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Parochial cooperation in wild chimpanzees: a model to explain the evolution of parochial altruism. 野生黑猩猩的狭隘合作:解释狭隘利他主义进化的模型。
IF 6.3 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-23 Epub Date: 2022-04-04 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0149
Sylvain R T Lemoine, Liran Samuni, Catherine Crockford, Roman M Wittig

Parochial altruism, taking individual costs to benefit the in-group and harm the out-group, has been proposed as one of the mechanisms underlying the human ability of large-scale cooperation. How parochial altruism has evolved remains unclear. In this review paper, we formulate a parochial cooperation model in small-scale groups and examine the model in wild chimpanzees. As suggested for human parochial altruism, we review evidence that the oxytocinergic system and in-group cooperation and cohesion during out-group threat are integral parts of chimpanzee collective action during intergroup competition. We expand this model by suggesting that chimpanzee parochial cooperation is supported by the social structure of chimpanzee groups which enables repeated interaction history and established social ties between co-operators. We discuss in detail the role of the oxytocinergic system in supporting parochial cooperation, a pathway that appears integral already in chimpanzees. The reviewed evidence suggests that prerequisites of human parochial altruism were probably present in the last common ancestor between Pan and Homo. This article is part of the theme issue 'Intergroup conflict across taxa'.

狭隘利他主义是指个人付出代价,使本群体受益而使外群体受损,它被认为是人类大规模合作能力的基本机制之一。狭隘利他主义是如何演变而来的,目前仍不清楚。在这篇综述论文中,我们提出了一个小规模群体中的狭隘合作模型,并在野生黑猩猩中对该模型进行了研究。正如人类的狭隘利他主义所提出的那样,我们回顾的证据表明,催产素能系统和群内合作以及群外威胁时的凝聚力是黑猩猩在群际竞争中集体行动不可或缺的组成部分。我们扩展了这一模型,认为黑猩猩的狭义合作得到了黑猩猩群体社会结构的支持,这种社会结构使得合作者之间能够重复互动历史并建立社会联系。我们详细讨论了催产素能系统在支持偏狭合作中的作用,这一途径在黑猩猩中似乎已经不可或缺。综述的证据表明,人类狭隘利他主义的先决条件很可能存在于黑猩猩和智人的最后一个共同祖先身上。本文是 "跨类群的群体间冲突 "主题期刊的一部分。
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引用次数: 7
Critical competition period of Parthenium hysterophorus L. in spring maize (Zea mays L.) 春玉米Parthenium hysterophorus L.的关键竞争期
IF 0.8 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-15 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-83582020380100085
A. Rehman, R. Qamar, M. Safdar, Atique-ur-Rehman, H. Javeed, R. Maqbool, N. Farooq, M. Shahzad, Mazhar Ali, Z. H. Tarar
Abstract Background: Parthenium hysterophorus L., commonly known as parthenium weed, poses severe economic and environmental hazards to the agro-ecosystems of Pakistan. Objective: To estimate the yield loss and critical competition period of this weed in the spring sown maize crop. Method: Field studies were conducted at an agronomic research area in the College of Agriculture at the University of Sargodha in Punjab-Pakistan during two consecutive year spring seasons (2014 and 2015). Treatments were comprised of viz., control plots (weed free), [...]
摘要背景:Parthenium hysterophorus L.,俗称Parthenium杂草,对巴基斯坦农业生态系统造成严重的经济和环境危害。目的:估算该杂草在春播玉米中的产量损失和关键竞争期。方法:在巴基斯坦旁遮普邦萨戈达大学农业学院的一个农学研究区,在连续两年的春季(2014年和2015年)进行实地研究。处理包括对照地块(无杂草)、[…]
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引用次数: 3
Soybean tolerance to sulfentrazone and diclosulam in sandy soil 沙质土壤中大豆对亚砜和双嘧磺隆的耐受性
IF 0.8 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-15 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-83582020380100081
G. Dalazen, Tiago E. Kaspary, Catarine Markus, A. Pisoni, Aldo Merotto Jr.
Abstract Background: The use of pre-emergent herbicides is an important tool to control weeds, however the tolerance of soybean to these herbicides can vary according to the type of soil. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate sulfentrazone and diclosulam soybean selectivity in a sandy soil, in order to establish these herbicides as supporting tools in weed control. Methods: The treatments consisted of six doses of sulfentrazone (150 to 400 g ha-1) and diclosulam (25.2 to 75.6 g ha-1), and an untreated [...]
