>3.0.CO;2-#","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199610)48:2<189::AID-PS461>3.0.CO;2-#","url":null,"abstract":"Two synthetic routes to 2-aryl-1,2,3-triazoles are outlined. These have been used to synthesise a wide range of compounds of this structural type. Their insecticidal activities were evaluated against a number of veterinary and public health pests. The activity of these compounds is especially good against the housefly (Musca domestica). Structure-activity relationships are discussed particularly in relation to the physical properties of the compounds.","PeriodicalId":19985,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Science","volume":"42 1","pages":"189-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87102250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-01DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199610)48:2<125::AID-PS449>3.0.CO;2-#
J. Holland, P. Jepson
The physical properties and field efficacy of microencapsulated acridicides (ME) were investigated to determine their suitability for application at Ultra Low Volume (ULV) rates in Sahelian conditions. Microcapsules were not damaged during application using Micronair AU7000 rotary atomisers. Drop size was dependent upon microcapsule size, smaller microcapsules tending to form dense aggregates within large droplets. The aggregation effect was counteracted by larger microcapsule sizes and by dilution of the concentrated formulation. There was a tendency for microcapsules to land dry at increasing distances from the point of application and at high temperatures and low humidities. In the field in Mali (W. Africa) diluted ME formulations were found to be suitable for ULV application by Berthoud C8 hand-held sprayers, vehicle-mounted Micronair AU7000 pest control kits and helicopter-mounted Beecomist rotary atomisers. ME formulations of fenitrothion, chlorpyriphos and diazinon all suppressed grasshopper populations in annual grassland and were as effective as fenitrothion applied at the standard ULV rate. The spatially heterogeneous and shifting nature of the grasshopper populations prevented the relative efficacy or persistence of the different products to be quantified and the potential for reduced environmental impact could not be tested.
{"title":"Droplet Dynamics and Initial Field Tests for Microencapsulated Pesticide Formulations Applied at Ultra Low Volume Using Rotary Atomisers for Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers","authors":"J. Holland, P. Jepson","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199610)48:2<125::AID-PS449>3.0.CO;2-#","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199610)48:2<125::AID-PS449>3.0.CO;2-#","url":null,"abstract":"The physical properties and field efficacy of microencapsulated acridicides (ME) were investigated to determine their suitability for application at Ultra Low Volume (ULV) rates in Sahelian conditions. Microcapsules were not damaged during application using Micronair AU7000 rotary atomisers. Drop size was dependent upon microcapsule size, smaller microcapsules tending to form dense aggregates within large droplets. The aggregation effect was counteracted by larger microcapsule sizes and by dilution of the concentrated formulation. There was a tendency for microcapsules to land dry at increasing distances from the point of application and at high temperatures and low humidities. In the field in Mali (W. Africa) diluted ME formulations were found to be suitable for ULV application by Berthoud C8 hand-held sprayers, vehicle-mounted Micronair AU7000 pest control kits and helicopter-mounted Beecomist rotary atomisers. ME formulations of fenitrothion, chlorpyriphos and diazinon all suppressed grasshopper populations in annual grassland and were as effective as fenitrothion applied at the standard ULV rate. The spatially heterogeneous and shifting nature of the grasshopper populations prevented the relative efficacy or persistence of the different products to be quantified and the potential for reduced environmental impact could not be tested.","PeriodicalId":19985,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Science","volume":"52 1","pages":"125-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85123223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-09-01DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199609)48:1<31::AID-PS430>3.0.CO;2-#
M. M. Ghorab, S. G. Abdel-hamide, Gehad Ali, E. Shaurub
A series of 14 new 3-[4(3H)-quinazolinone-2-yl)thiomethyl]-1,2,4-triazoles were prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, [ 1 H] NMR and mass spectral data. Four of the compounds showed insecticidal activity equivalent to that of malathion against the adult stage of the blow fly (Chrysomyia albiceps). However, their activity against the larval stages of this insect species was considerably weaker.
