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Spawning and development of the Patagonian cold-water microgastropod Eatoniella turricula Ponder and Worsfold 1994 (Caenogastropoda: Eatoniellidae) 巴塔哥尼亚冷水微腹足动物 Eatoniella turricula Ponder 和 Worsfold 1994 年的产卵和发育(腹足纲:Eatoniellidae)
IF 1.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1007/s00300-024-03299-w
Javier Di Luca, Pablo E. Penchaszadeh, Guido Pastorino

Species of Eatoniellidae are typical members of shallow, cold waters of the Southern Hemisphere; however, very little is known about their biology. This work deals with the first description of spawns and developmental stages for the family. All samples were collected from Southern Argentina and were identified as Eatoniella turricula based on shell, opercular, and radular characters. Spawn is composed by a globose, thick-walled capsule with a single egg/embryo surrounded by nutritive liquid which allows direct development. E. turricula is a very small species, with limitation to the energy available for reproduction and inhabiting in cold water implying a low metabolic and growth rate. The species is expected to produce few eggs, thereby increasing the possibilities of survival by allocating available energy to generate an abundant food supply within a thick-walled capsule that provides strong protection. This strategy resulted comparable to other microgastropods from cold water suggesting that evolved many times independently and convergently. The distribution of Eatoniellidae is also discussed considering its direct development as well as the geographical changes occurred in Southern areas during the last 20 millions of years, including the ongoing development of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.

Eatoniellidae 的物种是南半球浅海寒冷水域的典型成员;然而,人们对它们的生物学特性知之甚少。本研究首次描述了该科鱼类的产卵和发育阶段。所有样本均采集自阿根廷南部,根据贝壳、厣和放射状特征鉴定为 Eatoniella turricula。卵由一个球形厚壁蒴果组成,蒴果内有一个卵/胚胎,周围有营养液,可以直接发育。E. turricula 是一个非常小的物种,用于繁殖的能量有限,栖息在冷水中意味着新陈代谢和生长速度较低。预计该物种产卵量很少,因此可以通过分配可用能量,在提供强大保护的厚壁囊中产生丰富的食物供应,从而增加生存的可能性。这种策略可与其他冷水微腹足类相媲美,表明它们是多次独立和趋同进化而来的。考虑到 Eatoniellidae 的直接发展以及过去 2000 万年中南方地区发生的地理变化,包括南极环极流的持续发展,本文还讨论了 Eatoniellidae 的分布情况。
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引用次数: 0
Sea ice as habitat for microalgae, bacteria, virus, fungi, meio- and macrofauna: A review of an extreme environment 海冰是微藻、细菌、病毒、真菌、小型动物和大型动物的栖息地:极端环境综述
IF 1.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1007/s00300-024-03296-z
Lars Chresten Lund-Hansen, Rolf Gradinger, Brandon Hassett, Sahan Jayasinghe, Fraser Kennedy, Andrew Martin, Andrew McMinn, Dorte H. Søgaard, Brian K. Sorrell

The novel concept of the review is a focus on the organisms living in the sea ice and what mechanisms they have developed for their existence. The review describes the physical environment of the sea ice and the microorganisms living there as microalgae, bacteria, virus, fungi, meio- and macrofauna where they inhabit the brine channels and exposed to low temperatures as down to −25 °C and high salinities—up to 300. Nutrients, O2, CO2, pH, light, and UV are also identified as stressors regarding the metabolism of the microorganisms. It is argued that sea ice must be recognized as an extreme environment as based on records of very high or very low concentrations or intensities of the stressors that living organisms in the ice are exposed to and able to endure. Each taxonomic group of organisms in the sea ice are dealt with in detail in terms of the explicit stressors the group is exposed to, and specifically what known mechanisms that the organisms have amended to secure existence and life. These mechanisms are known for some group of organisms as autotrophs, bacteria, meio- and macrofauna but less so for virus and fungi. The review concludes that sea ice is an extreme environment where the stressors vary significantly in both space and time, both in consort and solitary, classifying organisms living there as polyextremophiles and extremophiles. The review relates further to extraterrestrial moons covered with sea ice and these habitats and points toward sea ice on Earth for prospective studies until further technological advances.