摘要背景:使用出苗前除草剂是控制杂草的重要工具,但大豆对这些除草剂的耐受性因土壤类型而异。目的:本研究的目的是评估亚磺甲唑酮和双嘧磺隆大豆在沙质土壤中的选择性,以建立这些除草剂作为杂草控制的辅助工具。方法:治疗包括六个剂量的亚磺甲唑酮(150至400g ha-1)和双氯舒拉姆(25.2至75.6g ha-1
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引用次数: 4
Competitive Interactions of Wild Oat ( Avena fatua L.) with Quality and Yield of Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) 野生燕麦(Avena fatua L.)与小麦品质和产量的竞争互作
IF 0.8 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-06-15 DOI: 10.1590/S0100-83582020380100041
Umm-e-Kulsoom, Khan, H. Ali, L. Ali, Rizwan, A. Mahmood, A. B. Raza, M. Javaid
ABSTRACT: Crop-weed competition and interactions are the focus of many researchers to make the weed management decision accurate and economical. Therefore, field studies were conducted in two consecutive years (2012-13 and 2013-14) at two different locations viz Peshawar (34.0167o N, 71.5833o E) and Chitral (35o50’46" N, 71o47’9" E) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province, Pakistan. The aim of the studies was to determine the competitive ability of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at two ecologically different locations and the possible effects on quantity and quality of wheat grains. In field studies, the experiment were laid out in randomized complete block design (additive design) with three replications in which the seed rate of wheat (var. Ata-Habib) was 125 kg ha-1 while wild oat was planted at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 plants m-2. Field data showed the effects of different wild oat densities during both the years were prominent by significantly decreasing the grain and biological yield-related variables of wheat. Wild oat density above 5 plants m-2 resulted in decreasing the wheat yield components. These results showed that wild oat started competition at initial stage of the wheat. All other yield related variables of wheat were decreased by the increasing density of wild oat, which is indicated that wild oat compete with wheat throughout the crop season. The grain yield losses in wheat ranged from 2-35% during year 1 and 1-21% during year 2 at wild oat density of 5-40 plants m-2. The quality variables of wheat grains showed protein content in wheat grains were decreased at higher density of wild oat. During year 2, the gluten content in Chitral was decreased with increasing density of wild oat. In light of the present studies, it is suggested that presence of wild oat decrease all eco-biological yield related variables of wheat.
