Steward Mudenda, M. Chileshe, M. Mukosha, C. Hikaambo, M. Banda, M. Kampamba, Kennedy Mwila, D. Banda, W. Mufwambi, V. Daka
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global public health problem that has affected the globe in different ways. There is little information published on the challenges and lessons learnt in responding to the COVID-19 epidemic in Zambia.
{"title":"Zambia’s Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploring Lessons, Challenges and Implications for Future Policies and Strategies","authors":"Steward Mudenda, M. Chileshe, M. Mukosha, C. Hikaambo, M. Banda, M. Kampamba, Kennedy Mwila, D. Banda, W. Mufwambi, V. Daka","doi":"10.4236/pp.2022.131002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2022.131002","url":null,"abstract":"The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global public health problem that has affected the globe in different ways. There is little information published on the challenges and lessons learnt in responding to the COVID-19 epidemic in Zambia.","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84638243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Kampamba, Vewoerd Maingaila, T. M. Akapelwa, Steward Mudenda, Luke Biete, W. Mufwambi, M. Banda, M. Phiri, C. Hikaambo
{"title":"Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices towards the Disposal of Unused and Expired Medications among Students of Private Medical Universities in Lusaka, Zambia","authors":"M. Kampamba, Vewoerd Maingaila, T. M. Akapelwa, Steward Mudenda, Luke Biete, W. Mufwambi, M. Banda, M. Phiri, C. Hikaambo","doi":"10.4236/pp.2022.132004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2022.132004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"167 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83721592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oral bacteria (e.g. Porphyromonas gingivalis) are associated and potentially co-causative in several medical conditions including Alzheimer’s disease and increased cardiovascular risk. Naturally occurring polyphenols are a developing class of antimicrobial pharmaceutical agents. The use of plant-based polyphenol compounds is an attractive area of medical and dental research due to their high safety factor from their presence in vegetables and fruits. This preliminary study evaluated polyphenols found in berries to reduce bacterial dental plaque accumulation. The study was an in vivo single blind randomized controlled trial of seven subjects with a novel tooth gel using validated measurements. Results showed a significant reduction in plaque accumulation (p = 0.005) and a non-significant trend to reduce gingivitis (p = 0.08). The bioactive gel showed no local or systemic adverse effects and was well tolerated by subjects.
{"title":"Clinical Assessment of a Pharmaceutical Polyphenol Fruit Extract Gel to Inhibit Dental Plaque","authors":"Steven Goh, David Goh, E. R. Vickers","doi":"10.4236/pp.2021.129016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2021.129016","url":null,"abstract":"Oral bacteria (e.g. Porphyromonas gingivalis) are associated and potentially \u0000co-causative in several medical conditions including Alzheimer’s disease and \u0000increased cardiovascular risk. Naturally occurring polyphenols are a developing \u0000class of antimicrobial pharmaceutical agents. The use of plant-based polyphenol compounds is an attractive area of medical \u0000and dental research due to their high safety factor from their presence in \u0000vegetables and fruits. This preliminary study evaluated polyphenols found in \u0000berries to reduce bacterial dental plaque accumulation. The study was an in vivo single blind randomized \u0000controlled trial of seven subjects with a novel tooth gel using validated \u0000measurements. Results showed a significant reduction in plaque accumulation (p = 0.005) \u0000and a non-significant trend to reduce gingivitis (p = 0.08). \u0000The bioactive gel showed no local or systemic adverse effects and was well \u0000tolerated by subjects.","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82824916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-15DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-889398/v1
Bing‐Bing Wang, Qian Feng, Chao Zhang, Yuming Chen, Yu Chen, Jie Teng, Zhong-zhen Cai, Meng-mei Li, Lin Wang, Yanpeng Zhao, Xu-Feng Bai
Background Astragali Radix (AR),the dried root of legumes, belongs to the Qi- invigorating herbs in traditional Chinese medicine and plays an important role in the treatment of many diseases. In order to understand the mechanism of action of AR extract, we used AR extract to treat M-1, mouse kidney cells, and used transcriptome sequencing technology to detect the genomic transcription level of the cells under the action of AR at different concentrations and times. Result The results showed that after a low concentration of AR treatments on the cells, the expression of genes related to cell growth and cellular immune response changed significantly, among which multiple genes are related to mitochondrial function, while high concentrations of AR affected the expression of histones and disease-related genes. It showed that the low concentration of AR extract can achieve the effect of invigorating Qi by regulating the function of mitochondria. In addition, several important genes and pathways were identified as potential targets of AR activation. Conclusion The research not only clarified the main molecular biological mechanism of AR invigorating Qi, but also provided experimental basis and cellular physiology reference for the further clinical application of AR.
