Pub Date : 2019-06-14DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84538
M. Mohyaldinn, A. Hassan, M. Ayoub
Hydrocarbons are produced and transported in a form of mixtures containing oil, gas, and water plus organic and inorganic contaminants. The flow presence of these contaminants (emulsifiers) with the continuous agitation from reservoirs up to surface facilities leads to formation of tight emulsions that need to be dealt with carefully to treat and process them adequately. Emulsions, in the other hand, are sometimes intentionally formed for using in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and well stimulation. In EOR, emulsions are formed and injected into the reservoirs for the objective of improving both the microscopic displacement efficiency and the macroscopic sweep efficiency, which leads to higher recovery factor. In well stimulation emulsified acids are used during matrix acidizing and acid fracturing to retard acid reaction with rocks, to generate deeper penetration inside the reservoir. Microemulsion is a form of emulsion with less droplet size, and hence higher stability, that occasionally used during EOR and hydraulic fracturing to further improve the reservoir recovery and well production rate. This chapter discusses the application of emulsions and microemulsions in petroleum industry. The chapter discusses emulsions, microemulsions, emulsification processes, application of emulsions and microemulsions in enhanced oil recovery and well stimulations, and ended with conclusions.
{"title":"Application of Emulsions and Microemulsions in Enhanced Oil Recovery and Well Stimulation","authors":"M. Mohyaldinn, A. Hassan, M. Ayoub","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84538","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrocarbons are produced and transported in a form of mixtures containing oil, gas, and water plus organic and inorganic contaminants. The flow presence of these contaminants (emulsifiers) with the continuous agitation from reservoirs up to surface facilities leads to formation of tight emulsions that need to be dealt with carefully to treat and process them adequately. Emulsions, in the other hand, are sometimes intentionally formed for using in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and well stimulation. In EOR, emulsions are formed and injected into the reservoirs for the objective of improving both the microscopic displacement efficiency and the macroscopic sweep efficiency, which leads to higher recovery factor. In well stimulation emulsified acids are used during matrix acidizing and acid fracturing to retard acid reaction with rocks, to generate deeper penetration inside the reservoir. Microemulsion is a form of emulsion with less droplet size, and hence higher stability, that occasionally used during EOR and hydraulic fracturing to further improve the reservoir recovery and well production rate. This chapter discusses the application of emulsions and microemulsions in petroleum industry. The chapter discusses emulsions, microemulsions, emulsification processes, application of emulsions and microemulsions in enhanced oil recovery and well stimulations, and ended with conclusions.","PeriodicalId":201512,"journal":{"name":"Microemulsion - a Chemical Nanoreactor [Working Title]","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121227379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-11DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84295
A. Cid, A. Acuña, Manuel Alonso-Ferrer, G. Astray, L. García‐Río, J. Simal-Gándara, J. Mejuto
Financial support from Xunta de Galicia is gratefully acknowledged. Astray G. would like to give his warm thanks to Xunta de Galicia, Conselleria de Cultura, Educacion e Ordenacion Universitaria for the post-doctoral grant B, POS-B/2016/001, which he received from them. Cid A acknowledges the post-doctoral grant SFRH/BD/78849/2011 granted to Requimte and UID/MULTI/04378/2013 granted to Unidade de Ciencias Biomoleculares Aplicadas (UCIBIO), both from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology.
感谢加利西亚巽他提供的财政支持。在此，我谨向西班牙加利西亚大学文化教育学院(Conselleria de Cultura, education e Ordenacion Universitaria)为我提供的博士后资助B (POS-B/2016/001)表示衷心的感谢。Cid A感谢葡萄牙科学技术基金会(Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology)授予Requimte的博士后资助SFRH/BD/78849/2011和授予UCIBIO的博士后资助UID/MULTI/04378/2013。
{"title":"Pseudophase Model in Microemulsions","authors":"A. Cid, A. Acuña, Manuel Alonso-Ferrer, G. Astray, L. García‐Río, J. Simal-Gándara, J. Mejuto","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84295","url":null,"abstract":"Financial support from Xunta de Galicia is gratefully acknowledged. Astray G. would like to give his warm thanks to Xunta de Galicia, Conselleria de Cultura, Educacion e Ordenacion Universitaria for the post-doctoral grant B, POS-B/2016/001, which he received from them. Cid A acknowledges the post-doctoral grant SFRH/BD/78849/2011 granted to Requimte and UID/MULTI/04378/2013 granted to Unidade de Ciencias Biomoleculares Aplicadas (UCIBIO), both from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology.","PeriodicalId":201512,"journal":{"name":"Microemulsion - a Chemical Nanoreactor [Working Title]","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126269449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-28DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82586
J. L. Munguía-Guillén, J. A. D. L. Reyes-Heredia, M. Picquart, M. A. Vera-Ramírez, T. Viveros-García
A series of CoMo/ γ -Al 2 O 3 catalysts was synthesized by a reverse microemulsion method using 1-butanol as organic agent and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as surfactant. The aqueous phase was used to form the solution of three corresponding Co, Mo and Al precursor salts. The materials were prepared at different solution concentrations in order to obtain different metal contents. All samples were char-acterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and nitrogen physisorption. A chemical species distribution study was performed to establish conditions of preparation and the preponderant species present in solution as a function of pH. The materials obtained present high surface areas which decrease as the metal content (Co + Mo) increases. All samples with the exception of that with the highest metal content were amorphous as shown by X-ray diffraction. By Raman spectroscopy, Mo-O-Mo and MoO 2t species were observed in all calcined samples. Mo-O-Co, Al-O-Mo, monomers and heteropolymolybdates were observed for the lower metal content samples, and the formation of CoMoO 4 and aluminum molybdate species for the higher metal contents. These results suggest that the materials with lower metal loading have species that are easily sulfidable and provide high activity in hydrodesulfurization reactions. A model for the interaction of the species in the aqueous phase of the micelle is presented.
