M. Rana, Maruf Hasan, Md. Eshak Enan, F. Zohora, A. Azam
Coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) first reported in Wuhan, China, causes serious respiratory illnesses such as lung failure and pneumonia. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) the pathogenic agent of COVID-19 has been confirmed as a novel coronavirus. WHO announced COVID-19 a global pandemic and now the whole world is eagerly waiting for vaccines and therapeutic treatment to get rid of this unstoppable coronavirus. As COVID-19 infection, a global threat creates unwanted human casualties and serious economic loss. To stop the ongoing uncontrolled situation researchers are racing to develop prevention and treatment strategies. Vaccines of different countries are in clinical and preclinical trials and the repurposed-drugs are providing to find out a positive result against COVID-19. The report is an analysis of published information focusing on treatment options including vaccination, drug-therapy, cytokines, therapeutic antibodies. Most of the vaccine’s development strategies and drugs target the surface structural spike glycoprotein or S-protein, the major inducer of pathogenic responses. Here, it is reviewed the features of SARS-CoV-2 and the global current status of therapeutic, and vaccine development for the prevention and effective treatment of COVID-19.
{"title":"Overview of an Emerging Coronavirus Infection, COVID-19: Current Status of Vaccine Development and Therapeutics","authors":"M. Rana, Maruf Hasan, Md. Eshak Enan, F. Zohora, A. Azam","doi":"10.4236/PP.2021.121003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/PP.2021.121003","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus \u0000infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) first reported in Wuhan, China, causes serious \u0000respiratory illnesses such as lung failure and pneumonia. Severe Acute Respiratory \u0000Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) the pathogenic agent of COVID-19 has been confirmed as a novel coronavirus. \u0000WHO announced COVID-19 a global pandemic and now the whole world is eagerly waiting for vaccines and therapeutic treatment to get \u0000rid of this unstoppable coronavirus. As COVID-19 infection, a global threat creates \u0000unwanted human casualties and serious economic loss. To stop the ongoing uncontrolled \u0000situation researchers are racing to develop prevention and treatment strategies. \u0000Vaccines of different countries are in clinical and preclinical trials and the repurposed-drugs \u0000are providing to find out a positive result against COVID-19. The report is an analysis of published information \u0000focusing on treatment options including vaccination, drug-therapy, cytokines, therapeutic \u0000antibodies. Most of the vaccine’s development strategies and drugs target the surface structural spike glycoprotein \u0000or S-protein, the major inducer of pathogenic responses. Here, it is reviewed the \u0000features of SARS-CoV-2 and the global current status of therapeutic, and vaccine development for the prevention \u0000and effective treatment of COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72709091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: To put forward suggestions to improve the linkage mechanism between China’s essential medicine list and healthcare insurance medicine list. Methods: Comparative study of the organization setting, selection criteria, adjustment procedures, and reimbursement of essential medicine list and healthcare insurance medicine list, containing both the foreign experience and China’s status quo. Results: When two lists exist at the same time, they are often managed separately abroad, setting more selection criteria for the essential medicine, and giving the essential medicine a higher payment ratio. The two lists in China are managed and adjusted separately, but lack of connection. As a result, some essential medicines cannot be reimbursed. Conclu-sion: The two lists’ linkage mechanism needs to be improved. It is recommended to make it clear that essential medicines should be selected from the healthcare insurance medicine list, and enhance the consistency of medicine evaluation through mutually scientific evidence.
{"title":"Research on the Linkage Mechanism between Essential Medicine List and Healthcare Insurance List","authors":"Linning Chen, Jinxi Ding, Jiaming Li, Xuefang Yao","doi":"10.4236/pp.2021.1211021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2021.1211021","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To put forward suggestions to improve the linkage mechanism between China’s essential medicine list and healthcare insurance medicine list. Methods: Comparative study of the organization setting, selection criteria, adjustment procedures, and reimbursement of essential medicine list and healthcare insurance medicine list, containing both the foreign experience and China’s status quo. Results: When two lists exist at the same time, they are often managed separately abroad, setting more selection criteria for the essential medicine, and giving the essential medicine a higher payment ratio. The two lists in China are managed and adjusted separately, but lack of connection. As a result, some essential medicines cannot be reimbursed. Conclu-sion: The two lists’ linkage mechanism needs to be improved. It is recommended to make it clear that essential medicines should be selected from the healthcare insurance medicine list, and enhance the consistency of medicine evaluation through mutually scientific evidence.","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80796871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessing Drug Use Indicators in Health Insurance Facilities, Gezira State, Sudan, 2017-2018","authors":"S. Ahmed, Elnazeer I. Hamedelniel, A. Yousif","doi":"10.4236/pp.2021.1210020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2021.1210020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88578477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In our study, we aimed to optimize the dosage regimen of Isavuconazole against Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. by Monte Carlo simulation (MSC). Pharmacokinetic parameters and microbiological data of Isavuconazole were collected. Then we used MSC to simulate 10,000 patients analyzed by Crystal Ball to calculate probability of target attainment (PTA) and cumulative fraction of response (CFR). With dosages of 100 mg, 200 mg, and 400 mg in oral group and dosages of 100 mg, and 200 mg in intravenous administration, all have different degrees of antifungal effect. But when the dosage regimen was 50 mg IV, the therapeutic effect of Isavuconazole against Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp. were not good.