{"title":"Transcriptome Analysis of gene in Mouse M-1 cells revealing the functional mechanism of Astragali radix extract","authors":"Bing‐Bing Wang, Qian Feng, Chao Zhang, Yuming Chen, Yu Chen, Jie Teng, Zhong-zhen Cai, Meng-mei Li, Lin Wang, Yanpeng Zhao, Xu-Feng Bai","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-889398/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-889398/v1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Background\u0000\u0000Astragali Radix (AR),the dried root of legumes, belongs to the Qi- invigorating herbs in traditional Chinese medicine and plays an important role in the treatment of many diseases. In order to understand the mechanism of action of AR extract, we used AR extract to treat M-1, mouse kidney cells, and used transcriptome sequencing technology to detect the genomic transcription level of the cells under the action of AR at different concentrations and times.\u0000Result\u0000\u0000The results showed that after a low concentration of AR treatments on the cells, the expression of genes related to cell growth and cellular immune response changed significantly, among which multiple genes are related to mitochondrial function, while high concentrations of AR affected the expression of histones and disease-related genes. It showed that the low concentration of AR extract can achieve the effect of invigorating Qi by regulating the function of mitochondria. In addition, several important genes and pathways were identified as potential targets of AR activation.\u0000Conclusion\u0000\u0000The research not only clarified the main molecular biological mechanism of AR invigorating Qi, but also provided experimental basis and cellular physiology reference for the further clinical application of AR.","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78523517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samuel Maaiah, Alexander Nguyen, Simona Senovaityte, Lily Dang, Hayden Gharibyar
Here in the United States Cannabidiol (CBD) is legal in all 50 states if the Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration of the product is no more than 0.3%. The largest retailers of CBD in 2019 were located in California, Florida, and New York, which sold $730 million, $291 million, and $215 million, respectively. Of the patients who use CBD, the most common reasons for their use were pain, anxiety, and insomnia. As the use of CBD for the relief of different issues increases, it is important to assess the safety and efficacy of CBD as it pertains to drug-drug interactions, lab interactions, and its actual benefits. This subject of safety and efficacy is increasingly important as the use of CBD has increased, with approximately 64 million Americans having tried CBD between 2017 and 2019. In this article, we will discuss these different aspects of CBD use from the point of view of a pharmacist. Not only do pharmacists commonly get questions on different aspects of CBD use, but they are also drug experts in areas including drug-drug interactions, drug toxicities, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic profiles of medications, and guideline-recommended therapeutic options. Although there is a limited amount of data, there is still accessible data that may serve to inform pharmacists to become aware of the safety and efficacy of CBD. This information will serve pharmacists to educate patients that CBD contains properties to be used in a variety of conditions such as Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome, Dravet Syndrome, pain, and sports enhancement.