{"title":"Synthesis and Insecticidal Activity of Some New 3‐[4(3H)‐Quinazolinone‐2‐(yl)thiomethyl]‐1,2,4‐ triazole‐5‐thiols","authors":"M. M. Ghorab, S. G. Abdel-hamide, Gehad Ali, E. Shaurub","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199609)48:1<31::AID-PS430>3.0.CO;2-#","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199609)48:1<31::AID-PS430>3.0.CO;2-#","url":null,"abstract":"A series of 14 new 3-[4(3H)-quinazolinone-2-yl)thiomethyl]-1,2,4-triazoles were prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, [ 1 H] NMR and mass spectral data. Four of the compounds showed insecticidal activity equivalent to that of malathion against the adult stage of the blow fly (Chrysomyia albiceps). However, their activity against the larval stages of this insect species was considerably weaker.","PeriodicalId":19985,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Science","volume":"66 1","pages":"31-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77530881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-04-01DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199604)46:4<345::AID-PS363>3.0.CO;2-#
M. Berlinger, S. Lebiush-mordechi, R. Dahan, R. Taylor
An efficient method for rapidly mass-screening insecticides for use against sap-feeding virus vectors is presented with a case study of 30 chemicals. The method permits large numbers of insecticides to be tested simultaneously and relatively inexpensively in a sequence of laboratory bioassays. The sequence is designed to find the most effective pesticide at the lowest concentration giving control without phytotoxicity. The system was derived to test candidate insecticides to control tomato yellow leaf curl virus vectored by the tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennad., the most serious pest of greenhouse and field tomatoes in the Middle East. Although the insecticides were all more efficacious in the laboratory than in the field, bioassay results were highly correlated with results from field trials, giving high confidence that the screening process selected only the most efficacious insecticides. Most of the insecticides accepted by the screening process have since been adopted by vegetable growers in Israel. The method is not intended to eliminate field efficacy trials, but to reduce the number of trials and treatments that need to be performed, thereby reducing costs. The method provides for the optimization of application rates which will contribute to the expected life of insecticides before resistance develops, and will also help to reduce environmental contamination. In addition, the method is suitable for estimating relative efficacy for pesticide benefits assessments, a required part of the (re-)registration process for pesticides in some countries. Although developed for screening insecticides against virus-transmitting sap-feeding insects, the method could be modified to assess the efficacy of insecticides in controlling other insect pests.
{"title":"A Rapid Method for Screening Insecticides in the Laboratory","authors":"M. Berlinger, S. Lebiush-mordechi, R. Dahan, R. Taylor","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199604)46:4<345::AID-PS363>3.0.CO;2-#","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199604)46:4<345::AID-PS363>3.0.CO;2-#","url":null,"abstract":"An efficient method for rapidly mass-screening insecticides for use against sap-feeding virus vectors is presented with a case study of 30 chemicals. The method permits large numbers of insecticides to be tested simultaneously and relatively inexpensively in a sequence of laboratory bioassays. The sequence is designed to find the most effective pesticide at the lowest concentration giving control without phytotoxicity. The system was derived to test candidate insecticides to control tomato yellow leaf curl virus vectored by the tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennad., the most serious pest of greenhouse and field tomatoes in the Middle East. Although the insecticides were all more efficacious in the laboratory than in the field, bioassay results were highly correlated with results from field trials, giving high confidence that the screening process selected only the most efficacious insecticides. Most of the insecticides accepted by the screening process have since been adopted by vegetable growers in Israel. The method is not intended to eliminate field efficacy trials, but to reduce the number of trials and treatments that need to be performed, thereby reducing costs. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The method provides for the optimization of application rates which will contribute to the expected life of insecticides before resistance develops, and will also help to reduce environmental contamination. In addition, the method is suitable for estimating relative efficacy for pesticide benefits assessments, a required part of the (re-)registration process for pesticides in some countries. Although developed for screening insecticides against virus-transmitting sap-feeding insects, the method could be modified to assess the efficacy of insecticides in controlling other insect pests.","PeriodicalId":19985,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"345-353"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87398605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-03-01DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199603)46:3<282::AID-PS352>3.0.CO;2-#