{"title":"Monte Carlo Analysis of Different Administration Regiments for Isavuconazole against Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp.","authors":"Jiuli Hu, Chanchan Hu, Xiaoqin Zhu","doi":"10.4236/pp.2021.1212026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2021.1212026","url":null,"abstract":"In our study, we aimed to optimize the dosage regimen of Isavuconazole against Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. by Monte Carlo simulation (MSC). Pharmacokinetic parameters and microbiological data of Isavuconazole were collected. Then we used MSC to simulate 10,000 patients analyzed by Crystal Ball to calculate probability of target attainment (PTA) and cumulative fraction of response (CFR). With dosages of 100 mg, 200 mg, and 400 mg in oral group and dosages of 100 mg, and 200 mg in intravenous administration, all have different degrees of antifungal effect. But when the dosage regimen was 50 mg IV, the therapeutic effect of Isavuconazole against Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp. were not good.","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72926131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gladis Komguep Djuidje, E. Ngadjui, Aimé Césaire Momo Tetsatsi, Georges Roméo Bonsou Fozin, P. Watcho
The mixture of Erigeron floribundus and Tragia benthamii (AEMEFTB) is traditionally used against pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and female sexual dysfunctions. In a recent study, we showed that the aqueous extract of the mixture of AEMEFTB suppresses the endometrium growth in rats with experimental endometriosis. The present study was aimed at investigating the effects of AEMEFTB on estrogen’s sensitive sexual organs growth and architecture. Immature gonado-intact female rats were randomly distributed into 7 groups of 5 animals each and daily treated during one week with either distilled water (10 ml/kg), refined palm oil (1 ml/kg) or 17β-estradiol (1 μg/day). Plant extract groups received aqueous extract of AEMEFTB at 130 or 260 mg/kg. The remaining groups were co-administered with 17β-estradiol (1 μg) plus 130 or 260 mg/kg of the plant mixture. Moreover, thirty-five immature female rats were bilaterally ovariectomized, then left and treated as before. Five other females, considered as sham animals, orally received distilled water (10 ml/kg). The body weight of each animal was recorded daily and
{"title":"Effects of the Mixture of Erigeron floribundus (Asteraceae) and Tragia benthamii (Euphorbiaceae) on the Growth and Architecture of Estrogen-Sensitive Sexual Organs","authors":"Gladis Komguep Djuidje, E. Ngadjui, Aimé Césaire Momo Tetsatsi, Georges Roméo Bonsou Fozin, P. Watcho","doi":"10.4236/pp.2021.1212023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2021.1212023","url":null,"abstract":"The mixture of Erigeron floribundus and Tragia benthamii (AEMEFTB) is traditionally used against pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and female sexual dysfunctions. In a recent study, we showed that the aqueous extract of the mixture of AEMEFTB suppresses the endometrium growth in rats with experimental endometriosis. The present study was aimed at investigating the effects of AEMEFTB on estrogen’s sensitive sexual organs growth and architecture. Immature gonado-intact female rats were randomly distributed into 7 groups of 5 animals each and daily treated during one week with either distilled water (10 ml/kg), refined palm oil (1 ml/kg) or 17β-estradiol (1 μg/day). Plant extract groups received aqueous extract of AEMEFTB at 130 or 260 mg/kg. The remaining groups were co-administered with 17β-estradiol (1 μg) plus 130 or 260 mg/kg of the plant mixture. Moreover, thirty-five immature female rats were bilaterally ovariectomized, then left and treated as before. Five other females, considered as sham animals, orally received distilled water (10 ml/kg). The body weight of each animal was recorded daily and","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86242397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Syed Ata ur Rahman, Abdullah Alsaedi, Abdulelah Alhusayni, Abdulmalik A Alqurshi, Sameh A. Ahmed, Y. Alahmadi, Alaa Omer M. Abdullaal, Badr Ahmed A. Taher, E. Habib
Epilepsy is a chronic and the fourth most common neurological disorder which affects people of all age groups. Recently research and awareness on epilepsy-related deaths have rapidly grown over the past two decades. Many previous studies are attributed to the guidelines that apprise health care professionals in handling these deaths, but there is a relative scarcity of information accessible for clinicians and pharmacists who are responsible for manufacturing or preparing the extemporaneous anti-epileptic suspensions in the hospitals. Mostly in partial seizures, phenytoin is one of the first-choice drugs. In Saudi Arabian hospitals, the extemporaneous preparation of phenytoin suspension is common, but the hot climatic weather in Saudi Arabia possesses stability problems that should be tackled as the prepared suspension should pass all the stability tests to ensure uniform dosage of the extemporaneous formulation. In the current study, the commercial capsules were used to prepare the oral phenytoin sodium extemporaneous suspension. The physical, chemical and microbiological stability of phenytoin sodium suspension is analyzed at various temperatures.