这篇综述的新概念是关注生活在海冰中的生物以及它们为生存而发展的机制。综述描述了海冰的物理环境和生活在其中的微生物,如微藻、细菌、病毒、真菌、小型和大型动物,它们栖息在盐水通道中,暴露在低温(低至 -25 °C)和高盐度(高至 300 °C)的环境中。营养物质、氧气、二氧化碳、pH 值、光和紫外线也被认为是微生物新陈代谢的压力因素。有观点认为,海冰必须被视为一种极端环境,因为根据记录,海冰中的生物体暴露在极高或极低浓度或强度的压力下,并且能够承受这些压力。海冰中生物的每一个分类群组都会详细讨论该群组所面临的明确压力,特别是生物为确保生存和生命而修正的已知机制。这些机制对于自养生物、细菌、小型动物和大型动物中的某些生物来说是已知的,但对于病毒和真菌来说则不太了解。综述得出结论,海冰是一种极端环境,在这种环境中,压力因素在空间和时间上都有很大差异,既有同类,也有孤类,因此生活在海冰中的生物被归类为多极端生物和极端生物。该综述进一步论述了覆盖海冰的地外卫星和这些栖息地,并指出在技术进一步进步之前,可对地球上的海冰进行前瞻性研究。
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引用次数: 0
New record of the southern right whale dolphin, Lissodelphis peronii (Lacépède, 1804), in the coastal waters of Brazil 巴西沿海水域南露脊鲸海豚 Lissodelphis peronii (Lacépède, 1804) 的新记录
IF 1.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI: 10.1007/s00300-024-03297-y
Luiz Gustavo Ramos Arrial, Thayusky da Penha Correa, Pedro Volkmer de Castilho, Rodrigo Machado

The southern right whale dolphin, Lissodelphis peronii (Lacépède, 1804), is a species of cetacean that is distributed in cold and deep waters throughout the Southern Hemisphere, with records in coastal waters of the western Atlantic Ocean being extremely rare. On January 7, 2019, a specimen still alive, was recorded entangled in a fishing gillnet on the beach at Cardoso Beach (28°44′S, 48°58′W), in the state of Santa Catarina, on the southern coast of Brazil. The recording was made by a lifeguard using a GoPro camera and was made available through citizen science. The animal was untangled and released while still alive and was not found stranded again after the date of the event. Based on existing literature, this is the second record of the species in Brazilian waters. Analyzing meteorological and oceanographic features from the days preceding the record, it was not possible to make any association between the entanglement and the variables analyzed, and no explanatory driver could therefore be established for this unusual event.

南露脊海豚(Lissodelphis peronii)(Lacépède,1804年)是鲸类的一个物种,分布于整个南半球的寒冷和深海水域,在西大西洋沿岸水域的记录极为罕见。2019 年 1 月 7 日,在巴西南海岸圣卡塔琳娜州的卡多索海滩(南纬 28°44′,西经 48°58′),记录到一只仍活着的标本被刺网缠住。这段录像是由一名救生员用 GoPro 摄像机拍摄的,并通过公民科学提供给公众。该动物在活着时被解开并释放,在事件发生后没有再被发现搁浅。根据现有文献,这是该物种在巴西水域的第二次记录。通过分析记录发生前几天的气象和海洋特征,无法将缠绕与所分析的变量联系起来,因此无法为这一不寻常事件找到解释驱动因素。
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引用次数: 0
Arctic raptor occupancy and reproductive success near a remote open-cut mine: North Baffin Island, Nunavut 偏远露天矿附近的北极猛禽栖息地和繁殖成功率:努勒维特北巴芬岛
IF 1.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1007/s00300-024-03292-3
Alastair Franke, Kerman Bajina, Michael Setterington