摘要:作物杂草的竞争和相互作用是许多研究者关注的焦点,以确保杂草管理决策的准确性和经济性。因此,连续两年(2012-13年和2013-14年)在巴基斯坦开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省(KPK)的两个不同地点白沙瓦(34.01670 N, 71.5833 E)和吉德拉尔(35o50′46”N, 71047′9”E)进行了实地研究。本研究旨在探讨野生燕麦(Avena fatua L.)与小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)在不同生态环境下的竞争能力及其对小麦籽粒数量和品质的影响。田间试验采用随机完全区组设计(加性设计),设置3个重复,小麦(阿塔-哈比布品种)播种量为125 kg hm -1,野生燕麦播种量分别为0、5、10、15、20、25、30、35和40株m-2。田间数据显示,不同野生燕麦密度对小麦产量的影响显著,显著降低了小麦的籽粒和生物产量相关变量。野生燕麦密度在5株m-2以上导致小麦产量成分降低。这些结果表明,野生燕麦在小麦的初始阶段就开始竞争。随着野生燕麦密度的增加,小麦的其他产量相关变量均降低,表明在整个作物季节,野生燕麦都在与小麦竞争。在5 ~ 40株m-2的野生燕麦密度下,第1年小麦减产2 ~ 35%,第2年减产1 ~ 21%。小麦籽粒品质指标表明,野生燕麦密度越高,籽粒蛋白质含量越低。第2年,随着野生燕麦密度的增加,Chitral中面筋含量降低。综上所述,野生燕麦的存在降低了小麦的所有生态生物产量相关变量。
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引用次数: 2
Effect of Different Herbicides, Plant Extracts and Mulches on Yield and Yield Components of Maize 不同除草剂、植物提取物和地膜对玉米产量及产量成分的影响
IF 0.8 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-04-17 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-83582020380100028
I. Khan, Obaid ur Rehman, S. Khan, H. Alsamadany, Y. Alzahrani
ABSTRACT: To examine the effect of pre emergence herbicides, plant extracts and mulches on yield and yield components of maize, a field experiment was carried out at New Developmental Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar-Pakistan during summer crop season 2016. Maize variety “Azam” was sown in Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design having four replications and ten treatments i.e. hand weeding, Dual Gold 960 EC (S-metolachlor 1 L ha-1), Stomp 330 EC (pendimethaline 2.5 L ha-1), atrazine 1.25 L ha-1, Eucalyptus camaldulensis L. extract (125 g L-1), Ammi visnaga L. extract (125 g L-1), black plastic mulch, wheat straw mulch, saw dust mulch and weedy check. The data revealed that hand weeding and herbicides significantly affected the weed density (m-2), weeds biomass (kg ha-1), plant height (cm), kernels weight (g), number of kernels ear-1, biological yield (kg ha-1) and grain yield (kg ha-1). All the significant parameters of crop were comparable among the hand weeding, atrazine, S-metolachlor and pendimethaline treated plots. However, atrazine and S-metolachlor proved to be the most economical herbicides giving maximum yield (4636.4 and 4562.8 kg ha-1), respectively. Among plant extracts, E. camaldulensis showed satisfactory results in suppressing weeds and enhancing yield of maize i.e. (3441.6 kg ha-1). Hence, the use of herbicides (atrazine and S-metolachlor) at the recommended rates and hand weeding is recommended for effective weed control and ultimately high yield of maize crop.
摘要:为了研究出苗前除草剂、植物提取物和覆盖物对玉米产量和产量构成的影响,巴基斯坦白沙瓦农业大学新发展农场在2016年夏季作物季节进行了田间试验。玉米品种“阿扎姆”以随机完全区组(RCB)设计播种,具有四个重复和十个处理,即手动除草、双金960 EC(S-甲草胺1Lha-1)、Stomp 330 EC(二甲戊烯2.5LHa-1)、阿特拉津1.25LHa-1、赤桉提取物(125g L-1)、,看到了覆盖灰尘和杂草。数据显示,人工除草和除草剂显著影响杂草密度(m-2)、杂草生物量(kg ha-1)、株高(cm)、粒重(g)、穗粒数、生物产量(kg ha-1)和粮食产量(kg ha-1)。人工除草、阿特拉津、S-甲草胺和二甲戊胺处理的小区中,作物的所有显著参数都具有可比性。然而,阿特拉津和S-甲草胺被证明是最经济的除草剂,产量最高(分别为4636.4和4562.8 kg ha-1)。在植物提取物中,赤霉在抑制杂草和提高玉米产量方面表现出令人满意的效果,即(3441.6kg ha-1)。因此,建议以推荐的速率使用除草剂(阿特拉津和S-甲草胺),并手动除草,以有效控制杂草,最终实现玉米作物的高产。
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引用次数: 6
Seed Longevity of Spotted Spurge and Wild Poinsettia Under Diverse Environmental Conditions 不同环境条件下斑点菜和野生一品红种子寿命的研究
IF 0.8 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-83582020380100002