{"title":"The Safety and Efficacy of CBD—A Pharmacist’s Perspective","authors":"Samuel Maaiah, Alexander Nguyen, Simona Senovaityte, Lily Dang, Hayden Gharibyar","doi":"10.4236/pp.2021.128015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2021.128015","url":null,"abstract":"Here in the United States Cannabidiol (CBD) is legal \u0000in all 50 states if the Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration of the product \u0000is no more than 0.3%. The largest retailers of CBD in 2019 were located \u0000in California, Florida, and New York, which sold $730 million, $291 million, and \u0000$215 million, respectively. Of the patients who use CBD, the most common \u0000reasons for their use were pain, anxiety, and insomnia. As the use of CBD for \u0000the relief of different issues increases, it is important to assess the safety \u0000and efficacy of CBD as it pertains to drug-drug interactions, lab interactions, \u0000and its actual benefits. This subject of safety and efficacy is increasingly \u0000important as the use of CBD has increased, with approximately 64 million \u0000Americans having tried CBD between 2017 and 2019. In this article, we will \u0000discuss these different aspects of CBD use \u0000from the point of view of a pharmacist. Not only do pharmacists commonly \u0000get questions on different aspects of CBD use, but they are also drug experts \u0000in areas including drug-drug interactions, drug toxicities, pharmacokinetics \u0000and pharmacodynamic profiles of medications, and guideline-recommended \u0000therapeutic options. Although there is a limited amount of data, there is still \u0000accessible data that may serve to inform pharmacists to become aware of the \u0000safety and efficacy of CBD. This information will serve pharmacists to educate \u0000patients that CBD contains properties to be used in a variety of conditions \u0000such as Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome, Dravet Syndrome, pain, and sports enhancement.","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77759942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. E. Marson, Fleitas Ulises, Pérez Montilla Carlos, Prospitti Anabela, A. Jaime, Moroni Samanta, M. Guillermo, G. Facundo, M. Guido
Infection with Toxoplasma gondii, is one of the most widespread zoonoses in the world. Congenital Toxoplasmosis (CT) is particularly risky due to its fetal complications. Sulfadiazine (SDZ) and Pyrimethamine (PYR) are usually used for CT treatment in Argentina, to prevent morbidity. Due to the lack of commercial pediatric formulations, these must be prepared in the hospital pharmacy. This is the first report of serum concentrations measures in pediatric CT therapy for this combination of drugs. A bioanalytical method was developed for identification and simultaneous quantification of SDZ and PYR by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. The validated method was applied to residual serum samples obtained from 6 pediatric patients undergoing treatment with SDZ 42.20 a 93.70 mg/kg/day and PYR 0.77 a 2.70 mg/kg/day. Sample pretreatment consisted on a deproteinization step followed by centrifugation and then injection of supernatant. Limit of Detection (LOD) and Quantification (LOQ) were (0.17 ± 0.02 and 0.13 ± 0.02) μg/mL and (0.46 ± 0.01 and 0.36 ± 0.01) μg/mL for SDZ and PYR respectively, with an appropriate linear range. Concentrations range found were ( - 162.04 ± 0.02) μg/mL for SDZ and ( - 7.30 ± 0.03) μg/mL for PYR. We developed and validated in real pediatric samples, an acute, precise and low-cost method for quantification of SDZ and PYR using a non-sophisticate chromatographic equipment, suitable for hospital therapeutic monitoring for public health system.