{"title":"Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Study for the Stability of Phenytoin Sodium Extemporaneously Compounded Suspension in Saudi Arabia Hospitals","authors":"Syed Ata ur Rahman, Abdullah Alsaedi, Abdulelah Alhusayni, Abdulmalik A Alqurshi, Sameh A. Ahmed, Y. Alahmadi, Alaa Omer M. Abdullaal, Badr Ahmed A. Taher, E. Habib","doi":"10.4236/PP.2021.121001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/PP.2021.121001","url":null,"abstract":"Epilepsy is a chronic and the fourth most common neurological disorder which affects people of all age groups. Recently research and awareness on epilepsy-related deaths have rapidly grown over the past two decades. Many previous studies are attributed to the guidelines that apprise health care professionals in handling these deaths, but there is a relative scarcity of information accessible for clinicians and pharmacists who are responsible for manufacturing or preparing the extemporaneous anti-epileptic suspensions in the hospitals. Mostly in partial seizures, phenytoin is one of the first-choice drugs. In Saudi Arabian hospitals, the extemporaneous preparation of phenytoin suspension is common, but the hot climatic weather in Saudi Arabia possesses stability problems that should be tackled as the prepared suspension should pass all the stability tests to ensure uniform dosage of the extemporaneous formulation. In the current study, the commercial capsules were used to prepare the oral phenytoin sodium extemporaneous suspension. The physical, chemical and microbiological stability of phenytoin sodium suspension is analyzed at various temperatures.","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79737271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to achieve the goal of drug safety, effectiveness and quality control, corporate compliance management construction is significant. Therefore, this paper systematically analyzes the seven elements of compliance management for U.S. pharmaceutical manufacturers as described in the Compliance Program Guidance for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers issued by the HHS-Office of Inspector General, as well as further analyzes the implementation of the guidance by representative multinational companies in different drug registration stages. Finally, some suggestions and implications are proposed to strengthen the construction of compliance management for Chinese drug registration applicants based on the former practical experience.
{"title":"Analysis of Compliance Management Practice of American Drug Registration Applicants and Its Enlightenment to China","authors":"Yanjiao Zhao, Ling Li, Xinxin Wang, Yongfa Chen","doi":"10.4236/pp.2021.1212027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2021.1212027","url":null,"abstract":"In order to achieve the goal of drug safety, effectiveness and quality control, corporate compliance management construction is significant. Therefore, this paper systematically analyzes the seven elements of compliance management for U.S. pharmaceutical manufacturers as described in the Compliance Program Guidance for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers issued by the HHS-Office of Inspector General, as well as further analyzes the implementation of the guidance by representative multinational companies in different drug registration stages. Finally, some suggestions and implications are proposed to strengthen the construction of compliance management for Chinese drug registration applicants based on the former practical experience.","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"155 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73250897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kyoko Ohkawa, Haruka Nishikawa, Honami Kojima, Takayoshi Okuno, Rio Uno, Miyako Yoshida, T. Uchida
{"title":"Preparation and Characterization of Orally Fast-Disintegrating Mini-Tablets Containing Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride and Aspartic or Glutamic Acid as an Umami Amino Acid","authors":"Kyoko Ohkawa, Haruka Nishikawa, Honami Kojima, Takayoshi Okuno, Rio Uno, Miyako Yoshida, T. Uchida","doi":"10.4236/pp.2021.1212024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2021.1212024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89133847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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