R. Asgarpour, R. Ghorbani, M. Khajeh-Hosseini, F. Golzardi, M. Ilkaee
ABSTRACT: Seed longevity under different environmental conditions is considered as one of the most important factors in the spread and persistence of an exotic species. The Experiments were conducted to determine seed persistence in soil, effects of submergence in water, flooding of the soil, and high temperatures on germination and viability of spotted spurge (Chamaesyce maculata) and wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) as two exotic species in different regions of Golestan province. Spotted spurge seeds buried at depth of 10 cm maintained their viability above 95% after a year, while wild poinsettia seeds were destroyed completely after exhuming the soil. Seeds of both species were unable to germinate under submergence, but 92% of the spotted spurge seeds remained viable under this condition for 14 d. No germination was observed after 9 weeks submersion. Submersion duration drastically affected seed germination of wild poinsettia, so that no germination occurred after 6 d submersion. Twelve days after flooding, spotted spurge emergence decreased by 57% compared to the control. Ten percentage of wild poinsettia seedlings emerged when flooding was kept up to 12 d after sowing, while control had 96% emergence. Germination of spotted spurge seeds subjected to 140 oC for 5 min was 5%. Viability of wild poinsettia seed was completely lost at 120 and 140 C for 5 min. These results suggest that spotted spurge is capable of forming persistent seedbank. Seeds of spotted spurge were partially tolerant to submersion in water, but wild poinsettia seed are susceptible to submergence. The burning of crop residue could also prevent augmenting the soil seed bank of both species.
摘要:种子在不同环境条件下的寿命被认为是影响外来物种传播和延续的重要因素之一。研究了戈勒斯坦省不同地区外来种斑菜(Chamaesyce maculata)和野生一品红(Euphorbia heterophylla)种子在土壤中的持久性,以及浸水、土壤淹水和高温对种子萌发和生存力的影响。埋在10厘米深的斑点菜种子在一年后仍保持95%以上的活力,而野生一品红种子在挖出土壤后完全被破坏。两种植物的种子在淹水条件下都不能发芽,但在淹水条件下,92%的斑点菜种子在14 d内仍有活力。淹水9周后没有萌发。浸水时间对野生一品红种子萌发有显著影响,浸水6 d后未萌发。在淹水12天后,斑茎苗的出苗率比对照降低了57%。播种12 d后,野生一品红出苗率为10%,对照组出苗率为96%。斑点菜种子在140℃下培养5 min,发芽率为5%。野生一品红种子在120℃和140℃处理5 min后完全丧失活力,表明斑点苗具有形成持久种子库的能力。斑点菜种子部分耐水浸,而野生一品红种子易被水浸。秸秆焚烧也会阻碍两种树种土壤种子库的增加。
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引用次数: 1
Sequential Application of Herbicides Alone and in Mixture With and Without Foliar Fertilizer after Pruning of Cassava Plants 木薯剪枝后单除草剂与叶面肥混用及不混用除草剂的顺序施用
IF 0.8 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-83582020380100004
N. V. Costa, A. C. Salvalaggio, S. D. Ferreira, J. A. Barbosa, A. M. Gibbert
ABSTRACT: A new cycle of growth begins after pruning of cassava, and weed control is necessary. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the selectivity and efficiency of sequential application of herbicides alone and in mixture with and without of foliar fertilizer after pruning of cassava. Two experiments were carried out in a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments of Experiment 1 consisted of control without weeding; control with weeding; mesotrione; mesotrione/mesotrione; mesotrione + foliar fertilizer/mesotrione + foliar fertilizer; mesotrione/mesotrione + foliar fertilizer; mesotrione + clethodim; mesotrione + clethodim + foliar fertilizer/mesotrione + clethodim + foliar fertilizer; mesotrione + clethodim/mesotrione + clethodim; mesotrione + clethodim/chlorimuron; mesotrione + clethodim/chlorimuron + foliar fertilizer; mesotrione + clethodim + foliar fertilizer/chlorimuron + clethodim + foliar fertilizer; mesotrione + clethodim/chlorimuron + clethodim]. Treatments of Experiment 2 consisted of control without weeding; control with weeding; chlorimuron; chlorimuron + foliar fertilizer/chlorimuron + foliar fertilizer; chlorimuron/chlorimuron; chlorimuron + clethodim; chlorimuron + clethodim + foliar fertilizer/chlorimuron + clethodim + foliar fertilizer; chlorimuron + clethodim/chlorimuron + clethodim; chlorimuron + clethodim/mesotrione + foliar fertilizer; chlorimuron + clethodim/mesotrione; chlorimuron + clethodim + foliar fertilizer/mesotrione + clethodim + foliar fertilizer; chlorimuron + clethodim/mesotrione + clethodim. The doses of mesotrione, clethodim, and chlorimuron used in both experiments were 240, 120, and 20 g ha-1, respectively, while 2.5 L of the commercial product Amino Plus® was used as foliar fertilizer. The first application was carried out at 50 days after pruning and the second application at 22 days after the first application. In Experiment 1, the application of mesotrione, mesotrione/mesotrione, and mesotrione + clethodim/mesotrione + clethodim showed selectivity to cassava and were efficient in weed control. In Experiment 2, chlorimuron + clethodim/mesotrione, chlorimuron + clethodim + foliar fertilizer/mesotrione + clethodim + foliar fertilizer, and chlorimuron + clethodim/mesotrione + clethodim were efficient in weed control, but no treatment was selective. The addition of foliar fertilizer to the spray solution did not contribute to increase selectivity.
摘要:木薯在修剪后开始一个新的生长周期,杂草控制是必要的。因此,本研究旨在评价木薯剪枝后单独施用除草剂和叶面肥与不施用叶面肥混用除草剂的选择性和效率。试验采用随机区组设计,共4个重复。试验1为对照不除草处理;除草控制;mesotrione;mesotrione / mesotrione;中三酮+叶面肥/中三酮+叶面肥;中三酮/中三酮+叶面肥;美索三酮+克罗索丁;中三酮+龙脑+叶面肥/中三酮+龙脑+叶面肥;Mesotrione + clethodim/ Mesotrione + clethodim;中三酮+氯脲/氯脲;中三酮+氯脲/氯脲+叶面肥;中三酮+乳清+叶面肥/氯脲+乳清+叶面肥;中三酮+氯脲/氯脲+氯脲]。试验2为对照不除草处理;除草控制;chlorimuron;氯脲+叶面肥/氯脲+叶面肥;chlorimuron / chlorimuron;氯脲+氯噻酮;氯脲+聚硫脲+叶面肥/氯脲+聚硫脲+叶面肥;氯脲+氯脲/氯脲+氯脲;氯脲+杀虫灵/三氯酮+叶面肥;氯脲+氯噻酮/美索酮;氯脲+乳清+叶面肥/中三酮+乳清+叶面肥;氯脲+氯噻酮/中三酮+氯噻酮。两个实验中使用的剂量分别为240、120和20 g ha-1,而2.5 L的商业产品氨基加®作为叶面肥料。第一次施用于修剪后50天,第二次施用于第一次施用后22天。在实验1中,施施中三酮、中三酮/中三酮、中三酮+氯噻酮/中三酮+氯噻酮对木薯具有选择性,对杂草的防治效果良好。在试验2中,氯脲+杀虫灵/美索三酮、氯脲+杀虫灵+叶面肥/美索三酮+杀虫灵+叶面肥、氯脲+杀虫灵/美索三酮+杀虫灵对杂草的防治效果良好,但无选择性处理。喷施液中添加叶面肥对提高选择性没有贡献。
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引用次数: 1
Allelopathic Influence of Sorghum Aqueous Extracts and Sorghum Powder on Germination Indices and Seedling Vigor of Hybrid Corn and Jungle Rice 高粱水提物和高粱粉化感作用对杂交玉米和丛林稻发芽指标和幼苗活力的影响
IF 0.8 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-83582020380100005
S. Yar, E. Khan, I. Hussain, B. Raza, M. Abbas, Z. Munazza
ABSTRACT: Allelopathy has become a paramount tool for controlling weeds in crop plants without deteriorating the environment. Allelopathic effects of sorghum aqueous extracts and sorghum powder on a single cross maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid “HC-8080” and a summer weed, jungle rice (Echinochloa colona L.) were assessed in the research laboratory of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan. The treatments included: T1: control (untreated check), T2: sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 5 mL kg-1 soil, T3: sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 10 mL kg-1 