弓形虫感染是世界上传播最广泛的人畜共患病之一。先天性弓形虫病(CT)是特别危险的，由于其胎儿并发症。在阿根廷，磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)和乙胺嘧啶(PYR)通常用于CT治疗，以预防发病率。由于缺乏商业儿科配方，这些必须在医院药房准备。这是首次报道儿童CT治疗中这种药物联合使用的血清浓度测量。建立了一种高效液相色谱(HPLC) -紫外检测同时测定SDZ和PYR的方法。将验证的方法应用于6例接受SDZ 42.20 a 93.70 mg/kg/day和PYR 0.77 a 2.70 mg/kg/day治疗的儿科患者的残留血清样本。样品的前处理步骤为脱蛋白、离心、上清。SDZ和PYR的检出限(LOD)和定量限(LOQ)分别为(0.17±0.02和0.13±0.02)μg/mL和(0.46±0.01和0.36±0.01)μg/mL，具有适当的线性范围。SDZ和PYR的浓度范围分别为(- 162.04±0.02)μg/mL和(- 7.30±0.03)μg/mL。我们开发了一种适用于公共卫生系统医院治疗监测的快速、精确和低成本的SDZ和PYR定量方法，并在实际儿科样品中进行了验证。
{"title":"Development of a Method for Identification and Quantification of Sulfadiazine and Pyrimethamine in Serum of Congenital Toxoplasmosis Pediatric Patients","authors":"M. E. Marson, Fleitas Ulises, Pérez Montilla Carlos, Prospitti Anabela, A. Jaime, Moroni Samanta, M. Guillermo, G. Facundo, M. Guido","doi":"10.4236/pp.2021.128014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2021.128014","url":null,"abstract":"Infection with Toxoplasma \u0000gondii, is one of the most widespread zoonoses in the world. Congenital Toxoplasmosis \u0000(CT) is particularly risky due to its fetal complications. \u0000Sulfadiazine (SDZ) and Pyrimethamine (PYR) are usually used for CT treatment in Argentina, to prevent \u0000morbidity. Due to the lack of commercial pediatric formulations, these \u0000must be prepared in the hospital pharmacy. This is the first report of serum \u0000concentrations measures in pediatric CT therapy for this combination of drugs. A \u0000bioanalytical method was developed for identification and simultaneous \u0000quantification of SDZ and PYR by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) \u0000with UV detection. The validated method was applied to residual serum samples \u0000obtained from 6 pediatric patients undergoing treatment with SDZ 42.20 a 93.70 \u0000mg/kg/day and PYR 0.77 a 2.70 mg/kg/day. \u0000Sample pretreatment consisted on a deproteinization \u0000step followed by centrifugation and then injection of supernatant. Limit \u0000of Detection (LOD) and Quantification (LOQ) were (0.17 ± 0.02 and 0.13 ± 0.02) \u0000μg/mL and (0.46 ± 0.01 and 0.36 ± 0.01) μg/mL for SDZ and PYR respectively, \u0000with an appropriate linear range. Concentrations range found were ( - 162.04 ± 0.02) μg/mL for SDZ and ( - 7.30 ± 0.03) μg/mL for PYR. We developed and validated in real pediatric samples, an \u0000acute, precise and low-cost method for \u0000quantification of SDZ and PYR using a non-sophisticate chromatographic equipment, suitable for hospital therapeutic monitoring \u0000for public health system.","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84030885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Nde, M. Wankeu-Nya, B. L. Koloko, S. Ateba, Marie I. Ngaha, E. F. Bend, Paul V. G. Mboumwa, Doriane C. Nyonseu Nzeubang, D. Lembè
This work was designed to investigate the acute and reproductive toxicity activity of the aqueous extract of the dry seeds of Aframomum daniellii on the female rats. The acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of Aframomum daniellii (A. daniellii) was evaluated with 6 female rats which were divided into 2 groups (1 Test group and the Control group) of 3 female rats each. The control group received distilled water (10 mL/kg/po) and the test group received a single dose of extract of A. daniellii at the dose of 2000 mg/kg. The reproductive toxicity was evaluated using 45 adult female rats which were divided into 5 groups. Group I, received distilled water (1 mL/100 g/po, neutral control); group II, received Clomiphene citrate (600 μg/kg/po, positive control); Groups III, IV and V (trials) received aqueous extract of A. daniellii at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/po respectively. The animals were treated daily for 14 days. From the 6th day of treatment, the rats were mated with males of proven fertility for 8 days. On day 22, after laparotomy and delivery, the number of implantation sites, corpora lutea, resorption sites and pups were recorded. Concerning the acute toxicity, it was observed that, after the single dose of 2000 mg/kg administration of the aqueous extract of the dry seeds of A. daniellii, no deaths were recorded. Concerning the reproductive toxicity, no implantation and gestation were observed when compared to the control. However, the aqueous extract of A. daniellii caused a significant (p A daniellii is weakly toxic, but could negatively affect some reproductive parameters.