Natural resource development in the Canadian Arctic—a mostly remote and ‘untouched’ landscape—is expanding. Raptorial species are key indicators of ecosystem diversity and environmental change; disturbance-mediated changes to Arctic-breeding raptor populations can be assessed to determine impacts from development. From 2012 through 2020, we monitored peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and rough-legged hawk (Buteo lagopus) breeding territories near an iron ore mine on North Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. The mine was constructed from 2010 through 2014 and became operational in 2015. Our objective was to evaluate whether proximity to mining disturbance affected occupancy and reproductive success of both species. We quantified occupancy using multi-season occupancy models and reproductive success using stochastic partial differential equations capable of accounting for unexplained spatiotemporal variation. Occupancy of both species was best explained by year effects. Occupancy remained relatively stable across time for peregrine falcons ((lambda) = 0.99 ± 0.04) but fluctuated drastically for rough-legged hawks ((lambda) = 3.41 ± 2.17). For both species, most of the spatiotemporal variation in reproductive success was unexplained (presumably from underlying abiotic and biotic factors), which led to the differential presence and count of nestlings across the study area and time. Neither distance to disturbance nor primary production explained variation in occupancy and reproductive success.

加拿大北极地区的自然资源开发正在不断扩大,该地区大多地处偏远且 "人迹罕至"。猛禽物种是生态系统多样性和环境变化的关键指标;通过评估干扰对北极繁殖猛禽种群的影响,可以确定开发带来的影响。从 2012 年到 2020 年,我们对加拿大努纳武特地区北巴芬岛铁矿附近的游隼和粗腿鹰繁殖地进行了监测。该铁矿建于 2010 年至 2014 年,并于 2015 年投入运营。我们的目标是评估矿区附近的干扰是否会影响这两个物种的栖息和繁殖成功率。我们使用多季节占据模型对占据率进行了量化,并使用随机偏微分方程对繁殖成功率进行了量化,该方程能够解释无法解释的时空变化。年份效应最能解释这两个物种的占据率。游隼的占用率在不同时期保持相对稳定((lambda) = 0.99 ± 0.04),但粗腿鹰的占用率波动很大((lambda) = 3.41 ± 2.17)。对这两个物种来说,繁殖成功率的时空变化大多是无法解释的(可能来自潜在的非生物和生物因素),这导致了雏鸟在研究区域和时间内的存在和数量的差异。干扰距离和初级生产力都不能解释占用率和繁殖成功率的变化。
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引用次数: 0
Evidence for rapid ecosystem retrogression along a post-glacial chronosequence in Antarctica 南极冰川后时间序列上生态系统快速倒退的证据
IF 1.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-18 DOI: 10.1007/s00300-024-03279-0
S. K. Schmidt, L. Vimercati, A. J. Solon, J. N. Robinson, C. P. Bueno de Mesquita, B. W. Johnson

Glacial retreat due to global warming is exposing large tracts of barren glacial sediments that are quickly colonized by CO2-fixing microbial communities that can constitute the climax community in many high-Arctic, alpine, and Antarctic environments. Despite the potential importance of these processes, little is known about microbial community successional dynamics and rates of carbon (C) sequestration in environments where higher plants are slow or unable to establish. We analyzed microbial community succession and C and N accumulation in newly exposed sediments along an Antarctic glacial chronosequence where moss and microbial autotrophs are the dominant primary producers. During the first 4 years of succession (0 to 40 m from the glacier) algae (including diatoms) were the most relatively abundant eukaryotes, but by the second phase studied (8 to 12 years) moss amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) dominated. The rise in moss coincided with a significant buildup of C and N in the sediments. The final two phases of the successional sequence (16 to 20 and 26 to 30 years) were marked by declines in microbial species richness and moss relative abundance, that coincided with significant decreases in both total C and N. These retrogressive declines coincided with a large increase in relative abundance of predatory Vampyrellidae suggesting a possible mechanism for retrogression in this and perhaps other terrestrial ecosystems at the edge of the cryosphere. These findings have implications for understanding CO2 sequestration and ecosystem succession in microbial-dominated regions of the cryobiosphere where large tracts of land are currently undergoing deglaciation.