soil, T4: sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil, T5: sorghum powder at a rate of 5 g kg-1 soil, T6: sorghum powder at a rate of 10 g kg-1 soil and T7: sorghum powder at a rate of 15 g kg-1 soil. The results unveiled that sorghum aqueous extract at a rate of 15 mL kg-1 soil was the most deleterious treatment which reduced the germination percentage (GP) in maize and E. colona by 23.57% and 47.03%, germination index (GI) by 22.30% and 42.14%, root length by 32.25% and 62.54% and shoot length by 23.22% and 62.76%, respectively over control. Similarly, 15 g kg-1 soil sorghum powder reduced the same parameters respectively by 18.85% and 41.09%, 15% and 33.53%, 9.3% and 54.69% and 15.88% and 45.34% in maize and E. colona, respectively and stood better than other powder treatments. Therefore it is concluded that sorghum extracts and powder can both be used to control weeds efficiently but their deleterious effect on the corresponding crop should also be an important consideration.
摘要:化感作用已成为作物在不破坏环境的前提下控制杂草的重要手段。在巴基斯坦德拉伊斯梅尔汗市戈马尔大学农学院农学研究实验室,研究了高粱水提物和高粱粉对单杂交玉米(Zea mays L.)杂交品种HC-8080和夏季杂草丛林稻(Echinochloa colona L.)的化感作用。这些处理包括:T1:对照(未经处理的对照),T2:高粱水浸液用量为5 mL kg-1土壤,T3:高粱水浸液用量为10 mL kg-1土壤,T4:高粱水浸液用量为15 mL kg-1土壤,T5:高粱粉用量为5 g kg-1土壤,T6:高粱粉用量为10 g kg-1土壤,T7:高粱粉用量为15 g kg-1土壤。结果表明,15 mL kg-1的高粱水提液处理对玉米和大肠杆菌的发芽率和发芽指数分别比对照降低23.57%和47.03%、22.30%和42.14%、根长分别降低32.25%和62.54%、茎长分别降低23.22%和62.76%,危害最大。15 g kg-1土壤高粱粉对玉米和大肠杆菌的影响分别降低18.85%和41.09%、15%和33.53%、9.3%和54.69%、15.88%和45.34%,均优于其他粉处理。因此,高粱提取物和高粱粉都可以有效地防治杂草,但对相应作物的有害影响也应予以重视。
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引用次数: 2
Water restriction, salinity and depth influence the germination and emergence of sourgrass 水分限制、盐度和深度影响酸草的萌发和出苗
IF 0.8 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-83582020380100057
Jackson Zambão, Henrique v.H. Bittencourt, Lisandro T.S. Bonome, Michelangelo M. Trezzi, Augusto C.P.P. Fernandes
Background: Substantial losses to crops can occur due to the presence of sourgrass in agroecosystems, which is promoted by its seed dispersal ability. Environmental factors can affect sourgrass germination and emergence. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of water restriction, salinity, and depth of sowing on the sourgrass germination and emergence processes. Methods: Experiments using sourgrass seeds were conducted under controlled conditions simulating osmotic and saline stress and seeding depths. The data collected was submitted to analysis of variance and adjusted to models by regression analysis. Results: Smaller osmotic potentials reduced germination, normal seedlings, and increased quiescence, with no germination occurring from -0.80 MPa. Salinity caused a decrease in germination from 20 mM NaCl, influencing the percentage of normal and abnormal seedlings and quiescent seeds. Seed depth influenced the emergence of seedlings, with the maximum percentage of emergence (83%) in the seeds placed on the substrate surface. The maximum depth from which sourgrass seedlings emerged was 7.6 cm. Conclusions: The results lead to the conclusion that the sourgrass germination process tolerates low osmotic potentials and salinity levels. Despite being small sized seeds, they can emerge from high depths. These characteristics justify its occurrence in several regions and agroecosystems, especially in perennial and no-till crops lacking soil cover.