Jon Malpass, D. Salt, M. Ford
{"title":"Continuum Regression: Optimised Prediction of Biological Activity","authors":"Jon Malpass, D. Salt, M. Ford","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199603)46:3<282::AID-PS352>3.0.CO;2-#","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199603)46:3<282::AID-PS352>3.0.CO;2-#","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19985,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"282-284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87404711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-02-01DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199602)46:2<151::AID-PS328>3.0.CO;2-#
J. Aguer, C. Richard
When neutral solutions containing the herbicide 3-phenyl-1,1-dimethylurea (fenuron) and a humic acid are irradiated at 365 nm, 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and three biphenyl products are formed as main products. The apparent quantum yield of fenuron disappearance is evaluated as 6.2 x 10 -5 mole E -1 . Upon irradiation of the same mixture at 253.7 nm, both direct and induced phototransformations of fenuron occur. Direct photooxidation yields 2- and 4-amino-N,N-dimethylbenzamide. The induced phototransformation leads to 2- and 4-hydroxylation of the aromatic ring in accordance with the fact that hydroxyl radicals are involved in the oxidation.
当含有除草剂3-苯基-1,1-二甲基脲(fenuron)和一种腐植酸的中性溶液在365 nm处辐照时，形成3-(4-羟基苯基)-1,1-二甲基脲和三种联苯产物为主要产物。fenuron消失的表观量子产率为6.2 × 10 -5 mole -1。当同一混合物在253.7 nm照射时，fenuron发生直接和诱导光转化。直接光氧化产生2-和4-氨基- n, n -二甲基苯酰胺。根据羟基自由基参与氧化的事实，诱导的光转化导致芳香环的2-羟基化和4-羟基化。
{"title":"Transformation of fenuron induced by photochemical excitation of humic acids","authors":"J. Aguer, C. Richard","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199602)46:2<151::AID-PS328>3.0.CO;2-#","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199602)46:2<151::AID-PS328>3.0.CO;2-#","url":null,"abstract":"When neutral solutions containing the herbicide 3-phenyl-1,1-dimethylurea (fenuron) and a humic acid are irradiated at 365 nm, 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and three biphenyl products are formed as main products. The apparent quantum yield of fenuron disappearance is evaluated as 6.2 x 10 -5 mole E -1 . Upon irradiation of the same mixture at 253.7 nm, both direct and induced phototransformations of fenuron occur. Direct photooxidation yields 2- and 4-amino-N,N-dimethylbenzamide. The induced phototransformation leads to 2- and 4-hydroxylation of the aromatic ring in accordance with the fact that hydroxyl radicals are involved in the oxidation.","PeriodicalId":19985,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Science","volume":"8 1","pages":"151-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78305744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-01-01DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199601)46:1<55::AID-PS313>3.0.CO;2-#
S. Wager-Pagé, J. Mason
Taxonomic differences in responsiveness to chemosensory irritants are prevalent among avian and mammalian species and represent a major obstacle to the development of general vertebrate repellents. We evaluated the effect of ortho-aminoacetophenone (OAP), a potent avian repellent, on ingestive behavior of two rodent species, Prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster), Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus Wagn.), and an avian species, European starling (Sturnus vulgarus L.) utilizing similar experimental conditions to facilitate inter-species comparisons. All three species avoided OAP-treated food. Apple consumption by voles was decreased from a baseline of theoretical zero% by OAP (0.01-10.0 ml liter -1 ), P < 0.00001, while mice avoided all but the lowest concentration of OAP (0.01-10 ml liter -1 ), P < 0.00001. A repellent should elicit avoidance behavior prior to the animal having physical contact with the commodity, ideally producing aversion via volatile cues rather than through direct contact. Therefore, we utilized two delivery methods for presentation of the test solutions to evaluate the repellency of OAP in the presence and absence of direct contact. Apple consumption by birds following exposure to OAP by either direct contact or volatile cues differed from a baseline of theoretical zero% consumption, P < 0.001. When birds had access to OAP through both direct and volatile exposures, reduction in apple consumption by European starlings was greater than observed following contact with the compounds volatile cues alone, P < 0.03. These findings argue against a major role for olfaction or naso-trigeminal chemoreception in avoidance of OAP-treated food. Instead, taste or oral trigeminal chemoreception appear to mediate responding.