{"title":"CoMo/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts Prepared by Reverse Microemulsion: Synthesis and Characterization","authors":"J. L. Munguía-Guillén, J. A. D. L. Reyes-Heredia, M. Picquart, M. A. Vera-Ramírez, T. Viveros-García","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82586","url":null,"abstract":"A series of CoMo/ γ -Al 2 O 3 catalysts was synthesized by a reverse microemulsion method using 1-butanol as organic agent and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as surfactant. The aqueous phase was used to form the solution of three corresponding Co, Mo and Al precursor salts. The materials were prepared at different solution concentrations in order to obtain different metal contents. All samples were char-acterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and nitrogen physisorption. A chemical species distribution study was performed to establish conditions of preparation and the preponderant species present in solution as a function of pH. The materials obtained present high surface areas which decrease as the metal content (Co + Mo) increases. All samples with the exception of that with the highest metal content were amorphous as shown by X-ray diffraction. By Raman spectroscopy, Mo-O-Mo and MoO 2t species were observed in all calcined samples. Mo-O-Co, Al-O-Mo, monomers and heteropolymolybdates were observed for the lower metal content samples, and the formation of CoMoO 4 and aluminum molybdate species for the higher metal contents. These results suggest that the materials with lower metal loading have species that are easily sulfidable and provide high activity in hydrodesulfurization reactions. A model for the interaction of the species in the aqueous phase of the micelle is presented.","PeriodicalId":201512,"journal":{"name":"Microemulsion - a Chemical Nanoreactor [Working Title]","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122386895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-27DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80633
A. Cid
Microemulsions are self-aggregated colloidal systems that provide a controllable system with a promising application as nanoreactors: they can act as pools within which the properties of the nanoparticles can be controlled without difficulty. So in this chapter, I will deal with the metal NPs synthesized by the microemulsion method. This method allows in some cases to control the properties of size, shape, and crystal structure of the metallic NPs, thus generating with the same reagents a series of seeds of different shapes and sizes. The control of the reaction time, the temperature, and the reaction conditions will give us a production of different geometries that will find different applications in large range of research fields.
{"title":"Synthesis of NPs by Microemulsion Method","authors":"A. Cid","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80633","url":null,"abstract":"Microemulsions are self-aggregated colloidal systems that provide a controllable system with a promising application as nanoreactors: they can act as pools within which the properties of the nanoparticles can be controlled without difficulty. So in this chapter, I will deal with the metal NPs synthesized by the microemulsion method. This method allows in some cases to control the properties of size, shape, and crystal structure of the metallic NPs, thus generating with the same reagents a series of seeds of different shapes and sizes. The control of the reaction time, the temperature, and the reaction conditions will give us a production of different geometries that will find different applications in large range of research fields.","PeriodicalId":201512,"journal":{"name":"Microemulsion - a Chemical Nanoreactor [Working Title]","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129660147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80947
P. Rodríguez-Dafonte
This chapter is a review of the kinetics of nitrosation of secondary amines by N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluenesulfonamide (MNTS) in AOT-based microemulsions. Three regions can be distinguished in these colloids: the internal aqueous nanocore, the micellar interface and the external organic phase. The amines were chosen on the basis of their degrees of solubility resulting in a different distribution. The MNTS has a very low degree of solubility in water and the nitrosation reactions take place at the interface of the aggregates. The polarity changes at the interface have very important effects on the chemical reactivity. This kinetic study compares the results obtained in AOT microemulsions where the polarity at the interface can be tuned by adding a cosurfactant or by changing the continuous medium.