背景:由于酸草在农业生态系统中的存在,其种子传播能力促进了作物的大量损失。环境因素会影响酸草的萌发和出苗。目的:本研究的目的是确定水分限制、盐度和播种深度对酸草发芽和出苗过程的影响。方法:在模拟渗透、盐胁迫和播种深度的控制条件下,对酸草种子进行试验。收集到的数据进行方差分析,并通过回归分析调整到模型。结果:在-0.80 MPa时,渗透压越小,种子萌发率越低,正常种子萌发率越低,静止时间越长,种子萌发率越低。盐度降低了20 mM NaCl的萌发率,影响了正常、异常幼苗和静止种子的比例。种子深度影响幼苗出苗率,放置在基质表面的种子出苗率最高(83%)。酸草苗最大出苗深度为7.6 cm。结论:研究结果表明,酸草的萌发过程可以耐受低渗透电位和低盐度。尽管种子很小,但它们可以从深处钻出来。这些特征证明了它在一些地区和农业生态系统中,特别是在缺乏土壤覆盖的多年生和免耕作物中发生。
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引用次数: 0
Resistance detection of blackjack to ALS inhibitors by in vitro plant growth method 用离体植物生长法检测二十一点对ALS抑制剂的抗性
IF 0.8 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-83582020380100065
Daniela Tessaro, Daiane Benneman, Laís T. Perboni, Jéssica R. Garcia, Marlon M. Teixeira, D. Agostinetto
Background: The resistance of weeds to herbicides is a problem that has been increasingly studied because of its great importance in agriculture and rapid growth of this phenomenon worldwide. The quick detection of resistant plants is extremely important for resistance management. Weed resistance to herbicides can be detected through field, greenhouse and laboratory tests. A fast way of detecting resistance is using tissue culture method, where is possible to use resistant plant clones and obtain results faster than whole-plant method in greenhouse. Objective: The aims of the research were to detect the resistance of blackjack to herbicides inhibitors of the acetolactate synthase (ALS), addition in vitro cultivation; determine the herbicide concentration of imazethapyr to 95% control of the susceptible plant population; evaluate explants growth; and, determine the herbicide concentration added to the culture medium where is possible to distinguish a resistant from a susceptible plant. Methods: Experiments were carried out in greenhouse and tissue culture laboratory. Screening was performed to select resistant and susceptible biotypes, tests for specie establishment and dose response curves in vitro were made. Results: The herbicide concentration added to the culture medium that provided 95% susceptible biotype control and efficiently differentiated susceptible biotype from resistant one was 0.6μM of imazethapyr. Conclusions: This method helps recommendations of weed management and provides a quick decision to alternative control of this specie, thus avoiding major damage to the crops.
背景:杂草对除草剂的抗性由于其在农业中的重要地位和在世界范围内的快速增长而日益受到人们的关注。抗性植物的快速检测对抗性管理至关重要。杂草对除草剂的抗性可以通过田间、温室和实验室测试来检测。利用组织培养法是一种快速检测抗性的方法,这种方法可以使用抗性植物无性系,并且在温室中比整株法更快地获得结果。目的:通过体外培养,检测白刺对除草剂乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)抑制剂的抗性;测定除草剂浓度对易感植物种群进行95%控制;评估外植体生长;并且,确定添加到培养基中的除草剂浓度,在培养基中可以区分抗性植物和敏感植物。方法:在温室和组织培养实验室进行实验。筛选耐药和敏感生物型,进行体外建种试验和剂量反应曲线测定。结果:培养基中添加的除草剂浓度为0.6μM,可提供95%的敏感型对照,并有效区分敏感型和抗性。结论:该方法有助于杂草管理的建议,并为该物种的替代控制提供快速决策,从而避免对作物造成重大损害。
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