{"title":"Acute and Reproductive Toxicity of the Aqueous Extract of the Dry Seeds of Aframomum daniellii on the Female Wistar Rat Strain","authors":"Z. Nde, M. Wankeu-Nya, B. L. Koloko, S. Ateba, Marie I. Ngaha, E. F. Bend, Paul V. G. Mboumwa, Doriane C. Nyonseu Nzeubang, D. Lembè","doi":"10.4236/pp.2021.127013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2021.127013","url":null,"abstract":"This work was designed to investigate the acute and reproductive toxicity activity of the aqueous extract of the dry seeds of Aframomum daniellii on the female rats. The acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of Aframomum daniellii (A. daniellii) was evaluated with 6 female rats which were divided into 2 groups (1 Test group and the Control group) of 3 female rats each. The control group received distilled water (10 mL/kg/po) and the test group received a single dose of extract of A. daniellii at the dose of 2000 mg/kg. The reproductive toxicity was evaluated using 45 adult female rats which were divided into 5 groups. Group I, received distilled water (1 mL/100 g/po, neutral control); group II, received Clomiphene citrate (600 μg/kg/po, positive control); Groups III, IV and V (trials) received aqueous extract of A. daniellii at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/po respectively. The animals were treated daily for 14 days. From the 6th day of treatment, the rats were mated with males of proven fertility for 8 days. On day 22, after laparotomy and delivery, the number of implantation sites, corpora lutea, resorption sites and pups were recorded. Concerning the acute toxicity, it was observed that, after the single dose of 2000 mg/kg administration of the aqueous extract of the dry seeds of A. daniellii, no deaths were recorded. Concerning the reproductive toxicity, no implantation and gestation were observed when compared to the control. However, the aqueous extract of A. daniellii caused a significant (p A daniellii is weakly toxic, but could negatively affect some reproductive parameters.","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86287553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Amagbegnon, O. Koukoui, P. Agbangnan, S. Seton, M. Betira, S. Médégan, L. Loko, Victorin Dougnon, L. Djogbénou, A. Sezan
From the Asteraceaes family, Tridax procumbens is a wild species frequently found in fields, meadows and roadsides. It is traditionally used to treat yellow fever, typhoid fever, high blood pressure and diabetes. In this work we used the hydro-ethanolic extract of the leaves and stems of the plant and also the fractions of this extract to determine the preventive and therapeutic activities of the plant against obesity, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. The yields of the fractions obtained by decantation of the hydro-ethanolic extract are respectively 0.160% with hexane, 0.073% with dichloromethane, 0.09% with diethyl ether and 0.150% with ethyl acetate. Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia were induced in the rats submitted to a fatty and sweet diet for 28 days. Our results showed a significant increase in glycemia, weight and triglyceride level in rats that were subjected to the diet. On the other hand, the rats treated with the dose of 500 mg/kg of body weight of Tridax procumbens extract during the induction showed a reduction in weight gain and an absence of increase in blood sugar and triglyceride levels. The ethyl acetate fraction of Tridax procumbens extract administered to fatty and hyperglycemic rats at 50 mg/kg of body weight for 14 days did not induce change in the blood sugar and triglycerides level of fatty and hyperglycemic rats. If it seems obvious that the extract of Tridax procumbens prevents hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, the ethyl acetate fraction does not seem to have a therapeutic effect.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Preventive and Therapeutic Activities of Tridax procumbens against Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia Induced in Wistar Rats","authors":"J. Amagbegnon, O. Koukoui, P. Agbangnan, S. Seton, M. Betira, S. Médégan, L. Loko, Victorin Dougnon, L. Djogbénou, A. Sezan","doi":"10.4236/pp.2021.127012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2021.127012","url":null,"abstract":"From the Asteraceaes family, Tridax procumbens is a wild species frequently found in fields, meadows and roadsides. It is traditionally used to treat yellow fever, typhoid fever, high blood pressure and diabetes. In this work we used the hydro-ethanolic extract of the leaves and stems of the plant and also the fractions of this extract to determine the preventive and therapeutic activities of the plant against obesity, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. The yields of the fractions obtained by decantation of the hydro-ethanolic extract are respectively 0.160% with hexane, 0.073% with dichloromethane, 0.09% with diethyl ether and 0.150% with ethyl acetate. Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia were induced in the rats submitted to a fatty and sweet diet for 28 days. Our results showed a significant increase in glycemia, weight and triglyceride level in rats that were subjected to the diet. On the other hand, the rats treated with the dose of 500 mg/kg of body weight of Tridax procumbens extract during the induction showed a reduction in weight gain and an absence of increase in blood sugar and triglyceride levels. The ethyl acetate fraction of Tridax procumbens extract administered to fatty and hyperglycemic rats at 50 mg/kg of body weight for 14 days did not induce change in the blood sugar and triglycerides level of fatty and hyperglycemic rats. If it seems obvious that the extract of Tridax procumbens prevents hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, the ethyl acetate fraction does not seem to have a therapeutic effect.","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82531369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cancer is a set of diseases including abnormal growth of cells that can spread to another tissue. Verbascoside (or acteoside) is a naturally occurring, water-soluble secondary metabolite with significant biological properties, which is distributed widely in plant kingdom. Verbascoside is pharmacologically active compounds with many recent evidences that support its biological activities and safety. This review focuses on the recent studies that concerned with the antitumor activities of verbascoside alone and as a synergistic agent as well as nanoproduct. It also shows the latest advances in its antitumor effects, cytotoxic selectivity and its efficiencies in treating cancer, in vitro and/or vivo.
{"title":"Verbascoside—A Review of Its Antitumor Activities","authors":"Hasan Khalaf, Ruaa A. Jasim, I. T. Ibrahim","doi":"10.4236/pp.2021.126011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2021.126011","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer is a set of diseases including abnormal growth of cells that can spread to another tissue. Verbascoside (or acteoside) is a naturally occurring, water-soluble secondary metabolite with significant biological properties, which is distributed widely in plant kingdom. Verbascoside is pharmacologically active compounds with many recent evidences that support its biological activities and safety. This review focuses on the recent studies that concerned with the antitumor activities of verbascoside alone and as a synergistic agent as well as nanoproduct. It also shows the latest advances in its antitumor effects, cytotoxic selectivity and its efficiencies in treating cancer, in vitro and/or vivo.","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91217072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cheyenne Moffett, Katherine J. Kost, A. Thompson, M. Ossipov, J. Pergolizzi, Sumiyo Umeda-Raffa, R. Raffa, T. Largent-Milnes, T. Vanderah
The benzodiazepines were introduced into medical practice during the 1960s. At the time, they represented a safer alternative to extant therapies used for anxiety, such as the barbiturates. However, on September 23, 2020, the United States FDA indicated that more is needed to be known about the initiation, continuation, and discontinuation of the use of these widely-used drugs with publication of the announcement “to address the serious risks of abuse, addiction, physical dependence, and withdrawal reactions, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is requiring the Boxed Warning be updated for all benzodiazepine medicines.” Because for many years, there has been a sparsity of research on these drugs, relevant information is unfortunately lacking at this critical time. It is therefore valuable to (re)establish animal models and begin to collect relevant data. We here use a model of conditioned place preference (CPP) which suggests that the representative benzodiazepine alprazolam induces positive place preference in female rats.
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