鸟类和哺乳动物对化学感觉刺激反应的分类差异是普遍存在的，这是开发一般脊椎动物驱避剂的主要障碍。为了便于种间比较，我们利用相似的实验条件，对两种啮齿动物草原田鼠(Microtus ochrogaster)、鹿鼠(Peromyscus maniculatus Wagn.)和一种鸟类欧洲椋鸟(Sturnus vulgarus L.)的摄食行为进行了研究，研究了一种强效的鸟类驱避剂邻氨基苯乙酮(OAP)。这三个物种都避免了经过oap处理的食物。OAP (0.01-10.0 ml l -1)使田鼠的苹果食用量从理论基线的0%下降，P < 0.00001，而小鼠除了最低浓度的OAP (0.01-10 ml l -1)外，都避免食用，P < 0.00001。驱虫剂应该在动物与商品有身体接触之前引起回避行为，理想情况下，通过挥发性线索而不是通过直接接触产生厌恶。因此，我们使用两种递送方法来展示测试溶液，以评估OAP在存在和不存在直接接触的情况下的驱避性。通过直接接触或挥发性线索暴露于OAP后，鸟类的苹果食用量与理论零食用量基线不同，P < 0.001。当鸟类通过直接接触和挥发性接触接触OAP时，欧洲椋鸟的苹果消费量减少幅度大于单独接触化合物挥发性线索时，P < 0.03。这些发现反驳了嗅觉或鼻-三叉神经化学感受在回避经oap处理的食物中的主要作用。相反，味觉或口服三叉神经化学感受似乎介导了反应。
{"title":"Ortho-aminoacetophenone, a non-lethal repellent : the effect of volatile cues vs. direct contact on avoidance behavior by rodents and birds","authors":"S. Wager-Pagé, J. Mason","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199601)46:1<55::AID-PS313>3.0.CO;2-#","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199601)46:1<55::AID-PS313>3.0.CO;2-#","url":null,"abstract":"Taxonomic differences in responsiveness to chemosensory irritants are prevalent among avian and mammalian species and represent a major obstacle to the development of general vertebrate repellents. We evaluated the effect of ortho-aminoacetophenone (OAP), a potent avian repellent, on ingestive behavior of two rodent species, Prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster), Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus Wagn.), and an avian species, European starling (Sturnus vulgarus L.) utilizing similar experimental conditions to facilitate inter-species comparisons. All three species avoided OAP-treated food. Apple consumption by voles was decreased from a baseline of theoretical zero% by OAP (0.01-10.0 ml liter -1 ), P < 0.00001, while mice avoided all but the lowest concentration of OAP (0.01-10 ml liter -1 ), P < 0.00001. A repellent should elicit avoidance behavior prior to the animal having physical contact with the commodity, ideally producing aversion via volatile cues rather than through direct contact. Therefore, we utilized two delivery methods for presentation of the test solutions to evaluate the repellency of OAP in the presence and absence of direct contact. Apple consumption by birds following exposure to OAP by either direct contact or volatile cues differed from a baseline of theoretical zero% consumption, P < 0.001. When birds had access to OAP through both direct and volatile exposures, reduction in apple consumption by European starlings was greater than observed following contact with the compounds volatile cues alone, P < 0.03. These findings argue against a major role for olfaction or naso-trigeminal chemoreception in avoidance of OAP-treated food. Instead, taste or oral trigeminal chemoreception appear to mediate responding.","PeriodicalId":19985,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Science","volume":"10 1","pages":"55-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73321533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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