全球变暖导致的冰川退缩正在暴露出大片贫瘠的冰川沉积物,这些沉积物很快就会被固碳微生物群落所占据,这些微生物群落可以构成许多高纬度北极、高山和南极环境中的高潮群落。尽管这些过程具有潜在的重要性,但在高等植物生长缓慢或无法生长的环境中,人们对微生物群落演替动态和碳(C)螯合速率知之甚少。我们分析了南极冰川年序新暴露沉积物中的微生物群落演替以及碳和氮的积累,苔藓和微生物自养菌是该年序的主要初级生产者。在演替的前 4 年(距冰川 0 至 40 米),藻类(包括硅藻)是相对最丰富的真核生物,但到了研究的第二阶段(8 至 12 年),苔藓扩增序列变体(ASV)占据了主导地位。苔藓增加的同时,沉积物中的碳和氮也大量增加。在演替序列的最后两个阶段(16 至 20 年和 26 至 30 年),微生物物种丰富度和苔藓相对丰度下降,与此同时,总碳和总氮也显著减少。这些倒退性下降与掠食性吸血鬼科动物相对丰度的大幅增加相吻合,这表明该生态系统以及冰冻圈边缘的其他陆地生态系统可能存在倒退机制。这些发现对了解低温生物圈中以微生物为主的地区的二氧化碳封存和生态系统演替具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Fish in the diet of the Antarctic Shag Leucocarbo bransfieldensis breeding at Paradise Bay, Antarctic Peninsula 在南极半岛天堂湾繁殖的南极长须鲸(Leucocarbo bransfieldensis)的食物中的鱼类
IF 1.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1007/s00300-024-03293-2
R. Casaux, M. Juáres, A. Farace Rey

The diet of the Antarctic shags was investigated at Paradise Bay, Antarctic Peninsula, by the analysis of 20 pellets collected during the 2015/16 breeding season. Fish were the most frequent and important prey, accompanied by Polychaetes. Amongst fish, only benthic-demersal species were represented in the diet. Harpagifer antarcticus, followed by Notothenia coriiceps, was the most frequent prey and the most important by number and mass. The results are compared with the diet reported for this shag at other localities of the South Shetland Islands and of the Antarctic Peninsula and discussed in terms of geographical significance, breeding output, and population trend.

通过分析 2015/16 年繁殖季节在南极半岛天堂湾收集的 20 个颗粒,研究了南极雉的食物。鱼类是最常见和最重要的猎物,其次是多毛类。在鱼类中,只有底栖底栖生物在食谱中占有一定比例。Harpagifer antarcticus是最常见的猎物,其次是Notothenia coriiceps,在数量和质量上都是最重要的。研究结果与南设得兰群岛和南极半岛其他地方报告的鲣鸟食谱进行了比较,并从地理意义、繁殖产量和种群趋势等方面进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Prey targeted by lactating Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) in Erebus Bay, Antarctica 南极洲埃里伯斯湾哺乳期威德尔海豹(Leptonychotes weddellii)捕食的猎物
IF 1.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1007/s00300-024-03294-1
Rose T. N. Foster-Dyer, Kimberly T. Goetz, Takashi Iwata, Rachel R. Holser, Sarah A. Michael, Craig Pritchard, Simon Childerhouse, Daniel P. Costa, David G. Ainley, Matthew H. Pinkerton, Michelle A. LaRue