{"title":"Nitrosation of Amines in AOT-Based Microemulsions","authors":"P. Rodríguez-Dafonte","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80947","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is a review of the kinetics of nitrosation of secondary amines by N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluenesulfonamide (MNTS) in AOT-based microemulsions. Three regions can be distinguished in these colloids: the internal aqueous nanocore, the micellar interface and the external organic phase. The amines were chosen on the basis of their degrees of solubility resulting in a different distribution. The MNTS has a very low degree of solubility in water and the nitrosation reactions take place at the interface of the aggregates. The polarity changes at the interface have very important effects on the chemical reactivity. This kinetic study compares the results obtained in AOT microemulsions where the polarity at the interface can be tuned by adding a cosurfactant or by changing the continuous medium.","PeriodicalId":201512,"journal":{"name":"Microemulsion - a Chemical Nanoreactor [Working Title]","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122316995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80758
R. Kanwar, J. Rathee, M. T. Patil, S. Mehta
Template efficacy of microemulsions in generating nanoparticles has gar-nered considerable attention in the world of colloidal science. A microemulsion is an optically isotropic and thermodynamically stable colloidal dispersion, which possess spherical droplets (either of W/O or O/W) of the size <50 nm. In microemulsions, the spontaneous formation of domains of nanometric dimensions significantly facilitates their exploitation as potential nanoreactors for the production of stable nanoparticles (due to their cost-effectiveness and ease of preparation). The present chapter provides an overview of microemulsions as efficient nanotemplates, with a detailed account of plausible nanomaterials, i.e., metallic nanoparticles, quantum dots, polymeric nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, etc. Based on the high surface area, good crystallinity, controllable particle size, outstanding catalytic, and magnetic properties, the exploitation of nanoparticles as efficient catalysts and drug delivery modules has also been highlighted.
{"title":"Microemulsions as Nanotemplates: A Soft and Versatile Approach","authors":"R. Kanwar, J. Rathee, M. T. Patil, S. Mehta","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80758","url":null,"abstract":"Template efficacy of microemulsions in generating nanoparticles has gar-nered considerable attention in the world of colloidal science. A microemulsion is an optically isotropic and thermodynamically stable colloidal dispersion, which possess spherical droplets (either of W/O or O/W) of the size <50 nm. In microemulsions, the spontaneous formation of domains of nanometric dimensions significantly facilitates their exploitation as potential nanoreactors for the production of stable nanoparticles (due to their cost-effectiveness and ease of preparation). The present chapter provides an overview of microemulsions as efficient nanotemplates, with a detailed account of plausible nanomaterials, i.e., metallic nanoparticles, quantum dots, polymeric nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, etc. Based on the high surface area, good crystallinity, controllable particle size, outstanding catalytic, and magnetic properties, the exploitation of nanoparticles as efficient catalysts and drug delivery modules has also been highlighted.","PeriodicalId":201512,"journal":{"name":"Microemulsion - a Chemical Nanoreactor [Working Title]","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122461025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80549
C. Tojo, D. Buceta, M. Arturo López-Quintela
Microemulsions are frequently used as nanoreactors for the synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles. The ability to manipulate the metal distribution in bimetallic nanoparticles is essential for optimizing applications, and it requires a deeper understanding of how compartmentalization of reaction medium affects nanoparticle synthesis. A simulation model was developed to predict the atomic structure of bimetallic nanoparticles prepared via microemulsion in terms of metals employed and microemulsion composition. The model was successfully proved by compar-ing theoretical and experimental Au/Pt STEM profiles. On this basis, the model becomes a strong tool to further enhance our knowledge of the complex mechanisms governing reactions in microemulsions and its impact on final nanostructures. The purpose of this study is to perform a comprehensive kinetic analysis of coreduction of different couple of metals in the light of the interplay between three kinetic parameters: intermicellar exchange rate, chemical reduction rates of the two metals, and reactants concentration. The particular combination of these factors determines the reaction rate of each metal, which in turn determines the final metal arrangement.
{"title":"Microemulsions as Nanoreactors to Obtain Bimetallic Nanoparticles","authors":"C. Tojo, D. Buceta, M. Arturo López-Quintela","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80549","url":null,"abstract":"Microemulsions are frequently used as nanoreactors for the synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles. The ability to manipulate the metal distribution in bimetallic nanoparticles is essential for optimizing applications, and it requires a deeper understanding of how compartmentalization of reaction medium affects nanoparticle synthesis. A simulation model was developed to predict the atomic structure of bimetallic nanoparticles prepared via microemulsion in terms of metals employed and microemulsion composition. The model was successfully proved by compar-ing theoretical and experimental Au/Pt STEM profiles. On this basis, the model becomes a strong tool to further enhance our knowledge of the complex mechanisms governing reactions in microemulsions and its impact on final nanostructures. The purpose of this study is to perform a comprehensive kinetic analysis of coreduction of different couple of metals in the light of the interplay between three kinetic parameters: intermicellar exchange rate, chemical reduction rates of the two metals, and reactants concentration. The particular combination of these factors determines the reaction rate of each metal, which in turn determines the final metal arrangement.","PeriodicalId":201512,"journal":{"name":"Microemulsion - a Chemical Nanoreactor [Working Title]","volume":"280 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131823327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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