Female Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) display a mixed capital-income breeding strategy, losing up to 40% of their body mass between birthing and weaning their pups. How and when they regain energy stores, however, remains to be fully explored. To better understand the foraging by lactating Weddell seals, we fitted time-depth recorders and head-mounted cameras on 26 seals in Erebus Bay, Ross Sea, for ~ 5 days in November and December 2018 and 2019. We aimed to (1) identify prey species and foraging depth and (2) investigate relationships between seal physiology and demographics and probability of foraging. We recorded 2782 dives, 903 of which were > 50 m, maximum depth was 449.3 m and maximum duration was 31.1 min. Pup age likely contributes to the probability of a lactating Weddell seal foraging (Est. = 1.21 (SD = 0.61), z = 1.97, p = 0.0484). Among 846 prey encounters, the most frequent prey items were crustaceans (46.2%) and Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum, 19.0%); two encounters were observed with juvenile Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni, 0.2%). We identified substantial variability in foraging behaviour, individually and between locations, and found that lactating seals target many species and some may specialise on certain prey groups.

雌性威德尔海豹(Leptonychotes weddellii)表现出一种混合资本收入的繁殖策略,在产仔和断奶之间会损失多达 40% 的体重。然而,它们如何以及何时恢复能量储存还有待充分探索。为了更好地了解哺乳期威德尔海豹的觅食情况,我们于 2018 年 11 月和 12 月以及 2019 年在罗斯海埃里伯斯湾为 26 只海豹安装了时间深度记录仪和头戴式摄像机,为期约 5 天。我们的目标是:(1) 识别猎物种类和觅食深度;(2) 研究海豹生理和人口统计学与觅食概率之间的关系。我们记录了2782次潜水,其中903次> 50米,最大深度为449.3米,最长持续时间为31.1分钟。幼海豹的年龄可能会影响哺乳期威德尔海豹觅食的概率(估计值 = 1.21 (SD = 0.61),z = 1.97,p = 0.0484)。在遇到的 846 次猎物中,最常见的猎物是甲壳类(46.2%)和南极银鱼(Pleuragramma antarcticum,19.0%);有两次遇到南极齿鱼幼鱼(Dissostichus mawsoni,0.2%)。我们发现哺乳海豹的觅食行为存在很大的个体差异和地点差异,并发现哺乳海豹以许多物种为目标,有些可能专门捕食某些猎物群。
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引用次数: 0
Correction: Mysis segerstralei, an unexpected but important prey for resident Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in a Svalbard lake 更正:Mysis segerstralei,斯瓦尔巴特湖中北极鲑鱼(Salvelinus alpinus)的一种意外但重要的猎物
IF 1.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1007/s00300-024-03286-1
Martin-A. Svenning, Ole Christian Skogstad, Øyvind Skogstad, Reidar Borgstrøm
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引用次数: 0
Antimicrobial resistance occurrence in the South American Sea Lion (Otaria flavescens) from Patagonia, Argentina, from a One Health perspective 从 "一体健康 "角度看阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚南美海狮(Otaria flavescens)的抗菌药耐药性发生情况
IF 1.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1007/s00300-024-03291-4
E. Lorenti, D. Faccone, J. Origlia, F. Maydup, H. Nievas, A. Corso, G. Daneri, A. Harrington, S. Lucero, E. Varela, G. Giacoboni

Under the "One Health" concept, this paper aims to explore the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacterales (i.e., Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica) among the South American Sea Lions on Argentina's northern Patagonian coast. From 177 fecal samples collected, conventional protocols were used to isolate E. coli and S. enterica. Antimicrobials classified as critically important by the WHO were evaluated by disk diffusion and agar spot (colistin) methods. Molecular tools were used to detect mcr genes as needed. A total of 176 antimicrobial-susceptible E. coli strains and 14 S. enterica strains were recovered. Twelve E. coli strains were colistin resistant (agar spot positive) but PCR negative for the mcr-1 to mcr-5 genes. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a chromosomal mutation, coding for Val161Gly change in PmrB protein, as the colistin resistance mechanism in one of these isolates. This study provides knowledge on AMR surveillance in wildlife associated with the marine environment in South America.

在 "同一健康 "理念下,本文旨在探讨阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚北部海岸的南美海狮肠杆菌(即大肠埃希氏菌和肠炎沙门氏菌)的抗菌药耐药性发生情况。从收集到的 177 份粪便样本中,采用传统方法分离出大肠杆菌和肠炎沙门氏菌。采用磁盘扩散法和琼脂斑点法(可乐定)对世界卫生组织列为极其重要的抗菌药物进行了评估。根据需要使用分子工具检测 mcr 基因。共发现 176 株对抗菌素敏感的大肠杆菌和 14 株肠杆菌。有 12 株大肠杆菌对可乐定耐药(琼脂斑点阳性),但 mcr-1 至 mcr-5 基因的 PCR 检测结果为阴性。全基因组测序显示,其中一株分离菌株的染色体突变(编码 PmrB 蛋白的 Val161Gly 变化)是其耐受可乐定的机制。这项研究为监测南美洲与海洋环境有关的野生动物的 AMR 提供了知识。
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引用次数: 0
Osteology provides insight into the biology of the enigmatic Antarctic notothenioid fish Gvozdarus svetovidovi 从骨骼学角度了解神秘的南极艽鱼 Gvozdarus svetovidovi 的生物学特性
IF 1.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1007/s00300-024-03290-5
Joseph T. Eastman, Olga S. Voskoboinikova

Gvozdarus svetovidovi (Nototheniidae) is the rarest notothenioid fish, represented by only two specimens collected in 1970 and 1988. As it is little known, we present aspects of the cranial osteology of this species and use this, and other features of its morphology, to infer fundamental aspects of its biology. As in other pelagic nototheniids, G. svetovidovi has an elongated neurocranium and jaws but it does not have a paedomorphic skeleton. Although not unique to G. svetovidovi, the bones of the skull have some well-developed ridges for support and possibly for containment of subcutaneous fat. The skeleton is most similar to that of Dissostichus. G. svetovidovi has a high fat content, primarily within the trunk musculature and in a layer over the skull. It is probably neutrally buoyant in mesopelagic waters, where it has been captured at 295–550 m depth north of the Antarctic Slope Front (approximately the shelf break) and south of the southern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. It likely relies on vision and mechanosensation to detect its prey, including bioluminescent, energy-dense myctophids and krill in this resource-rich area of the Southern Ocean. Strays near shelf waters feed on Pleuragramma antarcticum. G. svetovidovi is unlike all other notothenioids in fundamental aspects of its biology including its habitat, diet and distribution. Although it may be on the path to extinction, if our postulated life history of G. svetovidovi is accurate, it expands the current perception of the bounds of the notothenioid radiation into a locality in the Southern Ocean not previously known to be occupied by this group.

Gvozdarus svetovidovi(诺特鱼科)是最稀有的诺特鱼类,仅有两个于 1970 年和 1988 年采集的标本。由于对该物种知之甚少,我们介绍了该物种的头盖骨学,并利用头盖骨学及其形态学的其他特征来推断其生物学的基本方面。与其他中上层nototheni类一样,G. svetovidovi也有一个拉长的神经颅骨和下颌,但它没有一个拟态骨骼。头骨上有一些发达的脊,用于支撑头骨,也可能用于容纳皮下脂肪。这种骨骼与 Dissostichus 的骨骼最为相似。G. svetovidovi的脂肪含量很高,主要在躯干肌肉组织内和头骨上。它可能在中层水域具有中性浮力,曾在南极斜坡前沿以北(约大陆架断裂处)295-550 米深处和南极环极洋流南部边界以南捕获。在南大洋这一资源丰富的区域,它可能依靠视觉和机械感觉来发现猎物,包括生物发光、能量密集的栉水母和磷虾。陆架水域附近的流浪动物以Pleuragramma antarcticum为食。G. svetovidovi在其生物学的基本方面,包括栖息地、食性和分布,都与所有其他notothenioids不同。虽然它可能已经濒临灭绝,但如果我们推测的 G. svetovidovi 的生活史是准确的,那么它就将目前对notothenioid辐射范围的认识扩展到了南大洋中一个以前不知道有该类动物的地方。
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引用次数: 0
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